Deck 4: Organization of the Cell

Question 1

What is generally the maximum magnifying capacity of a light microscope?

A) 1000
B) 2000
C) 3000
D) 4000
E) 5000

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The accompanying image is the product of which type of microscope?

A) phase-contrast light microscope
B) Nomarski differential interference microscope
C) transmission electron microscope
D) scanning electron microscope
E) confocal fluorescence microscope

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which strategy is the most effective for larger cells to have an effective surface area to volume ratio?

A) having specialized structures that enable locomotion
B) being short and fat
C) having thin, finger-like projections
D) having a thinner plasma membrane
E) having a completely spherical shape

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to the actual size of the object is called:

A) magnification
B) resolution
C) resolving power
D) centrifugation
E) fractionation

Question 5

If a bacterial toxin destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?

A) Protein synthesis
B) DNA synthesis
C) Movement
D) Energy storage
E) Active transport

Question 6

What type of microscopy uses a laser to excite fluorophores in a thin "slice" through a cell?

A) confocal microscopy
B) fluorescence microscopy
C) phase contrast microscopy
D) scanning electron microscopy
E) Nomarski differential interference-contrast microscopy

Question 7

A cell is surrounded by which distinctive surface membrane?

A) plasma membrane
B) biological membrane
C) trans membrane
D) peripheral membrane
E) integral membrane

Question 8

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the membrane of the ____ and is usually covered with attached ribosomes.

A) nucleolus
B) cell wall
C) chromatin
D) plasma membrane
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

Which of the following is necessary for a cell to maintain its function and growth?

A) food
B) sunlight
C) blood
D) sugar
E) milk

Question 10

A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:

A) nucleus
B) nucleolus
C) lysosome
D) microtubule
E) mitochondria

Question 11

DNA transcribes its information into what type of molecule?

A) RNA
B) mRNA
C) myosin
D) polypeptide
E) chromosomes

Question 12

Figure 4-1 ​

Which statement about the accompanying figures is true?

A) Figure B has a smaller volume than Figure A.
B) Figure B has a greater volume than Figure A.
C) Figure B has a greater surface area than Figure A.
D) Figure B has a greater surface area to volume ratio than Figure A.
E) Figure B has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than Figure A.

Question 13

What is a characteristic found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A) nucleus
B) nucleoplasm
C) chloroplast
D) mitochondria
E) plasma membrane

Question 14

Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is best illustrated by:

A) the basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry
B) the fact that all new cells come from previously existing cells
C) the cell theory which states that the cell is the basic unit of life
D) the fact that cells are the building blocks of the most complex plants
E) the idea that cells are the smallest units that can carry out all life activities

Question 15

Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?

A) A small cell size prevents a cell from weighing too much.
B) A small cell is better able to conserve energy than a larger cell.
C) A small cell size occupies less space in nature where space is limited.
D) A small cell has a small surface area relative to volume, which allows efficient transport through the plasma membrane.
E) A small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, which allows efficient transport through the plasma membrane.

Question 16

Which one of these are the most convenient unit for measuring cells?

A) millimeter
B) micrometer
C) nanometer
D) picometer
E) centimeter

Question 17

What does the nucleolus, within the nucleus, synthesize?

A) DNA
B) genes
C) hormones
D) ribosomal RNA
E) messenger RNA

Question 18

How does the scanning electron microscope differ from the transmission electron microscope?

A) The SEM can view a live specimen.
B) The SEM can view the internal structure of a cell.
C) The SEM uses a beam of light that passes through the specimen.
D) The SEM yields a 3D image of the object being studied.
E) The SEM detects electrons from the beam after specimen contact.

Question 19

Specialized structures within a living cell are known as ___________.

A) organelles.
B) eukaryotic structures.
C) prokaryotic structures.
D) unorganized structures.
E) nuclei.

Question 20

DNA is associated with certain proteins, forming a complex called:

A) chromosomes
B) chromatin
C) nucleoli
D) nucleus
E) genes

Question 21

Name the part of the cell outside the nucleus.

A) Nucleoplasm
B) Cytoplasm
C) Flagella
D) Ribosomes
E) Nuclear pores

Question 22

What are the colors of an electron micrograph?

A) white and orange
B) white and red
C) black and orange
D) black and red
E) black and white

Question 23

Which technique is used to separate different part of cells so that they can be studied by both physical and chemical methods?

A) Biochemical techniques
B) Physical separation techniques
C) Object separation techniques
D) Cell fractionation
E) Chemical separation techniques

Question 24

The smooth ER is the primary site for the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol needed to make ____.

A) DNA
B) ATP
C) ribosomes
D) hormones
E) cell membranes

Question 25

Plants lack organ systems for disposing of toxic metabolic waste products. Their cells' vacuoles are similar to which animal cell organelle?

A) nucleolus
B) lysosomes
C) chloroplasts
D) mitochondria
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

Figure 4-2 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
 

 
The cellular structure indicated by the arrow in the accompanying figure is responsible for:

A) DNA replication
B) protein synthesis
C) cellular respiration
D) digestion of unused organelles
E) lipid and fatty acid metabolism

Question 27

The cis face of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in which process?

A) Synthesizing proteins
B) Accepting vesicles from the ER
C) Packaging molecules in vesicles
D) Transporting molecules out of the Golgi
E) Catalyzing the efficient folding of proteins

Question 28

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex in which sequence?

A) cis face to medial region to trans face
B) trans face to cis face to medial region
C) trans face to medial region to cis face
D) cis face to trans face to medial region
E) medial face to trans face to cis face

Question 29

Proteins that are synthesized by ribosomes may be further modified within which organelle?

A) Nucleus.
B) Lysosomes.
C) Mitochondria.
D) Golgi complex.
E) Peroxisomes.

Question 30

During an infection, white blood cells travel to the infected site and phagocytize the pathogens. After phagocytosis, primary lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vesicle to form a larger vesicle called a secondary lysosome. The purpose for this process is to:

A) export the intact secondary lysosome containing the pathogens from the cell
B) isolate the pathogens in an additional membrane to render them harmless
C) coat the pathogens in lipids to tag it for neutralization
D) degrade the pathogens with hydrolytic enzymes for later export from the cell
E) degrade the pathogens into components, which the cell recycles or uses as an energy source

Question 31

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A) lipid synthesis
B) material storage
C) protein synthesis
D) transformation of energy
E) capturing light for photosynthesis

Question 32

Which of the following serves as a framework for the orderly distribution of chromosomes during cell division?

A) flagella
B) mitotic spindle
C) centrosome
D) primary cilium
E) centrioles

Question 33

Which cellular structure is correctly matched to the role it plays within the cell?

A) chloroplast−storage of enzymes
B) lysosome−powerhouse of the cell
C) centrosome−cell division
D) plastids−structural support of the cell
E) Golgi complex−production of energy

Question 34

Figure 4-2 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
 

 
What enzyme in the ER lumen catalyzes the efficient folding of proteins into proper conformations?

A) calcium
B) proteasomes
C) Golgi complexes
D) digestive enzymes
E) molecular chaperones

Question 35

You isolate a cellular structure and determine that it is composed of α-tubulin and β-tubulin. Based on this evidence, you correctly identify this structure as a(n):

A) structural MAP
B) microfilament
C) microtubule
D) actin filament
E) myosin filament

Question 36

Which two organelles are responsible for converting energy into forms that can be used by cells?

A) ribosomes and chloroplasts
B) lysosomes and chloroplasts
C) mitochondria and lysosomes
D) mitochondria and peroxisomes
E) mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 37

Upon observing a cell of a grass blade, you notice a prominent sac that occupies a large portion of the cell. Which organelle is this?

A) nucleus
B) vacuole
C) lysosome
D) chloroplasts
E) mitochondria

Question 38

Which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?

A) ribosomes
B) mitochondria
C) chloroplasts
D) vacuoles
E) peroxisomes

Question 39

In many cells, including almost all animal cells, the centrosome contains two structures called _________.

A) centrioles
B) mitotic spindle
C) centrosome
D) primary cilium
E) flagella

Question 40

What is the purpose of the cristae of the inner membrane of mitochondria?

A) To store food
B) To transport waste
C) To metabolize lipids
D) To increase surface area
E) To break down nutrients

Question 41

While testing an experimental drip on a vertebrate cell, you notice that the cell cortex becomes more fluid and the cell loses its ability to move. Despite this, you determine that cell strength is maintained. Based on these observations, you correctly conclude that the drug most directly affects:

A) myosin
B) β-tubulin
C) α-tubulin
D) actin filaments
E) intermediate filaments

Question 42

The force necessary to cause microtubules of cilia and flagella to slide alongside one another is provided through the action of ____ proteins, which derive the energy to perform their work directly from ____ molecules.

A) kinesin; ADP
B) kinesin; glucose
C) tubulin; ATP
D) dynein; ATP
E) dynein; ADP

Question 43

Draw and label a rough structural diagram of a eukaryotic flagellum. Identify the role of each labeled structure in the process of movement associated with this organelle.

Question 44

Briefly explain the relationship between the surface area and volume of a cell and overall cell size. List two ways in which organisms have successfully "solved" this problem.

Question 45

The many short appendages that a cell has are called cilia.

Question 46

Intermediate filaments are most closely associated with which of the following?

A) actin
B) myosin
C) keratins
D) microvilli
E) pseudopodia

Question 47

Briefly compare the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Identify specific structures in your comparison.

Question 48

Briefly compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Identify three ways that differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes impact cell function.

Question 49

What protects a cell and may help keep other cells at a distance?

A) cell wall
B) glycocalyx
C) microfilaments
D) middle lamella
E) extracellular matrix

Question 50

The smooth ER is the primary site for the synthesis of proteins and cholesterol needed to make membranes.

Question 51

A basal body anchors what part of a cell?

A) ribosome
B) thylakoid
C) centriole
D) flagellum
E) lysosome

Question 52

The micrometer (μm) is the most convenient unit for measuring cells.

Question 53

Almost every vertebrate cell has a primary cilium, a single cilium on the cell surface that serves as a cellular antenna.

Question 54

What is the microtubule arrangement of a flagellum or cilium?

A) 9 x 1 array
B) 9 + 1 array
C) 9 x 3 structure
D) 9 + 2 arrangement
E) 9 + 3 arrangement

Question 55

Which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton?

A) centrosome
B) microtubules
C) DNA
D) ribosomes
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 56

What is found between the primary walls of adjacent cells which cause them to tightly adhere to one another?

A) collagen
B) cytosol
C) middle lamella
D) secondary cell wall
E) intermediate filaments

Question 57

In scanning electron microscopy, an electron beam passes through a very thin slice of a specimen and then falls onto a photographic plate or a fluorescent screen.

Question 58

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A) middle lamella−cellulose
B) integrins−receptors
C) primary cell wall−pectin
D) fibronectins−wood
E) secondary cell wall−glycoproteins

Question 59

Which statement about centrioles is false ?

A) They are found in the centrosome.
B) They are duplicated before cell division.
C) They have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.
D) They are thought to play a role in microtubule assembly.
E) They are present in most animal cells but not most plant cells.

Question 60

Identify two structural components of the cytoskeleton, and briefly describe their function(s).

Question 63

Microfilaments are linked with one another and with other proteins by linker proteins.

Question 64

Describe the likely cellular organelle or structure that has been affected in the following medical conditions (Note: There may be more than one organelle or structure involved.):
A. The sperm of a man cannot swim, thus rendering him infertile.
B. A child experiences kidney failure because of Fabry's disease in which the cells lining the inside of the kidney tubule accumulate abnormally large amounts of glycolipids that are usually degraded by enzymes.
C. A person dies within minutes after ingesting cyanide because of a lack of ATP synthesis.
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Question 65

Enzymes called proteases in the ER lumen catalyze folding of proteins into proper conformations.

Question 66

A bacterial pathogen has just entered a human body. Describe the sequence of events that will lead to the production of enzymes and the hydrolytic destruction of the bacterial cell. Begin with events in the nucleus and end with the destruction of the pathogen.

Question 67

Mitochondria play an important role in cell necrosis.

Question 68

Cells that secrete large amounts of glycoprotein have many Golgi stacks.

Question 69

Briefly describe accommodations that a cell must make if it maintains a large, spherical shape, such as a human egg cell. Then, describe what changes to shape a large cell could make to increase its surface area and explain why these shape changes are advantageous to the cell.

Question 70

Peroxisomes are found in large numbers in cells that synthesize, store, and degrade lipids, and one of their functions is to break down protein molecules.

Question 72

Kinesin transports organelles toward the minus end of a microtubule.

Question 74

In animal cells, the main microtubule organizing center (or centrosome) is important in cell division.