Deck 3: Anatomy for Nutritions Sake

Question 1

Nutrients are of little value to the body unless they are absorbed across the small intestine into the bloodstream or lymph.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract-also called the digestive tract-and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Nearly all of our metabolism and physiology are the same as that of our ancestors who lived more than 10,000 years ago.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The lower esophageal sphincter protects the esophagus from stomach acid splashing back into the esophagus.

Question 5

All the food from the stomach is pushed into the small intestine at one time.

Question 6

Once food is mixed into a semi-liquid blend in the stomach, it is called a bolus.

Question 7

Sucrose is digested to glucose and fructose in the stomach.

Question 8

No digestion takes place in the esophagus.

Question 9

Chemical digestion of protein and carbohydrates begins in the mouth.

Question 10

To maintain a healthy digestive system, it is essential to have a bowel movement daily.

Question 11

Chyme must touch the walls of the small intestine to be absorbed at the proper places.

Question 12

Essential nutrients are synthesized by the body in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs.

Question 13

The small intestine, while smaller in diameter than the large intestine, is approximately the same length as the large intestine.

Question 14

Hiccups are due to stomach spasms.

Question 15

Our appetite is controlled by involuntary mechanisms.

Question 16

Lactose intolerance is uncommon in most of the world and exists only among a few populations.

Question 17

Chemical digestion of fiber begins in the mouth.

Question 18

The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract wall is called the mucosa.

Question 19

Humans are the only free-living primates that consume cereal grains.

Question 20

Intrinsic factor in the stomach aids in the absorption of vitamin B₁₂.

Question 21

What condition may result if the lower esophageal sphincter is not closed tight enough after eating?

A) heartburn
B) high blood pressure
C) burping
D) hiccups
E) diarrhea

Question 22

What substances are normally present in feces?

A) water, red blood cells, fiber, and bacteria
B) fiber, water, bicarbonate, and bile
C) bacteria, water, hydrochloric acid, and fiber
D) fiber, maltase, water, and bacteria
E) water, bile pigments, fiber, and bacteria

Question 23

Entry of chyme into the small intestine is controlled by the sphincter of Oddi.

Question 24

The colon has the same type of mixing and peristaltic movements as in other sections of the digestive tract, but they occur more frequently.

Question 25

Nutrients that leave the digestive tract by way of lymph are packaged as chylomicrons that circulate throughout the body, allowing cells to withdraw glucose from them.

Question 26

Joe finds himself troubled with gas after eating certain foods. The quantity and quality of intestinal gas is related to the characteristics of intestinal bacteria and ____.

A) the types of foods eaten
B) the amount of water in the large intestine
C) the amount of food eaten
D) the quantity of vitamin K in the large intestine
E) the amount of bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas

Question 27

Bile salts play a role in absorption of water-soluble vitamins.

Question 28

What substance neutralizes stomach acid as chyme enters the small intestine?

A) amylase
B) pepsin
C) bile
D) bicarbonate
E) glycogen

Question 29

By the time the digested mixture reaches the end of the small intestine, little is left but water, indigestible residue, and ____.

A) dissolved minerals
B) glucose
C) amino acids
D) vitamins
E) fat

Question 30

Veins are blood vessels that carry nutrient-rich blood from the heart throughout the body to the tissues.

Question 31

What nutrient is broken into smaller polypeptide fragments through digestive processes that occur in the stomach?

A) vitamin B₁₂
B) lactose
C) insoluble fiber
D) protein
E) soluble fiber

Question 32

During digestion, larger nutrients are broken into smaller units, including ____.

A) amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose
B) glycerol, protein, and glucose
C) fatty acids, amino acids, and pepsin
D) amino acids, fiber, and glycerol
E) glucose, pepsin, and cholesterol

Question 33

Another term for amylase is _____.

A) bile
B) ptyalin
C) chyme
D) bicarbonate
E) mucus

Question 34

Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted in bile.

Question 35

What body structure controls the flow of chyme into the small intestine?

A) lower esophageal sphincter
B) pyloric sphincter
C) ileocecal valve
D) oral cavity
E) cortex

Question 36

Bones provide reserves of calcium, sodium, and other minerals that can be drawn on to keep blood levels constant and to meet cellular demands.

Question 37

In addition to digestive functions, the liver is responsible for filtering bacteria and other particles from the blood.

Question 38

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

Question 39

When present in the small intestine, ____ stimulates peristalsis.

A) protein
B) fiber
C) vitamins
D) starch
E) fat

Question 40

Food entering the stomach from the esophagus triggers peristalsis in the stomach.

Question 41

Excess glucose in the body is converted to ____.

A) insulin
B) amino acids
C) lipoproteins
D) fat and glycogen
E) cholesterol and glucagon

Question 42

The ____ produces bile and the ____ stores it.

A) gallbladder; colon
B) stomach; liver
C) small intestine; large intestine
D) pancreas; gallbladder
E) liver; gallbladder

Question 43

Joe is eating a peanut butter and jelly sandwich on whole-wheat bread. What nutrient in his sandwich is chemically digested in his mouth?

A) The fat in the peanut butter
B) The fiber in the peanut butter
C) The vitamins in the bread
D) The starch in the bread
E) The protein in the bread and in the peanut butter

Question 44

Susan had her gallbladder removed. What substance would Susan's body normally store in this organ?

A) amylase
B) bile
C) bicarbonate
D) water
E) glycogen

Question 45

What nutrient requires "intrinsic factor" in order to be absorbed?

A) glucose
B) fructose
C) vitamin B₁₂
D) vitamin C
E) iron

Question 46

What chemical stimulates the gallbladder to send bile into the small intestine?

A) cholecystokinin
B) bicarbonate
C) lycopene
D) linoleic acid
E) hydrochloric acid

Question 47

What conversion represents an anabolic reaction?

A) glycogen to glucose
B) protein to amino acids
C) triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol
D) glucose to glycogen
E) protein to glucose

Question 48

Glycogen provides the body with glucose when ____.

A) excess calories are eaten
B) a high-carbohydrate meal is consumed
C) glucose absorbed from ingested foods is depleted
D) a person has type 1 diabetes
E) the fat content of a person's diet is elevated

Question 49

What role does bicarbonate play in digestion?

A) Digests protein in the small intestine
B) Uncoils proteins in the stomach
C) Neutralizes acid from the stomach in the small intestine
D) Aids in the absorption of vitamin B₁₂
E) Emulsifies fat into small particles

Question 50

What is an endocrine function of the pancreas?

A) Secreting enzymes that break down proteins
B) Secreting bicarbonate
C) Secreting amylase
D) Secreting insulin
E) Secreting bile

Question 51

During the process of digestion, where in the body does a bolus form?

A) In the esophagus
B) In the small intestine
C) In the colon
D) In the liver
E) In the rectum

Question 52

Approximately how long does it take for a meal to empty from the stomach?

A) one hour
B) two hours
C) four hours
D) six hours
E) eight hours

Question 53

What body chemical is an emulsifier?

A) amino acids
B) bile
C) amylase
D) bicarbonate
E) hydrochloric acid

Question 54

It is impossible for amino acids to be altered or used in the liver to form ____.

A) glucose
B) fat
C) insoluble fiber
D) another amino acid
E) lipoprotein

Question 55

What organs are the accessory organs of digestion?

A) liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
B) liver, rectum, and appendix
C) colon, appendix, and gallbladder
D) pancreas, esophagus, and salivary glands
E) appendix, pancreas, and large intestine

Question 56

What enzyme present in the mouth is responsible for converting starch into small polysaccharides?

A) amylase
B) maltase
C) lactase
D) polypeptidase
E) lipase

Question 57

Following digestion, what nutrients are first carried in the lymph?

A) Protein and products of fat digestion
B) Fat-soluble vitamins and minerals
C) Water-soluble vitamins and protein
D) Products of fat digestion and fat-soluble vitamins
E) Water and minerals

Question 58

All nutrients leaving the digestive system by way of the blood are taken to the ____.

A) pancreas
B) large intestine
C) liver
D) gallbladder
E) stomach

Question 59

What is the main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients?

A) mouth
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine
E) liver

Question 60

Joe is taking a nutrition course and learns that the galactose in his milk ends up as glucose. Where does this conversion take place?

A) brain
B) liver
C) gallbladder
D) appendix
E) pancreas

Question 61

Vignette #1 Sue and Juan are newlyweds, and Sue is taking a nutrition course at the local college. She wants to apply the principles that she has learned. Juan is currently a bit overweight and rarely eats a balanced diet. Sue notices that he usually has gas after meals, especially when dairy is present. Lately, he has also been complaining about constipation. Let's see what you can do to assist Sue in her efforts to analyze Juan's digestive problems.
Why might Juan have gas after eating dairy products?

A) He eats dairy products with vegetables at the same meal.
B) Bacteria in his colon digest the lactose, producing gas.
C) The lactose from the milk remains in his stomach and creates gas.
D) His body does not make enough sucrase to digest the dairy sugar.
E) His body produces too much lactase, resulting in gas formation.

Question 62

Vignette #2 Maggie is a 34-year-old mother of two children. She was told by her physician that she needs her gallbladder removed. Maggie panics and calls her mother saying, "Mom, I can't believe this!!! How am I going to live without my liver? You have to have a liver to survive, and the doctor wants to remove it!" Her mother tells her to calm down and discuss what is going on. Maggie's mother soon realizes that Maggie's liver is fine, but her gallbladder needs to be removed.
What role would be excluded in a list of "Functions of the Liver?"

A) Converting excess glucose to glycogen
B) Converting excess carbohydrates into fat
C) Detoxifying drugs and alcohol
D) Secreting the majority of digestive enzymes
E) Removing damaged red blood cells from the blood

Question 63

What nutrients are carried initially in the lymphatic system after absorption through the small intestine?

A) glucose and fructose
B) water-soluble vitamins
C) fat-soluble vitamins
D) minerals
E) amino acids

Question 64

Vignette #1 Sue and Juan are newlyweds, and Sue is taking a nutrition course at the local college. She wants to apply the principles that she has learned. Juan is currently a bit overweight and rarely eats a balanced diet. Sue notices that he usually has gas after meals, especially when dairy is present. Lately, he has also been complaining about constipation. Let's see what you can do to assist Sue in her efforts to analyze Juan's digestive problems.
Juan is unsure about topics surrounding gas in the digestive system. What statement about gas is correct?

A) Gas from swallowed air has a bad odor.
B) Belched gas leaves through the rectum.
C) The average adult passes gas twice a day.
D) Some gas is produced by the bacteria that live in our colon.
E) Gas produced due to lactose maldigestion is typically accompanied by constipation.

Question 65

Which characteristics most accurately depict our ancestors' diets and lifestyles?

A) They drank more milk than we do and were more active.
B) They ate less fiber than we do and were less active.
C) They ate less saturated fat than we do and were more active.
D) They ate more fruits and vegetables than we do and were less active.
E) They ate proportionately less meat than we do and were more active.

Question 66

Vignette #2 Maggie is a 34-year-old mother of two children. She was told by her physician that she needs her gallbladder removed. Maggie panics and calls her mother saying, "Mom, I can't believe this!!! How am I going to live without my liver? You have to have a liver to survive, and the doctor wants to remove it!" Her mother tells her to calm down and discuss what is going on. Maggie's mother soon realizes that Maggie's liver is fine, but her gallbladder needs to be removed.
Bile empties from the gall bladder into the ____.

A) pancreas
B) liver
C) duodenum
D) hepatic duct
E) jejunum

Question 67

What task is a major function of the stomach?

A) Producing emulsifiers
B) Producing chyme
C) Hosting bacteria that produce vitamin K
D) Creating a food bolus
E) Dismantling carbohydrates

Question 68

Vignette #1 Sue and Juan are newlyweds, and Sue is taking a nutrition course at the local college. She wants to apply the principles that she has learned. Juan is currently a bit overweight and rarely eats a balanced diet. Sue notices that he usually has gas after meals, especially when dairy is present. Lately, he has also been complaining about constipation. Let's see what you can do to assist Sue in her efforts to analyze Juan's digestive problems.
Sue is planning a meal for Juan and wants to avoid any foods that are associated with causing gas. What food would she omit from the meal?

A) enriched white bread
B) soda crackers
C) cabbage
D) strawberries
E) white rice

Question 69

Vignette #2 Maggie is a 34-year-old mother of two children. She was told by her physician that she needs her gallbladder removed. Maggie panics and calls her mother saying, "Mom, I can't believe this!!! How am I going to live without my liver? You have to have a liver to survive, and the doctor wants to remove it!" Her mother tells her to calm down and discuss what is going on. Maggie's mother soon realizes that Maggie's liver is fine, but her gallbladder needs to be removed.
Where in the system does bile aid with digestion?

A) In the mouth
B) In the stomach
C) In the small intestine
D) In the rectum
E) In the appendix

Question 70

The volume of an empty stomach is about ____, but its capacity can increase to about ____ after eating or drinking.

A) 1/2 cup; 2 cups
B) 1 ounce; 1-1/2 liters
C) 1-1/2 ounces; 1 liter
D) 1/2 liter; 1-1/2 liters
E) 3 ounces; 3 cups

Question 71

One reason the stomach's hydrochloric acid is important is that it ____.

A) synthesizes absorbable vitamin K
B) kills bacteria
C) breaks down and absorbs fat-soluble vitamins
D) facilitates the action of amylase
E) produces bile to emulsify fat particles

Question 72

How can one prevent hemorrhoids from developing or recurring?

A) Eating more fiber and drinking more water
B) Taking 10-minute baths in warm water several times a day
C) Avoiding gas-producing foods (as determined by trial and error)
D) Applying over-the-counter hemorrhoid cream to the affected area
E) Taking a small dose of laxatives on a daily basis

Question 73

When the body does not require energy, end-products of digestion are converted to ____.

A) protein and fat
B) fat and amino acids
C) glycogen and glucose
D) enzymes and glycogen
E) fat and glycogen

Question 74

Vignette #1 Sue and Juan are newlyweds, and Sue is taking a nutrition course at the local college. She wants to apply the principles that she has learned. Juan is currently a bit overweight and rarely eats a balanced diet. Sue notices that he usually has gas after meals, especially when dairy is present. Lately, he has also been complaining about constipation. Let's see what you can do to assist Sue in her efforts to analyze Juan's digestive problems.
To help Juan with his constipation, which action is only advised after other measures have failed?

A) Take a laxative after consulting a physician.
B) Eat bran cereal for breakfast and more vegetables throughout the day.
C) Drink more fluids.
D) Take a walk at lunchtime and after work every day.
E) Pay attention to the urge to have a bowel movement.

Question 75

How does the type of food eaten influence stomach emptying rate?

A) The type of food has virtually no impact on the stomach emptying rate.
B) Solids pass through the stomach more quickly than liquids.
C) Proteins pass through the stomach more slowly than fats.
D) Carbohydrates pass through the stomach more quickly than proteins.
E) Fats pass through the stomach more quickly than carbohydrates.

Question 76

Vignette #2 Maggie is a 34-year-old mother of two children. She was told by her physician that she needs her gallbladder removed. Maggie panics and calls her mother saying, "Mom, I can't believe this!!! How am I going to live without my liver? You have to have a liver to survive, and the doctor wants to remove it!" Her mother tells her to calm down and discuss what is going on. Maggie's mother soon realizes that Maggie's liver is fine, but her gallbladder needs to be removed.
After Maggie's gallbladder has been removed, what nutrient might she have difficulty digesting?

A) carbohydrates
B) fat
C) protein
D) vitamins
E) minerals

Question 77

What is the circular muscle surrounding the lower end of the stomach that controls the exodus of stomach contents?

A) pylorus
B) gastric sphincter
C) lower esophageal sphincter
D) ileocecal valve
E) external sphincter

Question 78

Hemorrhoids are ____.

A) a life-threatening complication of constipation
B) relatively rare in the U.S. adult population
C) patches of itchy, irritated skin around the anus
D) swollen and inflamed veins around the anus
E) seldom experienced during pregnancy

Question 79

Vignette #1 Sue and Juan are newlyweds, and Sue is taking a nutrition course at the local college. She wants to apply the principles that she has learned. Juan is currently a bit overweight and rarely eats a balanced diet. Sue notices that he usually has gas after meals, especially when dairy is present. Lately, he has also been complaining about constipation. Let's see what you can do to assist Sue in her efforts to analyze Juan's digestive problems.
Juan frequently acquires the hiccups. What is a common cause for this ailment?

A) Swallowing air
B) Withdrawal from smoking
C) Eating bananas
D) Drinking hot beverages
E) Consuming a glass of wine

Question 80

Vignette #2 Maggie is a 34-year-old mother of two children. She was told by her physician that she needs her gallbladder removed. Maggie panics and calls her mother saying, "Mom, I can't believe this!!! How am I going to live without my liver? You have to have a liver to survive, and the doctor wants to remove it!" Her mother tells her to calm down and discuss what is going on. Maggie's mother soon realizes that Maggie's liver is fine, but her gallbladder needs to be removed.
What is the main role of the gallbladder?

A) Digesting starch
B) Storing bile until needed
C) Controlling the emptying of the stomach
D) Sending digestive enzymes to the small intestine
E) Producing bile