Deck 5: The Lipids Fats and Oils

Question 1

The Mediterranean diet provides about 30 to 35 percent of calories from fat.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Based on a 2,000-calorie diet, the DV for saturated fat is 20 grams.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Running is the only exercise that raises HDL levels.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

Question 5

The human body can synthesize all the fatty acids it needs from carbohydrate, fat, or protein.

Question 6

To lower blood cholesterol, an atherogenic diet plan advocates keeping saturated fat to less than five to six percent of daily calories.

Question 7

Eating more fiber promotes fat and cholesterol excretion.

Question 8

Cholesterol is found in plant and animal foods.

Question 9

All food fats contain a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Question 10

High concentrations of high-density lipoproteins are associated with a high risk of heart attack.

Question 11

Palm and coconut oils are examples of polyunsaturated fats.

Question 12

Hydrogenation makes unsaturated fats more saturated.

Question 13

Lecithin is a major constituent of cell membranes.

Question 14

Foam cells play an important role in preventing heart disease progression.

Question 15

Based on research at Harvard University, more than 30,000 American deaths each year are attributable to trans fatty acids.

Question 16

Some studies show that garlic may reduce blood pressure.

Question 17

Nonsmokers have uniformly lower HDL levels than do smokers.

Question 18

The body can store fat in practically unlimited amounts.

Question 19

Phytosterols are phytochemicals that facilitate the absorption of dietary cholesterol from the intestine.

Question 20

Long-chain fatty acids are water soluble and travel freely in blood and lymph.

Question 21

The American Heart Association recommends a saturated fat intake of ____ of total calories.

A) 21-25 percent
B) 15-20 percent
C) 10-12 percent
D) 5-6 percent
E) 2-4 percent

Question 22

Which type of lipoprotein transports newly digested fat from the intestine through the lymph and blood?

A) high-density lipoprotein
B) low-density lipoprotein
C) chylomicron
D) very-low-density lipoprotein
E) triglycerides

Question 23

Vitamin C and vitamin E are natural antioxidants.

Question 24

What lipid is an essential fatty acid?

A) lecithin
B) cholesterol
C) linoleic acid
D) stearic acid
E) butyric acid

Question 25

What fat replacer is a noncaloric artificial fat made from fatty acids and sucrose?

A) Caprenin
B) Stevia
C) Simplesse
D) Splenda
E) Olestra

Question 26

Prior to menopause, estrogen may protect women from cardiovascular disease.

Question 27

Moderate drinking, defined as no more than one drink a day for most women, and no more than two drinks a day for most men, is associated with higher HDL levels.

Question 28

Which statement best describes a function of c holesterol?

A) It mixes with fat and water to suspend fat molecules within fluid.
B) It is an important lipid in the structure of brain and nerve cells.
C) It protects other compounds by reacting with oxygen.
D) It reduces inflammation in arthritis and asthma sufferers.
E) It changes the chain length of carbon atoms in fatty acids.

Question 29

To adhere to dietary recommendations of both the American Heart Association and Dietary Guidelines for Americans , cholesterol intake in persons at high risk for heart disease or diabetes should be below _____ milligrams per day

A) 200
B) 250
C) 300
D) 350
E) 400

Question 30

Which oil is highest in saturated fats?

A) safflower oil
B) corn oil
C) coconut oil
D) sunflower oil
E) soybean oil

Question 31

Which substance makes up 95 percent of the lipids in foods and in the human body?

A) triglycerides
B) cholesterol
C) phospholipids
D) sucrose
E) sterols

Question 32

The health benefits of olive oil are primarily due to its lower calorie content than other oils.

Question 33

Fat provides the optimal form of energy for the brain.

Question 34

What fat replacer was the first to gain the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ?

A) Simplesse
B) Olestra
C) Caprenin
D) Stevia
E) Placebo

Question 35

One pound of body fat provides _____ calories.

A) 1,000
B) 2,500
C) 3,000
D) 3,500
E) 4,000

Question 36

Linolenic acid is one of the fatty acids synthesized by the human body.

Question 37

Lecithin is often used as a food additive to keep the fats evenly dispersed with the other ingredients.

Question 38

Fats provide _____ by _____.

A) an energy reserve; promoting hunger
B) satiety; slowing stomach emptying
C) climate control; cushioning organs
D) shock absorption; coating cell membranes
E) body temperature homeostasis; dissipating excess body heat

Question 39

A high-fiber diet is typically high in dietary cholesterol.

Question 40

One of the functions of fat is storing genetic information.

Question 41

What food is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A) palm oil
B) beef tallow
C) safflower oil
D) cocoa butter
E) butter

Question 42

Health experts advise that you decrease consumption of foods rich in _____ and increase the intake of _____ to achieve a more healthful balance.

A) omega-6 fatty acids; omega-3 fatty acids
B) saturated fat; cholesterol
C) omega-3 fatty acids; omega-9 fatty acids
D) chylomicrons; LDL-cholesterol
E) HDL-cholesterol; LDL-cholesterol

Question 43

Sue overate by 500 calories each day on her recent cruise to the Bahamas. If Sue gained one pound of body fat as a result, how long was her cruise?

A) two days
B) five days
C) seven days
D) 14 days
E) one month

Question 44

Heart disease is the major cause of death among women after menopause because ____.

A) osteoporosis is so common and weakens the heart
B) women tend to eat more fat in their diets after they reach 55
C) stress levels increase while activity levels decrease
D) menopause leads to the overproduction of chylomicrons
E) low estrogen levels lower HDL and raise LDL

Question 45

One concern regarding olestra is that it ____.

A) increases the risk of obesity by providing nine calories per gram
B) increases the risk of high blood pressure in sensitive individuals
C) can inhibit the absorption of vitamins
D) is hard to avoid because it is naturally found in foods
E) increases cravings for sweets

Question 46

Fat that enters the small intestine is ____.

A) immediately digested by enzymes from the pancreas
B) immediately emulsified by bile from the gallbladder
C) absorbed as is through the villi packaged as a chylomicron
D) trapped in fiber and carried out of the body
E) transported to the large intestine where digestion begins

Question 47

Which food contains cholesterol?

A) peanut butter
B) corn oils
C) avocados
D) beef liver
E) garlic cloves

Question 48

What factor is associated with the process of atherosclerosis?

A) Artery walls become more elastic
B) Passage through the arteries narrows
C) White blood cells remove plaque formations
D) HDL particles penetrate the walls of the arteries
E) Red blood cells and oxidized LDL create plaque formations

Question 49

Which food has the most grams of saturated fat per serving portion?

A) skim milk
B) salmon
C) regular cheddar cheese
D) extra lean ham
E) mixed nuts

Question 50

A desirable level of total blood cholesterol in adults is ____.

A)
B) 200-239 mg/dL
C) 240-259 mg/dL
D) 260-274 mg/dL
E) 275-300 mg/dL

Question 51

An optimal LDL-cholesterol level is ____, while an optimal HDL-cholesterol level is ____.

A) ≥ 240 mg/dL;
B) 70-159 mg/dL; > 30 mg/dL
C) ≥ 50 mg/dL
D) ≥ 40 mg/dL
E) It is irrelevant as long as your total cholesterol is lower than 170 mg/dL.

Question 52

Which factor is associated with lower HDL levels?

A) Being a non-smoker, as opposed to a smoker
B) Losing weight
C) Being male, as opposed to being female
D) Consuming fish rather than red meat
E) Engaging in m oderate alcohol consumption

Question 53

Joy decides to cook dinner with less fat tonight and instead of two tablespoons of butter, she uses one tablespoon on her baked potato. Approximately how many grams of fat did Joy remove from her meal?

A) 5 grams
B) 12 grams
C) 25 grams
D) 50 grams
E) 100 grams

Question 54

The Mediterranean diet is low in ____.

A) fiber
B) phytochemicals
C) red meats
D) cheese
E) whole-grain products

Question 55

To reduce added fats in your diet when preparing home-cooked meals, use ____ to coat pans.

A) nonstick sprays
B) shortening
C) butter
D) canola oil
E) corn oil margarine

Question 56

Monounsaturated fats are better than polyunsaturated fats in the diet because they ____.

A) are lower in calories per tablespoon
B) increase total cholesterol
C) decrease LDL and decrease HDL
D) decrease LDL without decreasing HDL
E) increase triglycerides

Question 57

What part of the body senses blood pressure?

A) heart
B) kidneys
C) liver
D) pancreas
E) skin

Question 58

Americans are urged to eat more fish due to its high content of ____.

A) omega-3 fatty acids
B) HDL-cholesterol
C) vitamin A
D) lecithin
E) sterols

Question 59

For most Americans, the most important dietary change to make in order to reduce blood LDL-cholesterol levels is to reduce intake of ____.

A) polyunsaturated fat
B) cholesterol
C) saturated and trans fats
D) monounsaturated fat
E) fish oils

Question 60

Joy decides to cook dinner with less fat tonight and omits two tablespoons of vegetable oil from her recipe for rice pilaf. This change reduces the calories from fat in this recipe by approximately ____.

A) 24 calories
B) 50 calories
C) 100 calories
D) 200 calories
E) 350 calories

Question 61

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better.
Which food is rich in saturated fat?

A) steak
B) banana
C) avocado
D) broccoli
E) canola oil

Question 62

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have.
Jack lacks control over which risk factor?

A) obesity
B) genetics
C) stress
D) atherogenic diet
E) physical inactivity

Question 63

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better.
A characteristic of saturated fats is that they ____.

A) are liquid at room temperature
B) carry the maximum possible number of hydrogens
C) function as emulsifiers in the small intestine
D) provide four calories per gram
E) are found mostly in vegetable oils

Question 64

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have.
Jack's results from his blood lipid level test are as follows:  

Which statement accurately describes Jack's test results?

A) His total cholesterol is in the desirable range.
B) His LDL cholesterol puts him at high risk for CVD.
C) His triglycerides are in the desirable range.
D) His HDL is borderline for high risk for CVD.
E) His ratio of LDL to HDL is optimal.

Question 65

Unprocessed oils are best stored in airtight containers because ____.

A) exposure to the air will decrease the likelihood of rancidity
B) airtight storage destroys the natural antioxidants in the oils
C) points of unsaturation in their molecules are vulnerable to oxidation
D) this prevents hydrogenation, which makes them less healthful
E) this allows the oil to be stored long-term without additives

Question 66

Which dietary change would be most effective for lowering one's LDL?

A) Replacing monounsaturated fats with saturated fats
B) Replacing polyunsaturated fats with hydrogenated fats
C) Choosing whole milk instead of a soda beverage
D) Choosing broiled salmon instead of a bacon burger
E) Replacing two glasses of water with two glasses of red wine per day

Question 67

Heather notices that her favorite breakfast cereal contains BHA and BHT. Why did the manufacturer add these ingredients?

A) To enhance the flavor of the cereal
B) To fortify the cereal with fat soluble vitamins
C) To improve the lipid profile of the cereal
D) To provide essential fatty acids
E) To keep the oil in the cereal from spoiling

Question 68

A sizable body of evidence from around the world suggests that garlic may benefit health by ____.

A) reducing blood platelets
B) lowering blood cholesterol
C) keeping arteries rigid
D) lowering HDL
E) increasing the white blood cell count

Question 69

Glycerol and_____ diffuse easily into intestinal cells, which release them into capillaries without further processing.

A) short-chain fatty acids
B) long-chain fatty acids
C) phospholipids
D) cholesterol
E) lecithin

Question 70

As the amount of _____ in a lipoprotein increases, its _____ also increases.

A) protein; density
B) triglycerides; solubility
C) protein; size
D) triglycerides; density
E) protein; solubility

Question 71

How is a trans fatty acid different from other unsaturated fatty acids?

A) A trans fatty acid has at least two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom in the chain.
B) At a trans fatty acid's point of unsaturation, the hydrogens are on opposite sides of the carbon chain instead of on the same side.
C) A trans fatty acid's carbon chain contains at least one double bond between two carbon atoms instead of all single bonds.
D) At a trans fatty acid's point of unsaturation, the hydrogens are on the same side of the carbon chain instead of on opposite sides.
E) A trans fatty acid has two additional carbon atoms and two additional hydrogen atoms.

Question 72

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have.
Because he is now better informed, Jack wants to cook healthier meals. Which recommendation should he avoid ?

A) Use fruit jam instead of margarine on toast.
B) Use applesauce instead of butter when baking brownies.
C) Eat salmon and herring twice per week.
D) Have no more than three alcoholic drinks per day .
E) Drink fat-free or low fat milk.

Question 73

Trans fats are ____.

A) formed when margarine is hydrogenated
B) created when oils become rancid
C) omitted on food labels
D) naturally found in legumes and some nuts
E) unsaturated fatty acids with hydrogen atoms attached on the same side of the points of unsaturation

Question 74

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have.
Which choice would be best in order for Jack to lower his LDL cholesterol without decreasing his HDL cholesterol?

A) Reduce exercise.
B) Eat an atherogenic diet.
C) Switch back to butter instead of margarine.
D) Eat cashews and use olive oil.
E) Eat more trans fats when possible.

Question 75

Phospholipids can help fats cross cell membranes because ____.

A) they are so abundant in foods and widespread in the body
B) they are fat soluble but not water soluble
C) they have a large, multiple-ring structure
D) they have water-soluble heads and fat-soluble tails
E) their phosphorus components inhibit water from crossing the membranes

Question 76

Sam and Regina have a two-year old daughter, Keira. Sam believes they should put Keira on a low-fat diet like the one he and Regina follow. What advice would you give these parents?

A) Try to prevent heart problems by limiting Keira's fat calories to 20 to 35 percent of calories.
B) Take proactive measures and limit her fat intake to less than 20 percent of calories.
C) Monitor Keira's fat intake to include 30 to 40 percent of calories, which is appropriate for children ages one to three.
D) Do not restrict Keira's fat consumption until she is four years old.
E) Place Keira on a vegan diet, since it is the healthiest option.

Question 77

The most important difference between the typical American diet and the typical Mediterranean diet is that ____.

A) Americans eat more saturated fat
B) Americans eat more fruits
C) Americans exercise less
D) Americans eat more monounsaturated fat
E) Americans consume more of their food earlier in the day

Question 78

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where his father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have.
What process occurs in atherosclerosis?

A) Oxidized LDL is incorporated into the lining of arteries.
B) A blood clot travels to the brain and causes a stroke.
C) Chylomicrons cause veins to lose their elasticity.
D) Blood pressure becomes too low and leads to dizziness.
E) HDL transports cholesterol to the liver for disposal.

Question 79

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better.
Bob read an article about how fat travels in his body. He learned that ____.

A) blood cholesterol is carried in LDLs and deposited in plaque inside his arteries
B) chylomicrons travel in HDLs and are taken back to his liver for disposal
C) fat from a recent meal is carried in HDL to his liver for storage
D) HDL makes fat available to body cells via dietary enzymes
E) HDL is soluble in water and its particles are carried through plasma into the lymph system

Question 80

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated. He has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better.
Bob wants to lower his blood cholesterol. What piece of advice should he ignore ?

A) You should lower your intake of trans fats only, not of other types of fat.
B) Lowering your saturated fat intake may be more important than reducing dietary cholesterol.
C) Eat more plant sources of fats to lower total blood cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
D) Eat more high-soluble fiber foods such as legumes.
E) Bake or grill fish to avoid adding unhealthy fats.