Deck 22: The Evolution of Primates

Question 1

Brachiate primates include which animals?

A) Human
B) Gibbons
C) Gorillas
D) Chimpanzees
E) Spider monkeys

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Arrange the following going from the earliest to the most recent according to the time they evolved from a common ancestor. 1) New World monkeys
2) Orangutans
3) Humans
4) Gibbons
5) Gorillas

A) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3
B) 1, 2, 4, 3, 5
C) 2, 1, 4, 5, 3
D) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3
E) 3, 5, 2, 4, 1

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which was the most recent continent to be inhabited by monkeys?

A) Asia
B) Africa
C) Europe
D) Australia
E) South America

Answer 3

E

Question 4

One significant difference between anthropoids and other primates is the size of their:

A) legs.
B) arms.
C) brains.
D) spine.
E) feet.

Question 5

The hominoids arose during which time period?

A) Eocene epoch
B) Miocene epoch
C) Pliocene epoch
D) Holocene epoch
E) Pleistocene epoch

Question 6

Which hominoids may have given rise to the apes and humans?

A) Pan
B) Pongo
C) Aegyptopithecus
D) Dryopithecines
E) Australopithecus

Question 7

The hominoid genus Pongo includes which animals?

A) Gorillas
B) Gibbons
C) Humans
D) Orangutans
E) Chimpanzees

Question 8

The _______________ is an organ that exchanges materials between the mother and the developing embryo/fetus inside the uterus.

A) placenta
B) colostra
C) foramen
D) circumventium
E) quadrupsus

Question 9

Figure 22-2 ​

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In the accompanying figure, which groups are representatives of hominoids?

A) 1 and 2
B) 3 and 4
C) 7 and 8
D) 1 through 4
E) 5 through 9

Question 10

In addition to opposable thumbs, which is another feature of primates adapted to living in an arboreal environment?

A) Claws
B) Short limbs
C) Small brains
D) Stereoscopic vision
E) Tough epidermal layer

Question 11

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) Human−hominid
B) Gibbon−hominoid
C) Gorilla−hominid
D) Chimpanzee−anthropoid
E) Old World monkey−anthropoid

Question 12

DNA sequence analyses indicate that the nearest living relatives to humans are:

A) lemurs.
B) gibbons.
C) gorillas.
D) orangutans.
E) chimpanzees.

Question 13

Which of the following is an adaptation to arboreal life?

A) Heavy limbs
B) Fossil evidence
C) Stereoscopic vision
D) Multiple offspring
E) Smaller brains

Question 14

Figure 22-2 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. The most recent common hominoid ancestor would be found at which position in the diagram?

A) 13
B) 12
C) 11
D) 10
E) 9

Question 15

What distinguishes the gorillas and chimpanzees from the orangutans and gibbons?

A) They live in the trees.
B) They are larger in size.
C) They nurse their young.
D) They have prehensile tails.
E) They walk on their knuckles.

Question 16

Information can be obtained by studying teeth, which have changed dramatically during the course of:

A) Individual lifetimes
B) Primate and human evolution
C) Fossilization
D) Placental development
E) Arboreal adaptation

Question 17

Figure 22-2 ​

​
Refer to the accompanying figure. The most recent common anthropoid ancestor would be found at which position?

A) 13
B) 12
C) 11
D) 10
E) 9

Question 18

Figure 22-1  

 
Which of the following did the first primates most likely eat, based on fossil evidence?

A) Mammals
B) Plants
C) Birds
D) Insects
E) Fish

Question 19

What is the shared primate characteristic depicted in the accompanying figure?

A) Claws
B) Four grasping digits
C) An opposable thumb
D) A prehensile appendage
E) An enlarged foramen magnum

Question 20

The earliest primates were adapted to live in(on):

A) trees.
B) deserts.
C) swamps.
D) grasslands.
E) mountain tops.

Question 21

Who were the first hominins thought to wear clothing, build fires, and live in caves or shelters?

A) Homo habilis
B) Homo sapiens
C) Homo erectus
D) Homo eragaster
E) Homo neanderthalensis

Question 22

Acheulian tools, for example, hand axes, choppers, borers, and scrapers, are associated with which group of hominins?

A) Homo sapiens
B) Homo habilis
C) Homo erectus
D) Australopithecus sediba
E) Australopithecus africanus

Question 23

H. floresiensis fossils found on the Indonesian island of Flores have been dubbed "hobbits" by the media because of what feature?

A) They had small brains.
B) They had large feet
C) They were only 1 m tall.
D) They had stone fireplaces.
E) They were found to have lived in trees.

Question 24

Which of the following is the hole in the base of the skull for the spinal cord, located in the rear or base of the skull?

A) Bipedal hole
B) Supraorbital ridge
C) Spinal column
D) Foramen magnum
E) Sahelanthropus

Question 25

Which of the following is probably a member of the Archaic humans, appearing around 600,000 years ago?

A) Au. sediba
B) H. habilis
C) H. erectus
D) H. ergaster
E) H. heidelbergensis

Question 26

Which species likely coexisted with Neanderthals?

A) Au. sediba
B) H. habilis
C) H. erectus
D) H. sapiens
E) H. heidelbergensis

Question 27

Which primates are included within the suborder Prosimii?

A) Tarsiers
B) Monkeys
C) Monkeys and apes
D) Lemurs, galagos, and lorises
E) Monkeys, apes, and humans

Question 28

You are studying a fossilized primate skull and notice that the foramen magnum is located at the center of the base of the skull. You conclude that the skull belonged to a:

A) gibbon.
B) quadruped.
C) brachiator.
D) bipedal primate.
E) knuckle walker.

Question 29

Which of the following is thought to be most closely related to the anthropoids?

A) Lemurs
B) Galagos
C) Lorises
D) Tarsiers
E) Marsupials

Question 30

The earliest fossils of anatomically modern H. sapiens in Europe and most parts of Asia date to:

A) ˜2,000 years ago.
B) ˜4,000 years ago.
C) ˜10,000 years ago.
D) ˜40,000 years ago.
E) ˜100,000 years ago.

Question 31

What is the key defining characteristic of hominins?

A) Language
B) The use of tools
C) Opposable thumbs
D) Bipedal locomotion
E) Loss of supraorbital ridges

Question 32

Based upon today's molecular evidence, Homo sapiens appear to have originated from:

A) Europe.
B) Indonesia.
C) East Africa.
D) South Africa.
E) South America.

Question 33

What is the term for the differences between male and female Australopithecus anamensis body sizes and canine teeth?

A) Ardipithecus
B) Bipedalism
C) Sexual dimorphism
D) Paranthropus robustus
E) Afarensis

Question 34

Genetically speaking, humans share roughly what percentage of DNA sequences with gorillas?

A) 99%
B) 98%
C) 95%
D) 90%
E) 88%

Question 35

Which suborder do Tarsiers belong?

A) Prosimii
B) Tarsiformes
C) Ardipithecus
D) Hominoidea
E) Anthropoidea

Question 36

The modern human skull lacks which primate feature?

A) A large cranium
B) Supraorbital ridges
C) Small canine teeth
D) A foramen magnuma
E) Rounded or U-shaped arrangement of teeth

Question 37

The ape skull has a prominent _______________ above the eye sockets, whereas modern human skulls lack these.

A) supraorbital ridge
B) foramen magnum
C) stereoscopic ride
D) bipedal ridge
E) paranthropus boisei

Question 38

What is a unique feature of some New World monkeys that Old World Monkeys do not have?

A) Long limbs
B) Four footed
C) Prehensile tail
D) Opposable thumb
E) Nostrils directed downward

Question 39

Neanderthals were first discovered near and named for the:

A) Neander Bay in Canada.
B) Neander Valley in India.
C) Neander River in Africa.
D) Neander Valley in Germany.
E) Neander Mountains in France.

Question 40

Which of the following is capable of wrapping around branches and serving as a "fifth limb"?

A) Stereoscopic arms
B) Nails
C) Prehensile tail
D) Opposable thumb
E) Supraorbital ridge

Question 41

Monkeys belong to the primate suborder Prosimi.

Question 42

Investigators found the first fossil evidence of Homo antecessor in Indonesia in the 1890s.

Question 43

Habilis is the first hominin to have enough uniquely human features to be placed in the genus ______.

A) Homo
B) Pan
C) Aegyptopithecus
D) Ardepithecus
E) Australopithecus

Question 44

Explain the differences between: primates, anthropoids, hominoids, and hominids.

Question 45

Describe four comparative differences between the New World and Old World monkeys.

Question 46

You are given a box of bones, which includes a tall narrow pelvis and a foot with nonaligned toes. Which statement can be supported by these bones?

A) The animal could brachiate.
B) The animal was a tree dweller.
C) The animal was an anthropoid.
D) The bones belonged to a bipedal organism.
E) The bones belonged to a quadrupedal organism.

Question 47

Opposable thumbs were an adaptation of primates that enabled them to live in trees.

Question 48

Stereoscopic vision lets primates integrate visual information from both eyes simultaneously.

Question 49

Which of the following appeared about 600,000 years ago and existed until about 300,000 years ago, and may have descended from H. antecessor ?

A) Homo antecessor
B) Homo erectus
C) Homo heidelbergensis
D) Homo neanderthalensis
E) Homo floresiensis

Question 50

______ with anatomically modern features existed in Africa about 195,000 years ago.

A) Homo antecessor
B) Homo neanderthalensis
C) Homo heidelbergensis
D) Homo sapiens
E) Homo erectus

Question 51

Homo habilis may have been the first hominin to:

A) bury its dead.
B) use pictorial symbolism.
C) consciously design tools.
D) use fire for cooking and heating.
E) have well-organized family units.

Question 52

Which is recognized as the most recent stage in the development of human culture?

A) Agriculture
B) Tool making
C) Industrial Revolution
D) Organized societal units
E) Hunter-gatherer societies

Question 53

Briefly describe the importance of each of the following fossil primates: Aegyptopithecus , Proconsul , and the Dryopithecines.

Question 54

Paleoanthropological evidence indicates that Australopithecus afarensis probably:

A) used spoken language.
B) constructed simple tools.
C) did not construct tools, but used fire.
D) did not construct tools nor used fire.
E) did not speak, but did use pictorial symbolism.

Question 55

Australopithecus was the first hominin to feature which distinguishing characteristic?

A) Bipedalism
B) Larger brains
C) Shorter arms
D) Sexual dimorphism
E) Facultative bipedalism

Question 56

The earliest hominin discovered to date, in a dry lake bed in Chad, belongs to which genus?

A) Homo
B) Ardipithecus
C) Sahelanthropus
D) Australopithecus
E) Aegyptopithecus

Question 57

Compare Homo habilis and Homo neanderthalensis (a pair of hominids), including their morphology, social development, and tool making.

Question 58

Identify and briefly explain the importance of three skeletal and/or skull differences between apes and hominids.

Question 59

Describe the difference between Hominoids and Hominins and list one to two representatives of each.

Question 60

The Ardipithecus is a(n) ______ that is close to the "root" of the human family tree.

A) australopithecine
B) paranthropus robustus
C) ape
D) afarensis
E) anamensis

Question 61

Fossils of Neandertals were first discovered in the Neander Valley in Germany.

Question 63

The first hominin to have enough uniquely human features to be placed in the same genus as modern humans is Homo erectus.

Question 66

Explain the difference between the "out-of-Africa" hypothesis and the "multiregional" hypothesis that currently exist about the origin of modern humans.

Question 67

A comparison of the male and female Australopithecus anamensis body size and canine teeth reveals phenotypic similarities between the two sexes of the same species.

Question 69

The foramen magnum at the center rear of the skull is an adaptation for bipedalism in hominids.

Question 70

The cerebrum is more developed in monkeys, apes, and humans compared to other primates.

Question 72

Explain four ways that primates are adapted to an arboreal existence.

Question 73

Explain how each stage of human cultural evolution has affected Earth and identify which has contributed most to environmental changes.