Deck 12: Work, Leisure, and Retirement

Question 1

According to Holland, people choose occupations that optimize:

A) income.
B) socialization.
C) the fit with personality.
D) intellect.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of these is characteristic of career construction theory?

A) Building careers through one's own actions that result from the interface of personal characteristics and the social context.
B) Career choice is a result of the application of Bandura's social cognitive theory, especially the concept of self-efficacy.
C) People are located along a continuum of vocational maturity.
D) Situations in which what you learn in the classroom does not always transfer directly into the "real world."

Answer 2

A

Question 3

If Will is an average adult, the main reason for him working is so that he can:

A) demonstrate creativity.
B) earn a living and experience personal growth.
C) make new friends.
D) exercise his authority over others.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Holland categorizes occupations using the dimensions of:

A) interpersonal settings and lifestyle.
B) lifestyle and income.
C) income and education level.
D) education level and interpersonal settings.

Question 5

When Debra started her new job, she met Rosalind, an experienced worker who took Debra "under her wing." Rosalind gave Debra many pointers and was always there when Debra had a question about what to do or why she needed to do it. Rosalind served as a ____ for Debra.

A) mentor
B) career plateau
C) realistic type
D) conventional type

Question 6

People tend to ____ college courses and majors that fit their personalities.

A) avoid
B) like
C) dislike
D) fail

Question 7

Super would predict that 23-year-old Sophie is most likely in the ____ phase of developmental tasks.

A) maintenance
B) implementation
C) establishment
D) deceleration

Question 8

Vocational maturity is best associated with:

A) Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
B) the amount of congruence between occupation behaviors and age.
C) Freud's psychosexual stages.
D) the income level that one attains.

Question 9

According to researchers, which of these is NOT one of the four common meanings people derive from work?

A) Developing self
B) Economic independence
C) Union with others
D) Fulfillment

Question 10

Which of these are NOT included in Hance's three main categories of what college students believe they will get from work?

A) Working to please a potential spouse
B) Working to achieve social influence
C) Working to achieve personal fulfillment
D) Working because of economic reality

Question 11

Which statement concerning occupational development is TRUE?

A) Research supports neither Super's claims that it is a developmental process nor Holland's emphasis on the importance role of personal characteristics.
B) Research does not support Super's claims that it is a developmental process, but does support Holland's emphasis on the importance role of personal characteristics.
C) Research supports Super's claims that it is a developmental process, but not Holland's emphasis on the importance role of personal characteristics.
D) Research supports both Super's claims that it is a developmental process and Holland's emphasis on the importance role of personal characteristics.

Question 12

The concept of "career advancement" is best associated with the ____ task.

A) stabilization
B) implementation
C) crystallization
D) consolidation

Question 13

The selection of a specific occupation marks the beginning of the ____ stage of occupational development.

A) maintenance
B) implementation
C) stabilization
D) decline

Question 14

Who would most likely be giving a speech titled 'Understanding the Continuum of Vocational Maturity'?

A) John Holland
B) Donald Super
C) Nancy Betz
D) Jan Sinnott

Question 15

Angela was a teacher who spent lots of time preparing lessons and grading papers, but she hadn't been expecting teaching to take so much of her time and energy. Her education had not prepared her for what teaching would really be like. If she represents the average worker, her most likely reactions would involve:

A) resolve to change the system.
B) reality shock.
C) dropping her friendships.
D) suing the company.

Question 16

Which developmental task would most likely characterize Dave, who is in his mid-teens?

A) Implementation
B) Stabilization
C) Consolidation
D) Crystallization

Question 17

Since being promoted to an executive position a few years ago, Alison continued to find ways to work her way up the corporate ladder. Alison is most likely in Super's ____ phase of developmental tasks.

A) retirement
B) consolidation
C) specification
D) implementation

Question 18

In his book The Prophet , Kahlil Gibran (1923) stated that "____ is love made visible."

A) sex
B) a smile
C) work
D) birth

Question 19

Contrary to most stereotypes, ________________________ are no more egotistical and are just as happy and satisfied as young adults in every generation.

A) Generation Zers
B) Baby Boomers
C) Generation Xers
D) Millennials

Question 20

The concept called meaning-mission fit can be defined as the:

A) alignment between an executive's personal intentions and their firm's mission.
B) alignment between the meaning that an individual gives a job and their self-perceptions.
C) meaning that an individual derives from their work.
D) alignment between the fulfillment an individual receives from their job and the financial rewards.

Question 21

Which statement with regard to mentors is TRUE?

A) A poor mentor is worse than having no mentor at all.
B) The best mentors are given to, not chosen by, a protégé.
C) A mentor of the opposite sex is a recipe for disaster.
D) Any mentoring, even bad mentoring, can only help in one's career.

Question 22

What is one significant change in the labor market that is also changing the notion of job satisfaction?

A) Increases in white-collar jobs and decreases in blue-collar jobs
B) Fewer prospects of having a long career in one organization
C) Increases in older workers across occupations
D) Increases in women across all occupations

Question 23

Because it is important to match prospective mentors and mentees effectively, some organizations have created:

A) automated call mentoring.
B) mentoring websites.
C) speed mentoring.
D) legal guidelines.

Question 24

A worker described as ____ is most likely to feel devalued.

A) burned out
B) alienated
C) plateauing
D) generative

Question 25

Julie is a female lawyer who has a mentor. Compared to her female colleagues who have no mentors, Julie is more likely to:

A) consider changing occupations.
B) experience more work-family conflict.
C) be less intent to continue to practice law.
D) have better perceived career development.

Question 26

Which statement about the development of job satisfaction is TRUE?

A) Blue-collar workers' level of job satisfaction rises quicker than that of white-collar workers.
B) Job satisfaction decreases when responsibility is increased.
C) Job satisfaction tends to increase gradually with age.
D) When older workers begin to make work less of a focus in their lives, it takes more to keep them satisfied with work.

Question 27

Hideki has recently relocated from Japan and is now employed at an American business. To make sure that his mentoring relationship will be effective, it is important that his mentor is:

A) also Japanese.
B) not necessarily Japanese but Asian.
C) culturally conscious.
D) a male.

Question 28

How are mentoring and generativity related?

A) Mentoring is one avenue for achieving generativity.
B) Generativity causes mentoring.
C) Individuals who mentor are less likely to express generativity.
D) Mentoring is done by the employee, and generativity is done by the employer.

Question 29

The hot dog processing factory that Oscar works at recently instituted a total quality management program to better include workers in the planning process. This was most likely done in response to workers' complaints about:

A) alienation.
B) career plateauing.
C) age discrimination.
D) a glass ceiling.

Question 30

One way to avoid burnout in employees is to:

A) increase expectations.
B) de-emphasize identity.
C) foster harmonious passion.
D) increase stress.

Question 31

Which statement is TRUE regarding the predictors of job satisfaction cross-culturally?

A) Predictors of job satisfaction are different across countries.
B) The degree to which predictors predict job satisfaction depends on age.
C) Predictors of job satisfaction are the same across countries.
D) Some predictors of job satisfaction transcend countries, while others do not.

Question 32

Psychological capital theory states that:

A) people are happiest when they are not working.
B) only white-collar workers can achieve job satisfaction.
C) happiness fuels success.
D) the higher your income, the happier you feel.

Question 33

Beatrice simply has no energy left for her job. She is totally unmotivated and feels exploited by the company for which she works. She is best described as experiencing:

A) alienation.
B) burnout.
C) job satisfaction.
D) vocational maturity.

Question 34

Job satisfaction is defined as:

A) positive feelings resulting from appraisal of one's work.
B) any type of feeling resulting from appraisal of one's work.
C) a motor behavior taken to improve one's job performance.
D) any behavior engaged in to improve one's job performance.

Question 35

Women who are mentored receive several benefits. Which benefit is most likely to occur?

A) Fewer working hours
B) Satisfaction with current roles
C) Firing "bad" employees
D) Higher career expectations

Question 36

Job satisfaction in individuals with a good fit between themselves and their occupation tends to:

A) increase with age.
B) remain stable across time.
C) decrease with age.
D) follow no clear pattern.

Question 37

Another term for mentor is:

A) boss.
B) developmental coach.
C) executive.
D) inspirational leader.

Question 38

Which manager's strategy for preventing alienation in company workers will probably work best?

A) Judith's, which is to cut salaries to increase the likelihood that workers will continue because they like their job, not because they make money
B) Michael's, which is to help alleviate job stress by making sure workers know nothing of the day-to-day operations of the company
C) Colleen's, which is to include workers in the company's decision-making process
D) Dennis's, which is to fire workers at random so that no one will ever know if they are going to have a job tomorrow or not

Question 39

Occupational burnout comes from excessive:

A) feelings of exploitation.
B) disconnection from coworkers.
C) underutilization.
D) belief that one's job really doesn't matter to the company.

Question 40

Edsel is an autoworker on an assembly line. When asked to comment on his job, Edsel says, "First, I am a nothing to this company. Second, my 'do-nothing' job serves no purpose in the production of automobiles." Edsel is best described as:

A) burned out.
B) generative.
C) having poor occupational priorities.
D) alienated.

Question 41

Corrine has been promoted to a managerial position during a time when her corporation is in crisis, but she is uncertain if she will be allowed to remain in that position. Corrine is experiencing:

A) ethnic discrimination.
B) a glass ceiling.
C) a glass cliff.
D) feminist ideology.

Question 42

Research shows that men prefer to date women who are in ____ careers.

A) traditional
B) part-time
C) nontraditional
D) skilled trade

Question 43

Marisa (who is European American) and her female friend Destiny (who is African American) are both pursuing careers in traditionally male occupations. How is their preparation likely to differ?

A) Marisa will become more educated than is necessary for the position.
B) Destiny will become more educated than is necessary for the position.
C) Marisa will not receive negative reactions to her decision.
D) Destiny will not receive negative reactions to her decision.

Question 44

Devin was born in 1950. As such, he is best classified as part of the ____ generation.

A) lost
B) baby-boomer
C) generation X
D) millennial

Question 45

A "glass ceiling" is best described as a(n):

A) barrier preventing advancement in a company.
B) sex-based form of rapid advancement in a company.
C) example of the use of the reasonable woman standard.
D) method for encouraging mentoring of ethnic minority workers.

Question 46

A key reason for women leaving the workforce is that they feel:

A) that employers demand too much collaboration.
B) that employment is a masculine trait.
C) technologically inept.
D) disconnected from the workplace.

Question 47

Fran finds that no matter what she does or how well she performs, she cannot get promoted above a certain mid-management position in her company. Fran is most likely experiencing:

A) burnout.
B) alienation.
C) role conflict.
D) a glass ceiling.

Question 48

The "glass ceiling" for women is most pronounced in their inability to:

A) attain a job in a traditionally male occupation.
B) enter the job force at any level.
C) keep a low-tier job.
D) rise to the highest level of management in a company.

Question 49

The Millennial Generation will bring a high degree of ____ into the workforce.

A) technological sophistication
B) supplemental mentors
C) nontraditional workers
D) child care workers

Question 50

How many of these individuals would be considered millennials: Billy, born in 1970; Jilly, born in 1980; Dilly, born in 1990; and Milly, born in 2000?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 51

Which professions have the lowest percentage of women?

A) Physicians and surgeons
B) Architects and engineers
C) Electricians and plumbers
D) Chefs and head cooks

Question 52

Research on women working in the corporate world indicates that one reason professional women leave their jobs is that the common corporate structure does not value:

A) an interdependent worker.
B) competence.
C) self-sufficiency.
D) competition.

Question 53

You are the head of a company with a "glass ceiling." If you would like to eliminate this problem, what should you do?

A) Be less democratic with your employees.
B) Reduce access to mentors.
C) Employ a less diverse workforce.
D) Provide more feedback about promotions.

Question 54

Candice drives big-rig trucks for a living. How is she likely to be viewed by other adults?

A) Males and females will view her negatively.
B) Males will view her negatively; females will view her positively.
C) Males will view her positively; females will view her negatively.
D) Males and females will view her positively.

Question 55

The textbook defines gender discrimination as something that:

A) involves the denial of a job.
B) only affects women.
C) is very uncommon.
D) is found only in ethnic minority populations.

Question 56

Research on women working in the corporate world indicates that women professionals are most likely to leave that career because they:

A) become income driven.
B) need more education to be successful.
C) are pressured to by their husbands or boyfriends.
D) find themselves not being rewarded for the relational skills they value.

Question 57

Lisa is an executive at her company, but her future in this position is uncertain. What is she experiencing?

A) Sexual harassment
B) Age discrimination
C) A glass ceiling
D) A glass cliff

Question 58

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in order for an occupation to be classified as "nontraditional for women," women must comprise ____ percent or less of the total number of people employed in that occupation.

A) 50
B) 25
C) 10
D) 5

Question 59

Emma has been promoted to a managerial position where she manages fifty employees in a division that has a history of low product output. Her boss has instructed her that although she must now increase product output, she may not make any changes in the ways things are run, may not fire anyone, and may not hire anyone. Emma is experiencing:

A) a glass ceiling.
B) a glass cliff.
C) sexual harassment.
D) age discrimination.

Question 60

Mr. French has been denied a job as a nanny solely because he is a male. This provides an example of:

A) gender discrimination.
B) sexual harassment.
C) burnout.
D) alienation.

Question 61

Between 1979 and 2006, the pay difference between equally trained males and females has:

A) grown slightly larger.
B) decreased slightly.
C) decreased significantly.
D) been eliminated.

Question 62

Which BEST exemplifies career plateauing?

A) Taking on a new job in order to increase one's salary
B) Signing up for a college course that may help one get a promotion
C) Experiencing a career dream
D) Deciding not to seek a promotion after many years at the same job

Question 63

Assistant Manager Tina just found out that she earns $10,000 per year less than Jeff, another assistant manager with the same educational background and experience. Tina is a victim of:

A) reality shock.
B) work-family conflict.
C) comparable worth.
D) pay inequity.

Question 64

Which statement BEST describes the research on pay equity?

A) Women make less than men for the same job only in traditionally male occupations.
B) Women make less than men for the same job, even in traditionally male occupations.
C) There is a gap between what men and women are paid for the same job, but it emerges about 10 years after college.
D) There is a gap between what men and women are paid for the same job, but it only occurs after a woman has taken time out of the workforce.

Question 65

Sexual harassment tends to occur when there is a(n) ____ difference between two people.

A) sex
B) power
C) educational
D) age

Question 66

Martin, a middle-aged man, quit his job with benefits at Lawrence and Short, Inc. and later was rehired as a contract worker, Martin is a:

A) victim of sexual harassment.
B) boomerang employee.
C) "reasonable person."
D) victim of a glass cliff.

Question 67

A manufacturing company wants 55-year-old Neema to retire from her job, but she refuses. In response, the company changes her job so that instead of having to stack 80 20-pound packages an hour, she now has to stack 20 eight-pound packages. This best exemplifies:

A) sexual harassment.
B) age discrimination.
C) comparable worth.
D) a glass ceiling.

Question 68

Pay equity specifically involves equal pay for:

A) all jobs.
B) equivalent jobs.
C) all ethnic groups.
D) both sexes.

Question 69

Troy is a 55-year-old worker who, despite having a very good work record, has been passed up for promotion many times in favor of younger workers with lesser records. Troy is most likely a victim of:

A) the glass ceiling.
B) pay discrimination.
C) role conflict.
D) age discrimination.

Question 70

Jeremy has worked for the same marketing company for several years. Because he has not really put an effort into keeping his computer skills up to date, he really has no chance at advancing beyond his present position. Which term BEST describes what Jeremy is experiencing?

A) Job satisfaction
B) Career plateauing
C) The glass ceiling
D) Alienation

Question 71

According to Kolb, Williams, and Frohlinger (2010), which of these is NOT something women need to focus on when being assertive in getting their rightful place at the table in the effort to eliminate the glass ceiling?

A) Drilling deep into the organization so they can make informed decision
B) Getting the necessary resources
C) Making stronger relationship connections with others
D) Getting buy-in

Question 72

Which action BEST exemplifies the concept of self-initiated occupational change?

A) Quitting a job to take on a more challenging job
B) Losing one' job in an economic recession
C) Having a company send one's job overseas
D) Losing one's job to technology

Question 73

Sexual harassment complaints are filed most often by women, but about _____ of workplace cases are filed by men.

A) 5%
B) 17%
C) 25%
D) 33%

Question 74

Career plateauing would LEAST likely be the result of:

A) a lack of challenge in one's job.
B) lack of promotion opportunity.
C) a decision to not seek job advancement.
D) losing one's job due to downsizing.

Question 75

Who of these is NOT likely to be a negative effect of being sexually harassed at work?

A) Depression
B) Health problems
C) Decrease in job performance
D) Job security

Question 76

Robert and Julia are employed in the same occupation. If pay for the two follows the pattern for the average American female and male, for every $100 earned by Robert, Julia could expect to earn:

A) $95.
B) $90.
C) $80.
D) $70.

Question 77

Although she is well-liked within the organization and in no danger of losing her job, Tammy has not been promoted for some time due to the fact that she has not kept up with the technological advances in her field. Tammy is most likely experiencing:

A) the glass ceiling.
B) a career plateau.
C) burnout.
D) vocational maturity.

Question 78

Getting a more extensive education is one benefit of:

A) the reasonable person standard.
B) the glass ceiling.
C) role conflict.
D) changing occupations.

Question 79

Who has just reached the age at which he would receive protection under the U.S. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1986?

A) Kingsley, who is 30
B) Luther, who is 40
C) Yasir, who is 50
D) Beasley, who is 60

Question 80

Individuals who terminate employment at one point in time but return to work in the same organization at a future time are called ____ employees.

A) boomerang
B) comparable
C) reasonable
D) nontraditional