Deck 1: Crime Criminal Justice and Scientific Inquiry

Question 1

Things we consider real because we've been told they are real is an example of:

A) agreement reality
B) expressed reality
C) assumed reality
D) experiential reality

Answer 1

agreement reality

Question 2

A vast number of norms and rules in society create regularity.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

We can understand something by knowing the why before the what.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

What method is known as the science of finding out?

A) epistemology
B) methodology
C) observations
D) data gathering

Question 5

A research project concerning law enforcement that produces an alternative view of a practice represents:

A) known reality
B) expressed reality
C) empirical reality
D) experiential reality

Question 6

Casual human inquiry is a more rigorous way of investigation than probability and causality.

Question 7

Human inquiry attempts to answer what two questions?

A) where and when
B) who and why
C) how and when
D) what and why

Question 8

Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time, and detective work are examples of:

A) known reality
B) agreement reality
C) experiential reality
D) assumed reality

Question 9

Selective observation is a danger of overgeneralization.

Question 10

We live in a world of two realities known as:

A) expressed and assumed
B) experiential and agreement
C) expressed and agreement
D) experiential and assumed

Question 11

The objective of the text is to help future criminal justice professionals become:

A) informed consumers of research
B) informed consumers of books
C) experts in the department of justice
D) expert readers

Question 12

The keystone of inquiry is observation.

Question 13

According to the text, most criminal justice professionals (especially supervisors) routinely review:

A) computer readouts and news reports
B) archived and updated spreadsheets
C) performance reports and statistical tabulations
D) databases

Question 14

Things we know from direct experience are a direct result of which type of reality?

A) agreement
B) expressed
C) assumed
D) experiential

Question 15

Value is a relative concept and cannot be settled by science.

Question 16

Scientists must have two types of support before they will agree on something they haven't personally experienced. These types are:

A) epistemological and methodological
B) logical and hard facts
C) logical and empirical
D) hard facts and complete data

Question 17

What is the science of knowing?

A) methodology
B) entomology
C) modality
D) epistemology

Question 18

The four purposes of research are exploration, description, explanation, and application.

Question 19

We live in a world of two realities: agreement and empirical.

Question 20

Prediction can be made better by observation and remembering regular:

A) assumptions
B) patterns
C) educated guesses
D) pasts

Question 21

When we trust the judgments of people who have special training, such as a doctor or a lawyer, we are accepting their:

A) wisdom
B) expertise
C) authority
D) word

Question 22

When we rely on the "truths" of our culture, we are accepting knowledge derived from the majority, and this is called acceptance of:

A) traditions
B) myths
C) reality
D) agreement

Question 23

One way social science differs from our casual day-to-day inquiry is that it is:

A) a conscious activity
B) a subconscious activity
C) a formal activity
D) an informal activity

Question 24

If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a general understanding of why, you may be tempted to ignore facts in the future that don't fit. This is:

A) inaccurate observation
B) overgeneralization
C) illogical reasoning
D) selective observation

Question 25

Selective observation can be the result of:

A) replication
B) illogical reasoning
C) ideology and politics
D) overgeneralization

Question 26

During observation, if you choose to follow "the exception that proves the rule," you have made what error?

A) inaccurate observation
B) overgeneralization
C) illogical reasoning
D) selective observation

Question 27

As we learn about the world around us we use personal inquiry and direct experience. However, what other sources of knowledge do we rely on?

A) tradition and authority
B) exploration and description
C) surveys and observations
D) aggregate data and survey data

Question 28

Which of the following would be the best example of the potential for inaccurate observations in the criminal justice system?

A) eyewitness testimony
B) police officers on a stake-out
C) the state witnesses at an execution
D) correction officers watching a potentially suicidal prisoner

Question 29

Social science cannot settle debates on:

A) facts
B) observations
C) logic
D) values

Question 30

Agreed on knowledge that others give us is known as:

A) tradition and authority
B) tradition and experience
C) agreement reality
D) understanding

Question 31

Two pillars of science are:

A) logic and data
B) questions and answers
C) logic and observation
D) research and development

Question 32

Illogical reasoning is best illustrated by which of the following?

A) The weather has been good all month, so this weekend the weather will be good enough to go to the beach.
B) I have lost at gambling for hours now, so if I just pay a little longer, I will win back what I have lost.
C) On my way to work, I always ease through the stop sign at the corner of the school's parking lot, and since I have never been hit there, I will continue to do that.
D) The last two exams were easy, so there is no need for me to study for this exam.

Question 33

Research into crime is related to ideology and politics in the following manner:

A) crime should not be used as a political issue
B) the study of crime can lead to policies that enhance the functioning of the criminal justice system
C) there is no political nature to the study of crime
D) there are no ideological issues in the study of crime

Question 34

When taking conscious and deliberate steps to insure that what you are looking at is what you intended to look at, you avoid:

A) overgeneralization
B) inaccurate observation
C) illogical reasoning
D) generalization

Question 35

When we rely on authority to get information about the world around us, which of the following is most likely?

A) the resulting information is always correct
B) the information can both help inquiry and hinder it
C) the resulting information is always wrong
D) you can never know if the information you gather is correct

Question 36

Overgeneralization can lead to misrepresentation and:

A) justification
B) simplification
C) complication
D) replication

Question 37

What are three major aspects of the overall scientific enterprise?

A) theory, data collection, selective observation
B) theory, data collection, data analysis
C) data collection, data analysis, funding
D) theory, data analysis, funding

Question 38

Which of the following is not a subject that can be studied effectively?

A) Should a state consider adopting the death penalty?
B) Are appointed public defenders better than those that are elected in getting not-guilty verdicts?
C) Are police officers respected by citizens more in community-policing areas?
D) Are child protective services employees effective as measured by the number of families they reunite?

Question 39

When there is pressure to reach a general understanding, there is a tendency toward:

A) overgeneralization
B) inaccurate observations
C) illogical reasoning
D) miscalculation

Question 40

When you repeat a study to see if you achieve similar results, you are doing:

A) too much work
B) pattern following
C) replication
D) theoretical repetition

Question 41

Gender and race are both examples of:

A) an attribute
B) a variable
C) an assessment
D) a fallacy

Question 42

What aspect of the research proposal is not included in the abstract?

A) methods used in the study
B) the purpose of the study
C) major findings of the study
D) major references cited in the study

Question 43

What are the four purposes of research?

A) exploration, description, explanation, application
B) exploration, description, funding, application
C) exploration, development, inquisition, funding
D) exploration, development, inquisition, application

Question 44

Which of the following is an important element that is often not thought of when creating a research project?

A) the budget
B) the population
C) research methods
D) stakeholders

Question 45

Social science involves the study of:

A) positives and negatives
B) variables and concepts
C) variables and paradigms
D) variables and attributes

Question 46

When a policy change is being considered, the most appropriate study would be:

A) descriptive
B) explanatory
C) explorative
D) applicative

Question 47

Social regularities represent:

A) probabilistic patterns
B) probabilistic problems
C) probabilistic predictions
D) probabilistic positions

Question 48

Why are websites not reliable literature sources?

A) They are not reviewed by librarians.
B) Websites can be updated on a regular basis.
C) They are rarely reviewed or refereed.
D) They do not do a good job of synthesizing information.

Question 49

A great place to start when conducting a literature review is:

A) a scholarly journal
B) a previous research study
C) a library
D) a data software program

Question 50

Your college has implemented a new policy on campus regarding underage drinking. You want to evaluate its effects. The purpose of your research is:

A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) application

Question 51

What is the proper work flow for creating a research project?

A) conceptualize, observe, analyze, apply
B) observe, analyze, apply, conceptualize
C) choose research method, conceptualize, analyze, apply
D) choose research method, conceptualize, apply, analyze

Question 52

When we attempt to answer questions about why something happens, the purpose of our research is?

A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) application

Question 53

When we do a study to determine why people have different opinions on the same topic, what is the purpose for the study?

A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) application

Question 54

Which of the following is not a budget consideration for a research proposal?

A) personnel
B) equipment
C) travel
D) gathering references

Question 55

Concrete steps that are used to measure specific concepts are referred to as:

A) operationalization
B) observations
C) application
D) conceptualization

Question 56

What are two types of applied research?

A) evaluation and problem analysis
B) descriptive research and evaluation
C) explanatory research and descriptive research
D) explanatory research and problem analysis

Question 57

What are the two major types of applied research?

A) evaluation and problem analysis
B) evaluation and policy analysis
C) application and policy analysis
D) problem and policy analysis

Question 58

You observe police activity in your city for one week, and then you describe what you observed. What type of study have you preformed?

A) explorative
B) descriptive
C) explanative
D) applicative

Question 59

When we attempt to gather baseline data, usually because of new technology or some new law, the purpose of our research is:

A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) application

Question 60

Why is a survey the most appropriate method for studying general concern and fear for personal safety?

A) It is an organized approach to a large research sample.
B) It allows for understanding of what cannot be observed directly.
C) It is easy for the survey takers to understand what is being asked of them.
D) It is the most efficient research method to analyze results.

Question 61

__________  science cannot settle debates on values.

Question 62

Which of the following describes the role of politics  in  social  science/CJ  research?

A) can play a role
B) never plays  a role
C) rarely plays  a role
D) plays an essential role

Question 63

__________  research is the production of knowledge based on experience or observation.

Question 64

__________  means repeating a study, checking to see whether similar results are obtained each time.

Question 65

Doing a literature review should be:

A) done only when one has to do it
B) done in pieces to set up a research problem
C) systematic and deliberate
D) unorganized

Question 66

Which of the following best defines conceptualization of a research process?

A) the manner in which variables are defined
B) how a population is decided upon
C) the specific analytic structure used for a study
D) the initial concept used for a study

Question 67

Much of our knowledge is based on __________ rather than on direct experience.

Question 68

Brainstorming and specifying all the concepts to be discussed in the research project is known as:

A) analysis
B) application
C) conceptualization
D) operationalization

Question 69

Samantha has concluded that living in a co-ed residence hall makes residents more alike. As she continues her research, she tends to focus on events and situations that fit this pattern. Which error in inquiry is reflected?

A) inaccurate observation
B) selective observation
C) overgeneralization
D) illogical reasoning

Question 70

Eyewitness testimony that turns out to be inaccurate is an example of the inaccurate  __________  type of error in personal human inquiry.

Question 71

Stepping on a thorn for the first time and realizing that it is painful before anyone tells you it is painful is an example of:

A) agreement reality
B) inaccurate observation
C) experiential reality
D) a nomothetic explanation

Question 72

When is an Internet search is good for getting ideas about potential research topics?

A) when specialized tools are used
B) all the time
C) Internet searches are not good; book-bound journals are better
D) when you are late on an assignment

Question 73

Astor repeated a study to determine if she would obtain similar results to those that were found in her original study, and thereby engaged in:

A) research and development
B) logical reasoning
C) replication
D) theoretical repetition

Question 74

The research process starts with:

A) observations
B) data processing
C) an idea
D) research methods

Question 75

The first part of most scholarly journal articles is:

A) the introduction
B) the discussion section
C) a research abstract
D) the methods section

Question 76

The culture we are born into is made up of accepted knowledge about the world around us and is known as  __________.

Question 77

When a researcher is aware that a certain pattern exists in the data, he/she may commit the error of __________ observation when he or she ignores events that do not fit the pattern.

Question 78

Patterns of cause and effect are __________ in nature.

Question 79

Illogical reasoning occurs if you choose to follow the exception that proves the  __________ .

Question 80

Epistemology and  __________  are two scientific approaches to the discovery of reality.