Deck 30: An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Question 1

A marine invertebrate placed into freshwater would have difficulty surviving because:

A) it would not be able to obtain food.
B) it would have difficulty with buoyancy.
C) it would have difficulty with osmoregulation.
D) it would not experience the temperature stability found in the oceans.
E) it would not be able to obtain oxygen due to the absence of waves in the water.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which statement best supports why animals most likely evolved in the ocean?

A) The ocean water provided buoyancy.
B) They did not require a skeleton for support.
C) Internal fluid and salt balance were easy to maintain.
D) Reproduction was independent of internal fertilization.
E) The changeable temperature facilitated natural selection.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan?

A) Cnidaria
B) Porifera
C) Annelida
D) Ctenophora
E) Echinodermata

Answer 3

B

Question 4

As a contemporary scientist, which of the following would you use as evidence to propose changing the traditional animal phylogenies?

A) Fossil record
B) Molecular data
C) Predator-prey relationships
D) Newly discovered prokaryotes in soil
E) Better electron microscope pictures of cells

Question 5

The main structural protein in the extracellular matrix and an important shared derived characteristic of animals is:

A) cellulose.
B) collagen.
C) tissue.
D) bones.
E) chitin.

Question 6

Which of the following is a major problem for sessile animals?

A) As adults, they are haploid.
B) They are unable to sexually reproduce.
C) They are limited in the variety of food they can consume.
D) They are not capable of locomotion during their lifetime.
E) They are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions.

Question 7

Which of the following genes were similar in the last common ancestor of all bilateral animals?

A) WNT genes
B) BRCA1 genes
C) Hox genes
D) PIWI genes
E) HBA1 genes

Question 8

The first land animals likely moved onto land how long ago?

A) 650 million years ago
B) 450 million years ago
C) 250 million years ago
D) 150 million years ago
E) 50 million years ago

Question 9

As bilateral symmetry evolved, natural selection led to which of the following?

A) Noogenesis
B) Organogenesis
C) Abiogenesis
D) Cephalization
E) Cognition

Question 10

A grasshopper belongs in the Ecdysozoa clade because of its ability to:

A) molt.
B) develop.
C) live on land.
D) reproduce sexually.
E) maintain homeostasis.

Question 11

Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE ?

A) Animals are consumers.
B) Animals have specialized cells.
C) Animals cannot respond to stimuli.
D) Animals are multicellular eukaryotes.
E) Animals have a life cycle of development.

Question 12

The first air-breathing land animals were:

A) snails.
B) reptiles.
C) arthropods.
D) amphibians.
E) vertebrates.

Question 13

To include your eyes and ears in the same section, you would need to cut your body in which plane?

A) Median
B) Frontal
C) Sagittal
D) Transverse
E) Cephalic

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT an opisthokont, a monophyletic group characterized by a posterior flagellum on motile cells?

A) Choanoflagellate
B) Fungus
C) Algae
D) Dog
E) Lizard

Question 15

Which was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land?

A) The presence of new predators
B) Being able to adapt to move on land
C) The need for more oxygen to do work
D) Finding a mate in the new environment
E) The desiccating effect of the atmosphere

Question 16

A bilaterally symmetrical animal has how many axes?

A) Four
B) Three
C) Two
D) One
E) Zero

Question 17

If adult sponges are sessile, why can they still be classified as animals?

A) Sponge larvae are motile.
B) Sponges have beating flagella.
C) Sponges have an organ system.
D) Sponges have bilateral body symmetry.
E) Sponges have a central nervous system.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation needed for living on land?

A) Egg shell
B) Internal fertilization
C) Skeletal system and muscles
D) External respiratory surfaces
E) Embryo development within the female

Question 19

One true characteristic of all animals is that they:

A) are mobile.
B) have a brain.
C) are heterotrophs.
D) have an organ system.
E) only show sexual reproduction.

Question 20

Which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean?

A) Freshwater is turbulent.
B) Freshwater generally contains less food.
C) Freshwater maintains a constant oxygen content.
D) Freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids.
E) Freshwater temperatures do not fluctuate much.

Question 21

The epidermis of a nematode is derived from the:

A) endoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) ectoderm.
D) epithelium.
E) mesenchyme.

Question 22

How do protostomes differ from deuterostomes?

A) Protostomes are diploblastic.
B) Protostomes have radial symmetry.
C) Protostomes undergo spiral cleavage during development.
D) The first opening that develops in protostomes is the anus.
E) Protostomes undergo indeterminate cleavage during development.

Question 23

Which of the following regarding the coelom is NOT a correct statement?

A) It functions as an endoskeleton.
B) It shapes the body of soft animals.
C) Its evolution into various shapes and divisions provided the opportunity for animals to become specialized (e.g., in swimming, crawling, or walking).
D) It is an enclosed compartment (or series of compartments) of fluid under pressure.
E) Its evolution provided a space where internal organs could develop and function.

Question 24

Which pair of words is incorrectly matched?

A) tail end-posterior
B) mesoderm-muscles
C) coelom-nο body cavity
D) deuterostomes-radial cleavage
E) triploblastic-bilateral organism

Question 25

Your abdominal cavity, which contains most of your major organs, is a:

A) coelom lined by endoderm and mesoderm.
B) pseudocoelom lined by mesoderm.
C) pseudocoelom lined by endoderm.
D) coelom lined by ectoderm.
E) coelom lined by mesoderm.

Question 26

Which statement about echinoderms is FALSE?

A) They develop as deuterostomes.
B) They fall within the group Bilateria.
C) They show evidence of segmentation.
D) The fall on the eumetazoan branch of animals.
E) They fall within the group Deuterostomia.

Question 27

Which of the following is characteristic to most protostomes?

A) The blastophore typically develops into the anus.
B) There is no blastophore.
C) The developmental fate of the embryonic cells tends to occur via indeterminate cleavage.
D) Cell division tends to be via spiral cleavage.
E) The blastophore typically develops into the brain.

Question 28

The head end of an animal is known as its:

A) posterior end.
B) ventral end.
C) inferior end.
D) lateral end.
E) anterior end.

Question 29

The common ancestor of all animals is/are the:

A) yeast.
B) rotifers.
C) sponges.
D) bacteria.
E) choanoflagellates.

Question 30

Which is a characteristic of ribbon worms and flatworms?

A) They are coelomates.
B) They are acoelomates.
C) They have two germ layers.
D) They are pseudocoelomates.
E) They have three germ layers.

Question 31

What are the two clades of the protostomes?

A) Eumetazoa and Metazoa
B) Protostomia and Bilateria
C) Bilateria and Deutersostomia
D) Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
E) Lophotrochozoa and Deutrerostomia

Question 32

The vast majority of bilateral animals have a fluid-filled body cavity, or coelom. Which of the following is an exception?

A) Horses
B) Sparrows
C) Spiders
D) Flatworms
E) Frogs

Question 33

Which of the following are NOT protostomes?

A) Clams
B) Earthworms
C) Crabs
D) Spiders
E) Milkfish

Question 34

Bilateral symmetry and cephalization are adaptations for which of the following?

A) Locomotion
B) Sight
C) Hearing
D) Breathing
E) Homeostasis

Question 35

Which of the following protostomes has bristles, called setae, which provide traction during crawling?

A) Tapeworms
B) Snails
C) Sandworms
D) Squids
E) Ribbon worms

Question 36

What is the key characteristic that defines the Ecdysozoa clade?

A) The animal molts.
B) The animal is a deuterostome.
C) The animal has motile larvae.
D) The animal has bilateral symmetry.
E) The animal develops three tissue layers.

Question 37

The inner germ layer, or ectoderm, forms which of the following structures?

A) Outer covering of the body, as well as nervous tissue
B) Lining of digestive structures
C) Muscles
D) Skeletal structures
E) Circulatory system (when present)

Question 38

Which of the following appears to have evolved independently in different animal taxa, and therefore its presence is not considered a useful characteristic for determining phylogeny?

A) Ectoderm
B) Pseudocoelom
C) Endoderm
D) Exoderm
E) Mesoderm

Question 39

Which of the following phyla is a deuterostome?

A) Annelids
B) Mollusks
C) Flatworms
D) Arthropods
E) Echinoderms

Question 40

How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom?

A) A pseudocoelom is a cavity not found between tissues.
B) A pseudocoelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm.
C) A coelom is a cavity fully lined by endoderm.
D) A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm.
E) A coelom is a cavity between two tissue layers.

Question 41

In deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth.

Question 42

Which of the following protostomes does NOT have a coelom?

A) Oysters
B) Slugs
C) Leeches
D) Tapeworms
E) Hookworms

Question 43

Animals share a common origin with choanoflagellates.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding segmentation?

A) It enables a series of body structures and compartments.
B) It allows various parts of the body to become specialized to perform specific functions.
C) It is an example of heteroplasy.
D) Segmented animals are found within each of the three major clades of bilateral animals.
E) Molecular data suggest that segmentation evolved independently three times.

Question 45

Which of the following deuterostomes has a proboscis?

A) Feather stars
B) Sea cucumbers
C) Acorn worms
D) Snakes
E) Crows

Question 46

List the main differences between protostomes and deuterostomes.

Question 47

The body of a bilaterally symmetrical animal can be divided into two equivalent halves by more than one plane.

Question 48

Hox genes have been identified in all bilaterally symmetric animal groups.

Question 49

A true coelom develops within the ectoderm.

Question 50

Which statement about the development of a coelom is FALSE?

A) It requires animals to have either two or three tissue layers.
B) It requires the endoderm to be covered by mesoderm.
C) It occurs in protostomes and deuterostomes.
D) It may occur by random.
E) It is a fluid-filled cavity.

Question 51

The nervous system develops from the endoderm.

Question 52

How can radial symmetry be an advantage to slow-moving or sessile marine organisms?

Question 53

Protostomes exhibit radial cleavage.

Question 54

The term "cleavage" refers to a series of meiotic cell divisions.

Question 55

What is the common ancestor of animals and how did they evolve into animals?

Question 56

The rapid appearance of animals in the fossil record occurred during the Ediacaran radiation.

Question 57

The cephalic end of an animal is toward its head.

Question 58

The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:

A) endoderm.
B) ectoderm.
C) germ cells.
D) mesoderm.
E) pseudoderm.

Question 59

Plankton consists mainly of microscopic organisms that float in the water.

Question 60

You are told that the digestive tract of the animal you are studying developed an anus before a mouth. You realize that you may be looking at a(n):

A) earthworm.
B) insect.
C) sponge.
D) clam.
E) sea star.

Question 62

Deuterostomes are split into the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa.

Question 63

An example of an animal that is a metazoan is a sponge.

Question 65

Draw a cladogram for the following animals: sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, echinoderms, chordates, mollusks, annelids, nematodes, and arthropods. On your cladogram indicate the points where the following evolved: (1) true tissues, (2) bilateral symmetry, (3) three germ layers, (4) segmentation, (5) protostome development, and (6) deuterostome development.

Question 66

Describe the problems associated with a terrestrial existence and some of the adaptations of some animals for dealing with these problems.

Question 69

What is evolutionary development? Use the discovery of Hox genes to explain how this approach helped biologists understand animal evolution?