Deck 3: Becoming Deviant

Question 1

Behavior is a product of:

A) socialization
B) social roles
C) role playing
D) role taking

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true, based on the text's discussion on heroin?

A) addiction to heroin is simply a result of physical dependence
B) most people become addicted to heroin rapidly
C) heroin users are unable to perform other social roles
D) the expectations of others are important in both occupying and leaving deviant roles

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The act of orienting one's own behavior to a set of expectations defined by a role is called:

A) role playing
B) role taking
C) role appointing
D) role acting

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The role that other roles are organized around is a person's:

A) primary role
B) major role
C) ideal role
D) master role

Question 5

Socialization is the process where people acquire skills to perform roles

Question 6

Theories that look for causes in the processes by which individuals come to commit deviant acts are called _______ theories.

A) individualistic
B) structural
C) processual
D) clinical

Question 7

A role is a set of expectations attached to a particular identity

Question 8

The same basic processes produce social behavior for both deviants and non-deviants.

Question 9

Deviants have exclusive claim to knowledge of the subject of deviance.

Question 10

Scientists have recently identified a specific alcoholism gene that predisposes individuals to heavy drinking.

Question 11

_____ argued that one should not always agree with a research subject's definition of the situation. Instead, he argued that the researcher should "comprehend and illuminate the subject's view and to interpret the world as it appears to him."

A) Matza
B) Cohen
C) Sampson
D) Laub

Question 12

A researcher must balance sensitivity to the deviant's unique perspective with a concern for objectivity.

Question 13

There are no physical functions or structures, no combination of genes, and no glandular secretions that contain within themselves the power to direct, guide, or determine the type, form, and course of human social behavior.

Question 14

Rational choice theorists assume that criminals are hedonistic

Question 15

There is an inherent difference between deviants and non-deviants.

Question 16

When an individual plays too many roles to fill them adequately, or when role prescriptions are unclear that individual is experiencing:

A) role strain
B) role squeeze
C) anti-role
D) role sickness

Question 17

What do the authors of the text argue for in the study of deviance?

A) research should begin with a motivation to correct deviance instead of understanding it
B) researchers should concentrate solely on appreciating the deviant's view of the world
C) social scientists should avoid trying to see the world from a deviant's perspective
D) researchers must mix correctional and appreciative perspectives to provide a balanced view of deviance

Question 18

Johnny is unemployed, which means that he cannot be employed. In this situation, being unemployed is a _____ to being employed.

A) prescribed role
B) role ambiguity
C) proscribed role
D) unprescribed

Question 19

People can easily change previously ascribed roles when they desire.

Question 20

Sociologists that study deviant behavior use which of the following research methods?

A) participant observation
B) use of firsthand materials such as life histories, diaries, and letters
C) in-depth interviewing
D) all of the above

Question 21

A ______ often exhibits poor judgment, inability to learn from experience, and pathological lying.

A) mesomorph
B) endomorph
C) sociopath
D) psychopath

Question 22

The earliest scientific analyses of crime focused on biological research. Who of the following researchers was known for biological explanations of deviance?

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Sykes Matza
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 23

Tina is hungry without any money. She tells herself that she must steal in order to eat that day, and that in this case stealing is ok. She then goes into a convenience store and steals some food without feeling any guilt. Tina's justification is a type of:

A) rationalization
B) neutralization
C) substantive justification
D) tautology

Question 24

Fred justified stealing money from his mother after being caught. Fred's justification is a type of:

A) focal reasoning
B) rationalization
C) neutralization
D) persuasion

Question 25

The unconscious mind is a concept forwarded by:

A) sociologists
B) psychoanalysts
C) psychiatrists
D) anthropologists

Question 26

If someone claims that deviance and antisocial behavior come from physical anomalies, body chemistry compositions, or hereditary characteristics, the person is advocating a _______ perspective.

A) environmental
B) biological
C) psychological
D) sociological

Question 27

The act of orienting one's own behavior to a set of expectations is called:

A) Assuming a role
B) Role playing
C) Socialization
D) Role set

Question 28

Wilson and Herrnstein argue that criminality is attributable to:

A) neighborhood decay
B) acquiring criminal attitudes and biological tendencies in some offenders
C) the weakening of conventional social bonds
D) problems with serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Question 29

The psychiatric perspective views deviance largely as:

A) criminal
B) not that different from normative behavior
C) a mental illness or psychological disorder
D) an unimportant aspect of the human experience

Question 30

The psychological perspective of deviance promotes which of the following?

A) Explains deviance as a product of psychological abnormalities
B) Inadequacies in personality traits interfere with societal adjustment
C) Criminal behavior is due to a combination of environmental and genetic predispositions
D) All of the above

Question 31

Which problem plagues the psychiatric model of device?

A) overgeneralization
B) illogical reasoning
C) tautology
D) ecological fallacy

Question 32

Jill and Hillary are prostitutes who joined an advocacy group fighting for the legalization of prostitution. They wish that prostitution were no longer considered deviant. What kind of deviance are they engaging in?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) supplemental

Question 33

Joining a deviant subculture:

A) increases contact with "normals"
B) increases the chances that one will be labeled deviant
C) rarely offers sympathy or support to a deviant
D) helps a deviant cope with social rejection

Question 34

More recent, better designed and executed studies on the biological effects on deviant behavior and crime find that:

A) biological factors are the most important predictors of crime and deviance
B) there is a weak relationship or no relationship between biological factors and crime
C) biological factors have an overwhelming effect on many different types of crime, but not all of them
D) genes play as strong a role as parents in a child's antisocial behavior

Question 35

Which of the following is a correct example of the stigma management technique, "change to nondeviance"?

A) Janet goes to therapy and eventually claims that the therapy worked and that she is no longer mentally ill
B) David is released from prison and claims that he is rehabilitated and will not commit crime ever again
C) Billy claims that homosexuals, like himself, should not be labeled deviant and fights for homosexual rights
D) All of the above

Question 36

The _____ is the conscious part of the mind that attempts to control behavior.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) ultraego

Question 37

Beth acts like the model employee. She always comes on time and offers to work late when others call in sick. The boss always notes her commitment to the job. The boss is unaware, however, that Beth is acting this way so that she can steal money from the cash drawer and not be suspected. Beth's stigma management technique is:

A) secrecy
B) manipulating the physical setting
C) neutralizations
D) change to nondeviance

Question 38

Psychiatrists imply that _______ produce effects on individuals that largely determine patterns of behavior

A) childhood experiences
B) experiences at work
C) cultural experiences
D) experiences with friends

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a technique for managing stigma mentioned in the text?

A) secrecy
B) defiance
C) joining deviant subcultures
D) change to nondeviance

Question 40

Psychiatric models of deviance treat culture:

A) as a cause of deviance
B) as if it doesn't exist
C) merely as a context within which individuals express inappropriate tendencies
D) the way anthropologists do in every sense

Question 41

What are the common limitations among the different individualistic theories of deviance?

Question 42

Discuss the criticisms of the rational choice approach mentioned in the text.

Question 43

Jim is a member of a swingers group. He and his wife go to swinger parties where they have sex with different sex partners. Discuss how Jim and his wife might utilize all of the different techniques for managing stigma mentioned in the text.

Question 44

Is there a strong or weak relationship between biological factors and deviant behavior? How do we know and why?

Question 45

Discuss the reasons why it is helpful to view deviant behavior in terms of roles.