Deck 12: The Life Cycle Conception Through the Later Years

Question 1

Improved life expectancy has resulted from better prenatal and postnatal care and more effective means of combating disease in older adults.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act established new standards for school meals based on recommendations from a panel of experts convened by the Institute of Medicine and the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans .

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Childhood obesity and hypertension are linked to the development of atherosclerosis and heart disease in adulthood.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Television viewing has been shown to be a contributing factor in childhood obesity.

Question 5

During pregnancy, absorption of both calcium and iron increases dramatically.

Question 6

Cow's milk is considered to be a suitable form of nutrition after an infant is 6 months old.

Question 7

The prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia is higher in Mexican-American children compared to non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white children.

Question 8

In proportion to size, babies need more nutrients than adults.

Question 9

The fiber recommendation for the older adult population is 21 to 38 grams per day.

Question 10

Most doctors recommend that pregnant women take a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement every day in addition to eating a healthy diet.

Question 11

Breast milk contains powerful agents that protect against bacterial infection.

Question 12

After the age of one, a child's growth rate speeds up.

Question 13

Breast milk contains the same high amounts of antibodies as colostrum.

Question 14

When children are presented with larger portions of food they tend to eat more.

Question 15

Schools participating in the National School Lunch and/or School Breakfast programs are required to develop a school wellness policy to promote a healthy lifestyle in their students.

Question 16

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends infants and young children be given 16 to 24 ounces of juice per day to provide important nutrients in their diets.

Question 17

A low-birthweight baby weighs less than 7 pounds at birth.

Question 18

Alterations in taste and smell sensitivities may result in changes of food preferences during pregnancy.

Question 19

After age 25, functional capacity declines in almost every organ.

Question 20

Weight gain should be lowest during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Question 21

The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a tool used to measure how well people's diets meet the Dietary Guidelines for consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, and other foods or nutrients.

Question 22

Bathing, dressing, and feeding oneself are examples of activities of daily living self-care activities.

Question 23

To help develop healthful eating habits, a two-year-old should be able to choose what she wants to eat for meals even if it is not nutritious.

Question 24

What is a primary indicator of an infant's future health status?

A) Mother's weight before pregnancy
B) Amount of weight gained by the mother during pregnancy
C) Mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy
D) Birthweight of the infant
E) Mother's activity level during pregnancy

Question 25

Older persons who have problems with the activities of daily living (ADL) more likely to be at risk for over nutrition.

Question 26

The American Academy of Pediatrics has taken the position that women should stop drinking alcohol ____.

A) during the first trimester of pregnancy
B) when they first learn they are pregnant
C) throughout the entire pregnancy
D) as soon as they plan to become pregnant
E) when they begin taking birth control hormones

Question 27

The secretion rich in antibodies that precedes the production of milk by the breast is called ____.

A) casein
B) alpha-actalbumin
C) lactoferrin
D) colostrum
E) bifidus

Question 28

The National School Lunch program school lunches are designed to follow the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and to provide at least ____ of the child's nutritional requirements for the day.

A) ¹ /₈
B) ¹ /₄
C) ¹ /₃
D) ¹ /₂
E) ² /₃

Question 29

As an age-related consequence, reduced gastric acidity impairs absorption of food-bound vitamin B₁₂.

Question 30

Foods should be introduced to an infant one at a time because ____.

A) this prevents overfeeding
B) the infant's swallowing reflex is not under voluntary control
C) the infant's immunological protection has not fully developed
D) allergic reactions can be more easily identified
E) this helps lessen the likelihood of the gag reflex

Question 31

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy ____.

A) can result in fetal alcohol syndrome
B) is extremely rare in the U.S. (1 infant in 1 million)
C) can be safe if only an occasional drink is consumed
D) is allowed after the second trimester only
E) can benefit the mother's blood lipid profile if limited to one drink per week

Question 32

A lifetime of effort is required for good nutrition status in the later years.

Question 33

A minimum of 2 to 4 servings of fruits and vegetables daily is recommended for reducing the risk of chronic diseases and their complications.

Question 34

Iron in the diet is present in the form of nonheme iron found in foods from animal sources, in heme iron found in some plant foods, and in foods that have been iron-enriched or fortified.

Question 35

It is important to assess the intake of all the sources of nutrients to be sure that overall consumption meets or exceeds the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) of the Dietary Reference Intakes.

Question 36

A child who is overweight should be allowed as much food as desired since proper growth requires adequate nutrition.

Question 37

Which food added to an infant's diet would help prevent iron-deficiency anemia?

A) orange juice
B) enriched cereal
C) bananas
D) yellow fruits
E) bread

Question 38

The placenta is the ____.

A) developing infant during its second through eighth week after conception until birth
B) developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth
C) muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth
D) infant from birth until her first birthday
E) organ from which the infant receives nourishment

Question 39

The bifidus factor supports ____.

A) growth of "friendly" bacteria
B) iron absorption
C) hormone production
D) allergy protection
E) protein synthesis

Question 40

Normal weight gain during pregnancy amounts to about _____ pounds for a woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight.

A) 15 to 20
B) 20 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 35 to 40
E) 40 to 45

Question 41

Which statement is correct concerning protein intake by pregnant women?

A) Women need twice as much protein when pregnant as they did prior to pregnancy.
B) Pregnant women need 25 grams of protein per day over nonpregnant requirements.
C) Pregnant women do not need additional protein during pregnancy.
D) Consuming large amounts of protein during pregnancy lowers the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
E) A ten percent increase in protein during pregnancy reduces the risk of pica.

Question 42

Which of these foods would enhance the absorption of iron?

A) whole-grain pasta
B) skim milk
C) olive oil
D) walnuts
E) oranges

Question 43

Which  factors are primarily responsible for the rapid increases in overweight children and adolescents in recent years?

A) Genetic factors
B) Environmental and societal factors
C) Physical factors
D) Cognitive factors
E) Emotional factors

Question 44

Experts from major U.S. health and professional organizations recommend that children ages one and older eat diets containing no more than ____ of total calories from fat.

A) 15 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 30 percent
E) 45 percent

Question 45

By which age has a baby usually tripled her or his birthweight?

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months
E) 30 months

Question 46

In which way might osteoarthritis affect a person's nutrition status?

A) It predisposes a person to a sedentary life, leading to obesity.
B) It may cause difficulties in regulating fluid balance.
C) It increases the risk of malabsorption of nutrients.
D) It increases the risk of infections, leading to weight loss.
E) It increases the risk of high blood pressure.

Question 47

Which of these types of foods is fortified with folate in order to reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects?

A) salt
B) sugar
C) milk products
D) refined grain products
E) orange juice

Question 48

Due to increased absorption as we age, which vitamin should not be taken as a supplement by the elderly?

A) niacin
B) vitamin B₆
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin A
E) vitamin C

Question 49

Sue is visiting her pregnant cousin Anna and notices that she is eating laundry starch and clay when watching TV at night. What is going on?

A) Anna is experiencing pica.
B) Anna is showing symptoms of high blood pressure.
C) Anna is probably diabetic.
D) Anna is constipated and this will alleviate the problem.
E) Anna is exhibiting behavior that may increase her risk for preeclampsia.

Question 50

The biological changes associated with aging ____.

A) occur at the same rate in all persons
B) occur in all, but the rate may be altered by nutrition and lifestyle
C) may be prevented by megadoses of vitamin E
D) occur at a faster rate in males than females
E) may be reversed by consuming large amounts of phytonutrients

Question 51

Overweight children are likely to ____.

A) overcome the problem and become normal-weight adults
B) become underweight adults with eating disorders
C) become overweight adults
D) have lower risk for chronic respiratory problems
E) develop healthful eating habits later in life

Question 52

A woman who needs 2,000 calories daily to satisfy her energy needs can expect to consume _____ calories per day in the second trimester of her pregnancy.

A) 2,340
B) 2,540
C) 2,850
D) 3,050
E) 3,140

Question 53

In which way might dental disease lead to declines in a person's nutrition status?

A) It may alter the sense of taste and lead to increased consumption of empty calories.
B) It may lead to difficulty chewing and thus reduce food intake.
C) It may alter cognitive ability to choose foods wisely.
D) It may cause difficulties in regulating fluid balance, increasing water retention.
E) It may decrease energy output and lead to obesity.

Question 54

The best way to be sure teenagers are growing normally is to ____.

A) compare their heights and weights to those of their peers
B) use standardized national growth charts
C) compare their heights and weights with previous measures taken
D) weigh and measure them weekly
E) compare their heights and weights with their parents, siblings, or other close relatives

Question 55

Which group of young people consumes the highest number of calories per day of sugar-sweetened beverages?

A) males, ages 12 to 19
B) females, ages 12 to 19
C) males, ages 6 to 11
D) females, ages 6 to 11
E) all groups are nearly equivalent

Question 56

Recommendations for ____ intake for infants are seven times greater per pound of body weight than those for an adult male.

A) v itamin C
B) v itamin K
C) v itamin E
D) v itamin D
E) v itamin B₆

Question 57

Jim is 80 years old and takes acid blockers and antacids for his chronic heartburn. What nutrient's absorption may be impaired due to these over-the-counter medicines?

A) calcium
B) magnesium
C) vitamin C
D) riboflavin
E) thiamin

Question 58

Between the ages of 1 and 2 years, what changes in a young child's body structure usually take place?

A) Very little to no changes
B) Weight doubles
C) Height doubles
D) Weight and height both double
E) Bones and muscle tissue attain greater density

Question 59

As aging progresses, skin becomes less able to synthesize ____.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin K
D) vitamin B₁₂
E) vitamin E

Question 60

How many weeks is a typical pregnancy?

A) 28 weeks
B) 30 weeks
C) 34 weeks
D) 40 weeks
E) 52 weeks

Question 61

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book, How to Have a Successful Pregnancy . Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions.
Maya smokes cigarettes during the day at work. She suspects this cannot be good for a developing fetus, and decides to research this topic in her book. With the exception of ____, she discovers many detrimental health consequences for the fetus due to smoking.

A) delivering a low-birthweight baby
B) experiencing a spontaneous abortion
C) stunted fetal growth
D) increased risk of fetal diabetes
E) impaired development of the central nervous system

Question 62

Todd is a full-time student on a limited food budget who, fortunately, has access to a kitchen and likes to cook his own meals. He always buys vegetables and fruits that are in season in order to save money. During the fall, he chooses ____.

A) apples, pears, and acorn and butternut squash
B) berries, peaches, zucchini, and melons
C) asparagus, green beans, sweet peas, and rhubarb
D) oranges, grapefruits, sweet potatoes, rutabagas, and greens
E) radishes, apples, berries, and asparagus

Question 63

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents who are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad has developed depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer these questions to see if we can help them.
Which recommendation should be disregarded by Juan and Rosa in their efforts to offset bone loss that typically occurs with aging?

A) Take calcium supplements.
B) Substitute fat-free milk for soft drinks and choose non-fat yogurt as a snack.
C) Purchase calcium-fortified orange juice.
D) Take a vitamin A supplement once each day.
E) Take a daily walk and participate in a weekly weight-training class.

Question 64

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents who are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad has developed depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer these questions to see if we can help them.
Juan's father has been depressed ever since he retired and has lost his interest in eating. What can be done to help him?

A) Suggest that Juan's father start taking the herb echinacea.
B) Make sure Juan's father takes a multivitamin with ephedra for extra energy.
C) Encourage Juan's father and mother to eat at their community center with their friends.
D) Make sure Juan's father drinks at least 6-8 glasses of water each day.
E) Give Juan's father time to himself to work through his problems without interfering in this process.

Question 65

When boys and girls are compared, why do girls typically have iron intakes below the current recommendation?

A) Because girls consume fewer total calories than boys
B) Because girls drink more milk than boys
C) Because girls eat more meat than boys
D) Because girls eat more vegetables than boys
E) Because girls eat more empty-calorie snacks than boys

Question 66

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents who are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad has developed depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer these questions to see if we can help them.
Juan is overweight already and Rosa is concerned that if he doesn't lose weight he will eventually have heart disease. What steps should Juan take to minimize this risk?

A) Eat fewer monounsaturated fats, such as animal fats.
B) Eat more insoluble fiber.
C) Eat less saturated fat and total fat.
D) Take ginkgo supplements with every meal.
E) Focus on specific foods, eating them everyday, to bring about the desired weight loss.

Question 67

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book, How to Have a Successful Pregnancy . Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions.
Bob is concerned about Maya and urges her to start eating more food, especially high-fat foods. Which recommendation about weight gain during pregnancy is correct?

A) It is important that Maya begin to eat about 250 extra calories each day.
B) It is important that Maya double her protein intake during the first trimester.
C) It is important that Maya not consume additional calories until the second and third trimesters.
D) It is important that Maya take a vitamin A supplement during the first trimester.
E) It is important that Maya increases her calories to account for the greatly increased energy demands during pregnancy.

Question 68

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book, How to Have a Successful Pregnancy . Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions.
Which nutrient should Maya make sure she is consuming adequately prior to becoming pregnant to reduce the risk of neural tube defects?

A) vitamin D
B) folate
C) magnesium
D) vitamin B₆
E) vitamin E

Question 69

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents who are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad has developed depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer these questions to see if we can help them.
To reduce the risk of macular degeneration, Juan and Rosa should ____.

A) eat a diet rich in low-fat dairy, such as 1% milk
B) eat foods rich in antioxidants, such as cantaloupe
C) eat foods high in protein but low in saturated fat, such as salmon
D) choose foods high in vitamin B ₁₂,  such as steak
E) consume foods fortified with folate, such as breakfast cereals

Question 70

More than 70 percent of all older adults can be expected to have ____.

A) cancer
B) hypertension
C) diabetes
D) arthritis
E) heart disease

Question 71

Eating disorders are most likely to occur during ____.

A) infancy
B) childhood
C) adolescence
D) mid life
E) later life

Question 72

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents who are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad has developed depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer these questions to see if we can help them.
Which statement accurately describes the energy requirements of older adults like Juan's and Rosa's parents?

A) Since absorption of all nutrients decreases as aging occurs, it is necessary to increase calorie intake.
B) The recommended energy allowance decreases as we age due to lowered basal metabolic rates.
C) The recommended calorie intake increases until age 35 and then remains constant for the remaining years.
D) The recommended calorie intake increases for men only but remains constant for women after age 35.
E) Even when nutritional meals are consumed regularly, a high-potency multivitamin-mineral supplement is highly advised to support increased energy levels.

Question 73

In the United States, breastfeeding is still recommended when the mother ____.

A) is HIV infected
B) has active tuberculosis
C) is an alcoholic
D) consumes caffeine in moderation
E) is receiving chemotherapy treatments

Question 74

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book, How to Have a Successful Pregnancy . Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions.
Maya takes Accutane (isotretinoin) for acne and hopes to continue using it during her pregnancy. What advice would you give her?

A) Stop taking it immediately as it causes major birth defects, and consult your doctor.
B) Continue taking it as it won't affect the outcome of the pregnancy.
C) Take half the usual dose and stay out of direct sunlight.
D) Stop taking it until after the first trimester; then it is safe to resume again.
E) Replace the Accutane with an herbal product since this would be a safe, natural alternative.

Question 75

To promote breastfeeding, every maternity facility should ____.

A) give pacifiers to the babies when they cry
B) help the mother start breastfeeding within one-half hour of birth
C) give newborns infant formula to supplement breast milk
D) keep healthy newborns in a nursery separate from the mother's room so the mother can rest between feedings
E) help the mother and newborn develop a normal routine with established feeding times

Question 76

Just like adults, many children ____.

A) eat a diet low in meats and have a lifestyle high in activity
B) eat a diet high in fruits and high in meats
C) have a lifestyle low in activity and eat a diet high in dairy
D) eat a diet low in fruits and vegetables and have a lifestyle low in activity
E) eat a diet high in whole grains and high in vegetables

Question 77

With the exception of _____, breast milk contains ample amounts of vitamins.

A) vitamin D
B) riboflavin
C) niacin
D) pantothenic acid
E) thiamin

Question 78

Which aspect of Bella's lifestyle should she probably consider changing in order to grow old healthfully?

A) She practices reactive health care, seeking assistance only when problems occur.
B) She does not smoke, and rarely drinks alcoholic beverages
C) She contributes part of her paycheck to a retirement account (401K)
D) She eats a balanced diet, including vegetables and nonfat dairy products
E) She attempts to solve the Sudoku and crossword puzzles in the daily newspaper

Question 79

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book, How to Have a Successful Pregnancy . Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions.
Finally, Maya is pregnant and during one of her prenatal appointments the doctor tells her that her blood pressure is elevated. She tells Maya that some of the symptoms she is experiencing are indications that she may be developing preeclampsia. What else does Maya's doctor tell her about this condition?

A) Symptoms may include nausea upon getting up in the morning.
B) Excess protein in the urine is detected.
C) Sudden weight loss (1 lb/day) occurs.
D) High blood sugar is revealed by blood tests.
E) Occasional headaches occur with this condition.

Question 80

National surveys show that ____ intake has ____ significantly for children and adolescents over the past few decades.

A) fruit and vegetable; increased
B) milk; increased
C) sodium; decreased
D) protein; decreased
E) overall calorie; increased