Deck 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

Question 1

Lili has begun to play "teacher," "mommy," "doctor," and "pilot." Lili is probably in which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Initiative versus guilt
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Basic trust versus mistrust

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How could a parent best encourage attachment in a 4-month-old?

A) Show continuous interest whenever he or she is around the child
B) Respond predictably and appropriately to the baby's needs.
C) Let the child initiate all social interactions.
D) There are no parental behaviors that would influence an infant that young.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which normally maturing infant would be most likely to have just formed first true attachment?

A) Calvin, who is 1 day old
B) Warren, who is 4 months old
C) Woodrow, who is 8 months old
D) Theodore, who is 18 months old

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Dr. Beagle's lecture on attachment concludes that babies express behavior that makes it more likely they will form attachments to adults because, in the past, infants that expressed these behaviors were the infants who survived. Dr. Beagle is presenting a(n) ____ approach to attachment.

A) sociocultural
B) psychological
C) anthropological
D) evolutionary

Question 5

Kelly and Mark are the parents of a new baby named Lola and are wondering whether Lola will attach to them. A developmental psychologist explains to them that if Lola is a typical baby, she will

A) attach to both Kelly and Mark.
B) attach only to Mark.
C) attach only to Kelly.
D) not attach to either Kelly or Mark.

Question 6

Carmela is struggling in the "autonomy versus shame and doubt" stage of psychosocial development. What aspect of her psychosocial development will result from her successful resolution of this conflict?

A) Hope
B) Wariness
C) Will
D) Purpose

Question 7

Although Jamie has an enormous amount of initiative, he does not possess "purpose." According to Erikson, this is probably because Jamie

A) has not learned to cooperate with others.
B) was never wary of other people.
C) has no "will."
D) trusts too much.

Question 8

Which individual is most responsible for today's evolutionary view of attachment?

A) Erikson
B) Bowlby
C) Skinner
D) Piaget

Question 9

Who would be most likely to argue that smiling is a common social response because over the history of humanity, individuals who smiled were liked more and allowed to have children?

A) A cognitive psychologist
B) A behavioral psychologist
C) An evolutionary psychologist
D) A humanist psychologist

Question 10

According to Erikson, how would parents establish trust in their 6-month-old?

A) Consistently responding to the child's needs
B) Utilize an authoritarian parenting style
C) Encourage the immediate resolution of the Oedipal complex
D) Avoid excessive displays of affection

Question 11

Who would Erikson predict to have the greatest sense of will?

A) Fiona, who has developed autonomy but experiences some shame and doubt
B) Tara, who has developed autonomy and experiences no shame or doubt
C) Bridget, who has developed autonomy and doubt but experiences no shame
D) Maeve, who has not developed autonomy

Question 12

Which statement on parent-infant early relationships is true?

A) Mothers tend to spend more time reading to infants.
B) Infants are biologically programmed to attach to mothers.
C) Mothers provide better early childcare than fathers.
D) When in distress, infants prefer to interact with fathers.

Question 13

Which child has most successfully resolved the "basic trust versus mistrust" stage of psychosocial development?

A) Clark, who trusts everyone and everything completely
B) Bruce, who mistrusts everyone, including himself
C) Luis, who trusts himself but nobody else
D) Hal, who trusts most people but is still somewhat wary of others

Question 14

Eight-month-old Claire is able to crawl around a room on her own, looking back at her mother only occasionally. This indicates that Claire

A) is not attached to her mother.
B) has "purpose."
C) is in the "initiative versus guilt" stage.
D) trusts her mother.

Question 15

Dr. Wilson studies how children form lasting social-emotional relationships with adults. Dr. Wilson is most likely interested in studying

A) gender roles.
B) basic emotions.
C) parallel play.
D) attachment.

Question 16

According to Erikson, what is the foundation of human development?

A) Autonomy
B) Trust in self and others
C) Initiative
D) Identity

Question 17

As an evolutionary theorist, Dr. Zorba is most likely to believe that

A) adaptive behaviors have a hereditary basis.
B) cognitive issues are more important than social issues.
C) an infant can only attach to its biological mother.
D) trust underlies almost all human emotions.

Question 18

You typically spend more time playing with your daughter than doing the care taking, you prefer physical play over sitting and reading together with your daughter, and you are less skillful at parenting your daughter than your partner. You are probably the child's

A) mother.
B) teacher.
C) father.
D) next-door neighbor.

Question 19

After reading a book on Eriksonian theory, Farah would most likely describe her trusting 1-year-old daughter as possessing

A) will.
B) generativity.
C) hope.
D) purpose.

Question 20

Baby Hughie has singled out his mother as someone different from all others. When his mother takes him to a new place, Hughie is able to explore but looks back to his mother every once in awhile for reassurance. According to Bowlby, Hughie is most likely in the ____ phase of attachment.

A) attachment in the making
B) reciprocal relationships
C) preattachment
D) true attachment

Question 21

Which combination best predicts an insecure attachment?

A) Insensitive mother and any day care
B) Insensitive mother and low-quality day care
C) Sensitive mother and any day care
D) Sensitive mother and low-quality day care

Question 22

Nathan is feeling guilty about sending his 18-month-old off to day care. Assuming Nathan is sending his daughter to a quality day care center, should he be worried?

A) Yes. Children younger than two who are in day care experience far more negative effects than positive effects.
B) Yes, but only because his child is female.
C) No, as long as Nathan provides "good fathering" when he's with the child at home.
D) No, because daycare makes children more cooperative.

Question 23

Which baby is most likely to be insecurely attached?

A) Joey, whose parents play with him frequently
B) Monica, whose parents are very affectionate toward her
C) Phoebe, whose parents tend to not respond to her crying
D) Chandler, whose parents often express happiness toward him

Question 24

Elise's father sat her on her blanket in front of the TV in the living room and left the room to answer a text message from work on his phone. Elise has been playing alone for a while on her blanket and has become upset. When her father returns, she is not comforted but seems angry with her father. Elise is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) disoriented

Question 25

In the Strange Situation test, a(n) ____ remains alone in a room with an infant.

A) mother
B) observer
C) stranger
D) second infant

Question 26

Research indicates that sending a young child to a high-quality day care has ____ effects on a toddler's attachment to their mother and/or father.

A) slightly negative
B) devastating
C) first adverse and then positive
D) no

Question 27

If 2-year-old Kelly had an internal working model, she would

A) believe that inanimate objects have the ability to move and breathe.
B) expect her mom to respond when she is upset.
C) talk to herself out loud.
D) form an insecure attachment to her parents.

Question 28

Attachment is most critical to completing which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Trust versus mistrust
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Initiative versus guilt

Question 29

Which aspect of a local daycare's advertisement would be inconsistent with your text's description of quality day care?

A) Low child-to-caregiver ratios
B) Daycare workers are well trained
C) New, energetic staff each day
D) High level of communication between daycare workers and parents

Question 30

Michiko was insecurely attached as an infant. Which behavior is least likely to occur?

A) Michiko is usually calm when interacting with other children.
B) Michiko does not have as many friends as most children.
C) Michiko does not display adequate social skills with her peers.
D) Michiko has a difficult time resolving conflicts with others.

Question 31

That twins Desi and Lucille have come to expect their mother, to be available when they need her means that they have both developed

A) temperament.
B) parallel play.
C) an internal working model.
D) autonomy.

Question 32

From an infant's perspective, what is the most critical factor in establishing a secure attachment?

A) Having no congenital birth defects
B) Having a dependable caregiver
C) Having few sibling rivals
D) Having a caregiver who loves him or her

Question 33

When Faith's mother leaves her alone in a room, she does not move and appears a bit dazed. Faith is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) disorganized

Question 34

Which type of attachment is characterized by confusion in the infant when the mother leaves and when she returns?

A) Secure
B) Avoidant
C) Resistant
D) Disorganized

Question 35

A secure infant attachment predicts ____ during later childhood.

A) greater intelligence
B) more capable peer interactions
C) greater independence
D) nothing

Question 36

Securely attached infants tend to show ____ when reunited with a caregiver.

A) fear
B) rejection
C) a need for a brief interaction
D) a need for an extended interaction

Question 37

Which statement is true regarding basic emotions?

A) They are experienced by people in all cultures.
B) They have a self-evaluative component.
C) Most of them begin to develop after 12 months.
D) They are not reflected in facial expressions.

Question 38

What is not an element of a basic emotion?

A) A subjective feeling
B) A thoughtful consideration
C) A physiological change
D) An overt behavior

Question 39

What advice should you give to a parent who wants his or her 2-month-old to form a secure attachment?

A) "Be responsive and caring."
B) "Avoid discipline."
C) "Just be yourself."
D) "Don't bottle-feed."

Question 40

One-year-old Chatava is not upset when her mother leaves the room, and when her mother returns, Chatava turns away from her. Chatava is exhibiting ____ attachment.

A) avoidant
B) disorganized
C) secure
D) resistant

Question 41

One-year-old Mathieu is afraid of the dog because he saw his father react with fear to the same dog. Which term best explains why Mathieu is afraid?

A) Stranger wariness
B) Social referencing
C) Complex emotions
D) Avoidant attachment

Question 42

Juanita is a typical 6-month-old. How is she most likely to regulate her emotions if she sees a scary object?

A) She will look away from the object.
B) She will make a sad face.
C) She will stare back and try to frighten the object away.
D) She will make no attempt to regulate her emotions.

Question 43

You are studying the basic emotions of 11-month-olds from the United States and China. What differences would you expect in how these basic emotions are expressed?

A) Chinese infants will cry and smile less than American infants.
B) American infants will be less expressive than Chinese infants.
C) Chinese infants will be more expressive of pain; American infants will be more expressive of "joy."
D) Chinese infants are more likely to express disgust.

Question 44

One-year-old Kendra looks at her mother before entering a new room in a strange house. When her mother smiles, Kendra proceeds to enter the room. This is an example of

A) a social smile.
B) a complex emotion.
C) social referencing.
D) stranger wariness.

Question 45

Seven-month-old Gavin seems very content being held by his mother. When the new neighbor from across the street comes over to greet Gavin, he turns his head away from the neighbor and starts to cry. What term best explains Gavin's response to the neighbor?

A) Social smile
B) Resistant attachment
C) Social referencing
D) Stranger wariness

Question 46

Who has most likely just developed stranger wariness?

A) Betsy, who just learned to roll over
B) Leon, who just learned to crawl
C) Calvin, who just learned to walk
D) Lisa, who just started school

Question 47

Children who do not regulate their emotions well

A) have less frequent conflicts with peers.
B) have more satisfying peer relationships.
C) tend to have problems interacting with peers.
D) make more adaptive adjustments to school.

Question 48

Pride, embarrassment, and guilt are all examples of

A) insecure attachment.
B) complex emotions.
C) constricting actions.
D) basic emotions.

Question 49

Who is most likely exhibiting a complex emotion?

A) Christian, who expresses joy when being held by his mother
B) Anastasia, who is angry at her mother
C) Elliot, who is afraid of the neighbor's pet dog
D) Kate, who is proud of her art project

Question 50

Research results have provided evidence that the ability to distinguish facial features associated with different emotions first develops as early as ____ of age.

A) 2 weeks
B) 1 month
C) 4 months
D) 8 months

Question 51

Dick and Bruce are both playing with blocks. Though they are playing, they smile at each other and trade blocks from time to time. It is most likely that Dick and Bruce are involved in

A) cooperative play.
B) parallel play.
C) simple social play.
D) prosocial behavior.

Question 52

According to the textbook, by age 9 reasons for fear typically shift from fear of the dark and fear of imaginary monsters to

A) fears related to animals and insects.
B) fears related to a stranger entering the room.
C) fears related to a parent leaving the room.
D) fears related to school, health, and personal harm.

Question 53

Tony is playing with his ball, and Pepper is playing with her doll, but they are each watching what the other is doing. Tony and Pepper are most likely involved in

A) cooperative play.
B) parallel play.
C) simple social play.
D) prosocial behavior.

Question 54

We would know that 2-month-old Brenda is exhibiting a social smile when she smiles in response to

A) waking up from a nap.
B) seeing her mother's face.
C) finishing a meal.
D) a cat's tail brushing up against her.

Question 55

An increase in heart rate is a ____ manifestation of an emotion.

A) sociocultural
B) subjective
C) behavioral
D) physiological

Question 56

Which normally developing child would be most likely to have just begun to experience the emotion of anger?

A) Aaron, who is 5 days old
B) Eli, who is 5 months old
C) Tom, who is 15 months old
D) Cam, who is 5 years old

Question 57

After playing by himself for a while, young Luke smiles when he sees the face of his father. What term best describes this response?

A) Social smile
B) Cooperative play
C) Parallel play
D) Social referencing

Question 58

When Adam walks into the dark basement, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, "Don't be afraid. There's nothing down here that can hurt you." Apparently, Adam is successfully

A) engaging in solitary play.
B) expressing complex emotions.
C) regulating his emotions.
D) utilizing social referencing.

Question 59

Complex emotions differ from basic emotions in that complex emotions require some understanding of

A) self.
B) biology.
C) waking states.
D) purpose.

Question 60

According to your text, which action would be the most likely cause of anger in a 6-month-old?

A) Showing them a picture of a stranger
B) Introducing them to a new loud sound
C) Having them smell a rotten egg
D) Restraining them from picking up a toy

Question 61

Five-year-old Lou has a vivid imagination and an imaginary friend. How might this cognitively affect Lou

A) He is more likely than other children his age to believe that cartoon characters are "real."
B) He is more likely than other children his age to be unsociable.
C) He is more likely to have difficulty making adjustments during adolescence.
D) He is likely to have a more advanced theory of mind.

Question 62

Which word would least likely be found in a description of "boys play?"

A) Competitive
B) Cooperative
C) Rough
D) Intimidation

Question 63

Which exemplifies the notion of parent as social director during play?

A) A parent who likes to play directly with his or her child
B) A parent who actively encourages his or her child to play with others
C) A parent who steps in to resolve disputes between his or her child and other children
D) A parent who teaches his or her child skills that will make the child better at a game

Question 64

Agnes is a preschooler who has an imaginary friend named Gru. According to recent research, it is most likely that Agnes

A) is insecurely attached.
B) has not received enough dispositional praise.
C) has few "real" friends relative to other preschoolers.
D) is a typical preschooler.

Question 65

Which term does not fit with the notion of "constricting" during play?

A) Exaggeration
B) Threats
C) Contradiction
D) Support

Question 66

Using scaffolding would be most beneficial for a preschool parent acting as a ____ during play.

A) playmate
B) social director
C) mediator
D) constrictor

Question 67

Patrick and Sandy are taking turns playing a memory game on Patrick's computer tablet. This is an example of ____ play.

A) parallel
B) prosocial
C) cooperative
D) simple social

Question 68

Hulk often has to step in and solve disagreements between his son Bruce and his daughter Betty. This action best reflects the idea of a parent as a

A) playmate.
B) social director.
C) coach.
D) mediator.

Question 69

The themes and values reflected in the pretend play of European-American children tend to include adventure and fantasy, while the themes and values reflected in Korean-American children tend to include.

A) success in business and sports.
B) family roles and everyday activities.
C) adventure and success in business.
D) fantasy and family roles.

Question 70

Michelle and Warren are building a playhouse. Michelle says to Warren, "How about I help you with your part, then you help me with mine?" This offer would be an example of

A) an enabling action.
B) parallel play.
C) a constricting action.
D) altruism.

Question 71

Franklin and Benjamin are pretending to be transformers. Franklin is pretending to be Optimus, and Benjamin is pretending to be Megatron. What sort of interaction does this exemplify?

A) Parallel play
B) Cooperative play
C) Simple social play
D) Constricting actions

Question 72

Paul is competing with Art in a game and attempts to win by saying, "If you try to do well, I will smack you!" What term best describes this statement?

A) Parallel play
B) Social referencing
C) Constricting action
D) Enabling action

Question 73

Children typically begin to exhibit simple social play around ____ months of age.

A) 18
B) 28
C) 38
D) 48

Question 74

Which is true of childhood play?

A) Both boys and girls tend to favor enabling over constricting.
B) Both boys and girls tend to favor constricting over enabling.
C) Boys tend to favor enabling and girls tend to favor constricting.
D) Boys tend to favor constricting and girls tend to favor enabling.

Question 75

All acts of altruistic behavior are also

A) prosocial behaviors.
B) basic emotions.
C) examples of dispositional praise.
D) social roles.

Question 76

Omero is a preschooler who has an imaginary friend. Which best describes Omero relative to his peers without imaginary friends?

A) Emotionally disturbed
B) Sociable
C) Few friends
D) Low intelligence

Question 77

Which statement best describes parental influence on play?

A) All coaching is beneficial.
B) Good coaching is never that good.
C) Bad coaching is worse than no coaching at all.
D) Avoiding coaching is the best option.

Question 78

Which sort of solitary play would most likely be unhealthy?

A) Watching other children play without joining them
B) Sitting in a room, building an imaginary city out of plastic building blocks
C) Drawing and coloring
D) Completing a series of puzzles in a puzzle book

Question 79

As a typical prepubescent female, Rihanna will prefer to

A) play with boys regardless of the game.
B) play with girls regardless of the game.
C) play "house" with girls and football with boys.
D) play "house" with boys and football with girls.

Question 80

Concerning play, which statement best exemplifies enabling?

A) "You are doing great, keep going."
B) "You are in for a world of hurt if you win."
C) "I am so much better than you."
D) "I have never played that before."