Deck 3: The Self

Question 1

People with low self-esteem do not necessarily think they are horrible. They just tend to think of themselves as "so so," "not that great," or "average."

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Research on the self-reference effect would suggest that people trying to memorize words on a list would be more likely to remember a word like "happy" if they had considered whether or not the word described them personally, as opposed to considered how long the word was.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Ivana tells her father that her throat hurts, and asks her father if he will buy her some cough syrup. In reality, though, Ivana's throat doesn't really hurt; she is just pretending that it hurts because she loves how cough syrup tastes. This is an example of self-handicapping.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A person from China is MORE likely to have an interdependent self-construal than an independent self-construal.

Question 5

If you compare your grade to the grades your friends in this class got and find out they all did better than you on the last test, you have made a downwards social comparison.

Question 6

Self-presentation is considered hypocritical by modern social psychologists.

Question 7

As described in the textbook, in the late 1500s a Hungarian nobleman named Count Zrinyi was attacked at his small castle by a force of almost 100,000 men. Zrini had no chance of survival in the face of this attack. In the moments before he was killed, however, instead of attempting to flee for his life or fight against the enemy, he put on his finest attire, hung a heavy gold chain around his neck, and stuffed his pockets full of gold coins. He then flung open the doors of the castle and charged into a suicide death. This story is used in the textbook to make the point that ____.

A)many people believe in an afterlife
B)people often become delusional when under high levels of stress
C)many people care strongly about self-presentation
D)most people have a hard time accepting their own mortality

Question 8

Suppose that you are a young person, and you are in a room full of people who are all at least twenty or thirty years older than you. Research suggests that you are likely to be especially aware of your age in this situation.

Question 9

In the three-part structure of the self, the agent self serves ____.

A)as a public self
B)as a self-concept
C)an executive function
D)an interpersonal function

Question 10

There is a moderately strong relationship between IQ and self-esteem; people with higher IQs tend to have higher self-esteem.

Question 11

Jake grew up in a really religious home, but when he is at college he never goes to church. He considers how rarely he goes to church without his family, and decides that religion must not be very important to him. Jake's experience is best explained by social comparison theory.

Question 12

In the three-part structure of the self, the interpersonal self involves ____.

A)self-awareness and self-deception
B)self-presentation, social roles, and self as relationship partner
C)self-esteem and self-concept
D)self as decision-maker and active respondent

Question 13

According to the text, the three main parts of the self are ____.

A)self-esteem, self-understanding, and self-action
B)self-knowledge, the agent self, and the interpersonal self
C)the real self, the ideal self, and the future self
D)the conscious self, the preconscious self, and the unconscious self

Question 14

The three main parts of the self are the self-concept, the public self, and the agent self.

Question 15

Self-knowledge includes ____.

A)self-presentation
B)social roles
C)self-control
D)self-awareness

Question 16

During eating binges, people's self-awareness tends to be especially high.

Question 17

Since about the 1970s, people's self-esteem scores have been on the rise.

Question 18

Humans appear to be the only animals that can take on multiple social roles across their lives.

Question 19

Self-regulation refers to the process by which the self monitors, controls, and changes itself.

Question 20

Suppose that you want your child to be intrinsically motivated to play the violin well. Research suggests that your best bet is to reward your child (e.g., with money or candy)each time that he or she practices the violin.

Question 21

As discussed in the text, one of the gymnasts who competed in the 1976 Olympics broke his leg midway through the competition but actually hid his injury from his teammates (because he did not want them to be distracted or concerned during the competition)and continued to compete (and help his team win the medal). This story is used to illustrate the notion of ____.

A)intrinsic rewards
B)an interdependent self-construal
C)social comparison
D)the looking-glass self

Question 22

As discussed in the text, the increase in social mobility in aristocratic times may help explain how the idea of ____ originated.

A)personality
B)the inner "true" self
C)the work ethic
D)narcissism

Question 23

Social psychologists generally refer to two types of self-awareness: ____.

A)independent self-awareness and interdependent self-awareness
B)intrinsic self-awareness and extrinsic self-awareness
C)public self-awareness and private self-awareness
D)interpersonal self-awareness and agentic self-awareness

Question 24

Suppose that Ted and Ed are both very high in public self-awareness. This means that they tend to ____.

A)pay a lot of attention to how they are perceived by others, and what others might think of them
B)see themselves in the same way that other people see them (i.e., their self-perceptions tend to be in line with the perceptions that other people have of them)
C)think that they are generally better than other people
D)become nervous and uncomfortable in social situations

Question 25

Which "self" involves decision-making?

A)interpersonal self
B)self-knowledge
C)agent self
D)public self

Question 26

A classic article by sociologist Ralph Turner noted that different cultures, at different times, have defined the true self by placing emphasis on either of two main approaches. These approaches are ____.

A)the self as inner feelings and the self in social roles
B)public self-awareness and private self-awareness
C)the looking-glass self and the generalized other
D)the implicit self and the explicit self

Question 27

As discussed in the textbook, the idea of an inner "true" self (a self that may not be explicitly apparent or reflected in outward behavior)may have its origins in ____.

A)World War II
B)Buddhism
C)existentialism
D)class prejudices

Question 28

____ have social roles; ____ are the only animals where individuals take on different roles during the course of a lifetime.

A)Humans are the only animals who; humans
B)Mammals are the only animals who; humans
C)Mammals and some insects; humans and other primates
D)Various animals; humans

Question 29

The notion of private self-awareness is similar to the idea(s)of ____.

A)the self-enhancement motivation
B)self-knowledge and introspection
C)implicit or nonconscious thoughts
D)nervousness or self-consciousness

Question 30

Probably the best account of the origins of selfhood is that the self comes into being at the interface between ____ and ____.

A)inner biological processes; a sociocultural network
B)parents; peer groups
C)infancy; childhood
D)the individual; society

Question 31

According to the text, without society, the self would ____.

A)not exist in full
B)still exist in full
C)be purely independent
D)be purely interdependent

Question 32

In the 1980s, there was an anti-drug television commercial that showed a businessman in a seedy public restroom getting prepared to snort cocaine. The man drops the cocaine on the floor and needs to bend down to try to retrieve it. He then catches a glimpse of himself in the restroom mirror, and appears-having seen himself in this act-to feel suddenly shocked by himself, and ashamed of what he is doing. Seeing himself in the mirror seems to heighten the man's ____.

A)interdependent self-construal
B)self-presentation
C)self-awareness
D)independent self-construal

Question 33

Suppose that you are trying to quit smoking, but that you are having trouble doing so. When you stop to think about why you might be having so much trouble (i.e., when you try to analyze what your resistance is to quitting), you are relying on ____.

A)self-knowledge
B)the interpersonal self
C)the agent self
D)the self-concept

Question 34

Tony is debating between buying a Volvo S40, a Saab 9-3, and a Honda Accord. What part of his self is he relying upon?

A)self-knowledge, or self-concept
B)the agent self, or executive function
C)the interpersonal self, or public self
D)possible self, or future self

Question 35

Research suggests that ____ tend to have more interdependent self-construals, whereas ____ tend to have more independent self-construals.

A)modern cultures; traditional cultures
B)country-dwellers; city-dwellers
C)Easterners; Westerners
D)Northerners; Southerners

Question 36

Yolanda tends to think of herself as a unique person, with individual personality traits, interests, and opinions. She tends to make decisions on her own, to look after her own needs, and to think of herself as a "self-made woman." It would be safe to say that Yolanda has a(n)____ self-construal.

A)independent
B)interdependent
C)intrinsic
D)extrinsic

Question 37

Suppose that you are a research participant in a study, and a researcher asks you to work on a puzzle while sitting in front of a mirror. He also mentions that your performance will be videotaped. Given these two pieces of information, you would be wise to suspect that the researcher is trying to increase ____.

A)the self-reference effect
B)self-awareness
C)interdependent self-construal
D)the consistency motive

Question 38

According to sociologist Ralph Turner, which of the following would be an example of the self in a public role?

A)Melissa wonders whether she will fit in with the sales institution where she is interviewing.
B)Melissa feels nervous and insecure about interviewing for a sales position since she classifies herself as an introvert.
C)Melissa interviews for a job as a salesperson, and tells the interviewer that she is outgoing and ambitious.
D)Melissa thinks about her sales interview and is concerned about whether she will perform well as a salesperson if she gets hired for the job.

Question 39

In cultures that emphasize ____, wedding ceremonies and their legal or religious value are seen as very important; the psychological meaning of weddings and the feelings of the spouses are of secondary importance.

A)self-regulation
B)self-handicapping
C)the self in public roles
D)the self as inner feelings

Question 40

Which part of the self is most concerned with gaining social acceptance and fitting in?

A)the id
B)self-knowledge
C)the agent self
D)the interpersonal self

Question 41

Increasing self-awareness tends to make people ____.

A)behave in ways that are more consistent with their attitudes
B)engage in the over-justification effect
C)decrease their normal level of self-regulation
D)feel devalued

Question 42

Nearly all children start talking about standards at age ____, which is the age at which ____.

A)one; they first learn to speak
B)two; self-awareness blossoms
C)five to six; they begin to form a clear gender identity
D)eleven to twelve; puberty usually sets in

Question 43

The television series Dexter features a blood spatter evidence expert who is also a serial killer of individuals who kill others but escape justice. The show often begins and ends with voice-overs of Dexter reflecting on who he is and what his characteristics are. In terms of the three components of the self, Dexter is reflecting on ____.

A)self-knowledge
B)interpersonal self
C)agent self
D)true self

Question 44

The process by which one monitors, controls, and modifies the self is known as ____.

A)self-referencing
B)self-regulation
C)the working self-concept
D)public self-consciousness

Question 45

After several politicians made comments about "legitimate" rape and even argued that, when it resulted in the birth of a child, rape could have positive outcomes, many wondered if the politicians had any idea how others perceived them and the statements they made. In social psychological terms, their ____ self-awareness was questioned.

A)interpersonal
B)public
C)private
D)intrapersonal

Question 46

Recent Supreme Court decisions related to marriage equality have done little to decrease the debate about the "true" meaning of marriage.  A culture that emphasizes public behavior and commitments is likely to ____.

A)deemphasize the legal significance of marriage
B)celebrate the love that leads to marriage
C)accept changes in feelings as a reason for divorce
D)focus on the role performance of spouses

Question 47

Drinking alcohol and using drugs are common means that people use to escape ____.

A)the duplex mind
B)the phenomenal self (working self-concept)
C)self-awareness
D)the self-enhancement motive

Question 48

When they are not keeping track of how much they are eating (e.g., when they are intoxicated or emotionally absorbed in a television show), ____.

A)both dieters and non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise
B)dieters eat more than they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat the same as they would otherwise
C)dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise
D)both dieters and non-dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise

Question 49

According to the text, Mead's notion of the generalized other elaborated upon ____.

A)Freud's notion of the superego
B)the neo-Freudian notion of the object
C)Cooley's notion of the looking-glass self
D)Turner's notion of self as institution

Question 50

Research has shown that children are less likely to steal Halloween candy if there is a big mirror in front of them than if there is no mirror. This finding illustrates the fact that ____.

A)the looking-glass self is similar to public self-consciousness
B)the looking-glass self invokes the generalized other
C)high self-awareness tends to increase moral behavior
D)moral behavior is primarily guided by the conscious part of the duplex mind

Question 51

____ tends to make people more aware of positive, culturally desirable standards and tends to make them try harder to behave in positive, culturally desirable ways.

A)Basking in reflected glory
B)The over-justification effect
C)The self-reference effect
D)Self-awareness

Question 52

Jonah, a 19-year-old college sophomore has mild autism spectrum disorder and is acutely aware of the ways in which he is different from others socially, emotionally and intellectually. Jonah has a(n)____ self-construal.

A)interdependent
B)pathology-based
C)role-based
D)independent

Question 53

In the television series Dexter , blood spatter evidence expert and serial killer Dexter has public roles of forensic technician, brother, husband and father. These roles correspond to Dexter's ____.

A)self knowledge
B)interpersonal self
C)agent self
D)true self

Question 54

How does the self-concept relate to others' perceptions? Research suggests that the self-concept ____.

A)is very much in line with both how people think others regard them and how others actually do regard them
B)is very much in line with how people think others regard them, but is very different from how others actually do regard them
C)is different from both how people think others regard them and how others actually do regard them

Question 55

Introspection refers to the process by which a person ____.

A)compares himself or herself to cultural standards of morality
B)takes stock of his or her strengths or weaknesses
C)seeks to regulate, control, or modify his or her behavior
D)examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states

Question 56

Jeff is 64 and facing mandatory retirement.  As he considers his future, he thinks about how he has mentored new co-workers the way he was once mentored and how co-workers often come to him for advice and to share their triumphs. He thinks about how his work friendships have often become mutually supportive personal friendships and he wonders how those relationships will change when he retires. Jeff has a(n)____ self-construal.

A)role-based
B)independent
C)functional
D)interdependent

Question 57

Dexter, the television serial killer who is also a blood spatter evidence expert, devotes a great deal of effort to controlling himself and to controlling his victims.  In terms of the three components of the self, this reflects Dexter's ____.

A)self knowledge
B)interpersonal self
C)agent self
D)true self

Question 58

The term "looking-glass self" was coined to refer to the idea that ____.

A)we learn about ourselves from watching ourselves in the mirror
B)we learn about ourselves from other people
C)we tend to see parts of our own personalities in other people
D)we tend to judge ourselves rather positively compared to how other people judge us

Question 59

Social psychologists have found that there is usually a very good match between ____.

A)your self-concept and your perception of what others think of you
B)your self-concept and the true opinions that others have of you
C)your perception of what others think of you and the true opinions that others have of you
D)your self-concept and others' self-concepts

Question 60

Self-awareness is typically ____ because people tend to ____.

A)pleasant; compare themselves against low standards
B)unpleasant; compare themselves against high standards
C)pleasant; not compare themselves against any standards
D)unpleasant; not compare themselves against any standards

Question 61

Tyra is preparing to take a big standardized exam that contains an English portion and a Mathematics portion. Tyra is convinced that she is strong in English, and that she will perform well on the English part of the exam. But she is equally convinced that she is bad at math, and that she will bomb the Mathematics portion. If Tyra has a strong consistency motive, then ____.

A)she will probably try especially hard on the Mathematics portion so that her English and Mathematics scores will end up being as similar as possible
B)she will probably spend most of her time practicing the English portion, and may not even try that hard on the Mathematics portion so that her expectations will be confirmed
C)she will probably spend most of her time practicing the English portion in order to feel good about her score and herself
D)she will probably practice both portions of the exam under strict time limits so that she can get as accurate a sense as possible of what her true score will be

Question 62

Doing an activity for its own sake involves ____.

A)intrinsic motivation
B)extrinsic motivation
C)self-handicapping
D)narcissism

Question 63

When Jason starts college, he comes from a very conservative religious background. He strongly feels that homosexuality is "wrong" and "immoral," although he has never actually met anyone who is a homosexual. At college, he meets lots of new friends, a few of whom are homosexual. He really enjoys them, and as he spends more time with them he decides, "I must not really think homosexuality is wrong. After all, several of my best friends are gay and I don't think they are immoral." Which theory can BEST explain Jason's change in attitude about homosexuality?

A)social comparison theory
B)the self-reference effect
C)self-perception theory
D)self-handicapping theory

Question 64

Kevin is taking a course on women's literature, and is the only male student in the class (all of the other students are female). Research suggests that, as a result, he will be ____.

A)especially aware of his maleness, and somewhat more likely to perform better in the class than he otherwise would
B)especially aware of his maleness, and somewhat more likely to perform worse in the class than he otherwise would
C)especially aware of his female qualities, and somewhat more likely to perform worse in the class than he otherwise would
D)especially aware of his female qualities, and somewhat more likely to perform better in the class than he otherwise would

Question 65

Suppose that, for a period of one month, you are given $20 every time that you work on a fun and interesting word game. Research suggests that, as a consequence, ____.

A)the word game will be easier for you (than for someone who had not been rewarded)
B)the word game will be harder for you (than for someone who had not been rewarded)
C)later, when the month is up and you are no longer given $20 to work on the word game, you will be less likely to work on it (than would someone who had not been rewarded)
D)later, when the month is up and you are no longer given $20 to work on the word game, you will be more likely to work on it (than would someone who had not been rewarded)

Question 66

George loves to play football because of all the attention it gets him from his peers, parents, and teachers. He also likes that it might provide a way to pay for college. George is ____ motivated to play football.

A)intrinsically
B)extrinsically
C)publicly
D)privately

Question 67

Consider the following passage from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer : "There are wealthy gentlemen in England who drive four-horse passenger coaches twenty or thirty miles on a daily line, in the summer, because the privilege costs them considerable money; but if they were offered wages for the service that would turn it into work then they would resign." This passage illustrates the concept of ____.

A)self-handicapping
B)overjustification
C)the looking-glass self
D)self as institution

Question 68

In Nisbett and Wilson's (1977)studies on consumers' awareness of purchasing decisions, ____.

A)people were able to articulate accurately that they made their choice based on product color or softness
B)people made choices based on the product softness or color, but thought they made the choice based on when they saw the product
C)people made choices based on whether they saw the product last, but thought they made the choice based on product color or softness
D)people were able to articulate accurately that they made their choice based on when they saw the product

Question 69

In Nisbett and Wilson's (1977)studies, when people made choices about which stockings to buy, the people said that they made their choice based on ____.

A)whether the stocking was presented first or last
B)the color or softness of the stocking
C)how much the stocking cost
D)the stocking size

Question 70

Sarah is taking an African American history class, and she is the only white person in her class (everyone else is African American). Research suggests that, because she is the only white person, she will be ____.

A)more aware than usual of her whiteness (because it will stand out), though her performance in the class should not be affected
B)more aware than usual of her whiteness (because it will stand out), and may well perform worse in the class than she would otherwise
C)less aware than usual of her whiteness (because she will identify more with the African American people in her class), though her performance in the class should not be affected
D)less aware than usual of her whiteness (because she will identify more with the African American people in her class), and may well perform better in the class than she would otherwise

Question 71

Is introspection a source of self-knowledge?

A)Yes, and it is the only true source of self-knowledge.
B)Yes, it is one source of self-knowledge, but there are also other sources of self-knowledge.
C)Yes, but only for people who are self-actualized (less than 1% of people).
D)No, it is not a source of self-knowledge for anyone.

Question 72

Jetta wonders how she is doing in her class. At first, she thinks she is doing well because she is getting a "B." Then she finds out that nearly every other person in the class is getting an "A" and she feels less happy. The theory of ____ explains why Jetta feels less happy once she finds out how others are doing in the class, too.

A)social perception
B)social comparison
C)self-presentation
D)impression management

Question 73

The consistency motive is sometimes also called the ____.

A)appraisal motive
B)self-enhancement motive
C)self-verification motive
D)justification motive

Question 74

Sally lives in a middle class neighborhood.  It really isn't anything special, but most of Sally's friends live in smaller homes in lower class neighborhoods, so Sally thinks of herself as well-off. When Sally compares her home to the homes of her friends, she is making a(n)____.

A)upward social comparison
B)downward social comparison
C)internal attribution
D)external attribution

Question 75

The phenomenal self, or the working self-concept, refers to ____.

A)an idealized image of the self
B)the image of the self that is currently active in a person's mind
C)a person's sense of his or her contributions to personal relationships or to the broader culture
D)the part of the self that people openly share, or disclose, with others

Question 76

Nisbett and Wilson's (1977)research was an attack on what concept?

A)self-regulation
B)self-esteem
C)narcissism
D)introspection

Question 77

Research has shown that men tend to like cars more when car ads feature sexy women than when they don't. Furthermore, men ____ aware that they like the cars more, ____ aware that the sexy women probably influenced their opinion.

A)are; and
B)are; but are not
C)are not; but are
D)are not; and are not

Question 78

Ximena loves her job as a stockbroker. She also loves how well it pays. Social psychologists would say that Ximena's job is ____.

A)both intrinsically rewarding and extrinsically rewarding
B)underjustified
C)intrinsically rewarding only (not extrinsically rewarding)
D)poorly justified

Question 79

Terra is a really good faculty member. She works hard and is happy to receive good evaluations and raises from her department chair. She finds out, though, that the other faculty members in her department receive better evaluations and higher raises than she does. According to social comparison theory, when Terra compares her evaluations and raises to her peers in her department, she is making a(n)____.

A)upward social comparison
B)downward social comparison
C)lateral social comparison
D)intrinsic social comparison

Question 80

The overjustification effect occurs when ____.

A)there are no extrinsic rewards associated with an activity
B)people do not intrinsically enjoy an activity
C)people are extrinsically rewarded for something they intrinsically enjoy doing
D)people are punished for an extrinsically rewarding activity