Deck 16: Applied Psychology

Question 1

Who pioneered the strategy of scientific management also known as Theory X?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Douglas McGregor
C) Carly Fiorina
D) Frederick Taylor

Answer 1

Frederick Taylor

Question 2

Gayle is the CEO of a major company, who encourages her employees to work ethically as well as inspiring her employees to "think outside the box" to solve problems and to see their work as meaningful and challenging. She also values the individual needs and goals of her employees and provides appropriate professional development when needed. Gayle would be described as a(n) __________ leader.

A) agentic
B) transformational
C) knowledge-based
D) Theory X

Answer 2

transformational

Question 3

Today's harsh economic realities often require more of leaders than being person-oriented. It requires a leadership style that seeks to encourage employees to exceed expectations and look beyond self-interest to help the organization better compete. This new style of leadership is called

A) agentic-style management.
B) Type A leadership.
C) scientific management.
D) transformational leadership.

Answer 3

transformational leadership.

Question 4

Higher rates of job satisfaction cultivate positive moods, which are associated with all of the following EXCEPT

A) lower rates of absenteeism and employee turnover.
B) a greater willingness to help others on the job.
C) better performance.
D) less creative problem-solving.

Question 5

Which term is closest in meaning to the concept of management by objectives?

A) Theory X leadership
B) work efficiency
C) self-managed team
D) autocratic management

Question 6

Shared leadership, also called participative management, has been shown to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) increase productivity.
B) create greater job involvement.
C) increase job satisfaction.
D) increase job-related stress.

Question 7

An automobile manufacturer who relies on management by objectives allows employees to choose

A) production goals.
B) production methods.
C) employment criteria.
D) product standards.

Question 8

Mark is the CEO of a company, who takes into account his employees' needs by using flextime within the company, so they can attend their children's school activities. He also generously provides his employees with professional development opportunities, which not only improve their skills but enrich the company as well. Because of his encouragement, the employees have been able to "think outside the box" to help the company be competitive within a global market and to have a very profitable year. Mark is exhibiting which type of leadership style?

A) Theory X
B) scientific management
C) transformational
D) communal-agentic

Question 9

As a manager, you believe that a happy worker is a productive worker, so you try to maintain good morale and labor relations. You are most concerned with

A) work efficiency.
B) psychological efficiency.
C) scientific management.
D) time-and-motion studies.

Question 10

A company that focuses on psychological efficiency is LEAST likely to do which of the following?

A) balance productivity with morale.
B) pay employees fairly.
C) use bonuses and time schedules to motivate workers.
D) use management by objectives.

Question 11

What is the largest subfield of applied psychology?

A) sports psychology
B) counseling psychology
C) consumer psychology
D) community psychology

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT typical of Theory Y or transformational leadership?

A) management by objectives
B) participative management
C) quality circles
D) scientific management

Question 13

According to traditional gender role stereotypes, most people expect good leaders to be all of the following EXCEPT

A) agentic.
B) male.
C) independent and ambitious.
D) a Theory Y leader.

Question 14

Two techniques that make Theory Y and transformational leadership styles effective are

A) shared leadership and management by objectives.
B) time-and-motion studies and task analysis.
C) scientific management and variable pay schedules.
D) job specialization and task analysis.

Question 15

With the economic downturn, Craig has increased quotas and the number of hours employees work to cut costs. Craig is most concerned with

A) Theory Y leadership.
B) management by objectives.
C) psychological efficiency.
D) work efficiency.

Question 16

Theory X leadership has been used to refer to an approach also known as

A) psychological efficiency.
B) participative management.
C) job enrichment.
D) scientific management.

Question 17

Zach is using psychological principles and research methods to determine methods for athletes to reach their peak performance, while Anna is utilizing psychological principles in developing ways to alleviate traffic jams in growing cities. Both of these psychologists are working in the field known as __________ psychology.

A) basic research
B) comparative
C) applied
D) forensic

Question 18

Regarding increased job satisfaction, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Increased job satisfaction leads to positive moods, which are associated with more creative problem solving.
B) Increased job satisfaction is fostered by Theory X leadership.
C) Increased job satisfaction is not entirely a matter of work conditions.
D) Increased job satisfaction usually results in lower training costs and less absenteeism.

Question 19

The work of which type of psychologist is likely to affect how you are selected for a job and tested, trained, or evaluated for promotions?

A) engineering
B) industrial\organizational
C) environmental
D) sociological

Question 20

A psychologist who is interested in studying how flexible work scheduling affects job satisfaction would most likely be a(n) __________ psychologist.

A) industrial\organizational
B) consumer
C) clinical
D) biodata

Question 21

In your role as a personnel psychologist, you are finding out what tasks are required in a job as well as what qualities are needed for success in that job. You are performing a

A) career assessment.
B) job enrichment.
C) vocational interest assessment.
D) job analysis.

Question 22

At a job interview, one should avoid

A) smoking or chewing gum.
B) using slang.
C) asking questions about salary and benefits unless a job offer is coming.
D) all of these.

Question 23

Giving employees greater freedom, responsibility, choice, and authority on the job is characteristic of

A) job enrichment.
B) scientific management.
C) the vocational interest approach.
D) Theory X leadership style.

Question 24

An in-basket test and leaderless group discussions are examples of __________ tests.

A) quality circle
B) vocational interest
C) management by objectives
D) situational judgment

Question 25

Regarding personnel selection, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The detailed information collected about job applicants is called biodata.
B) Standardized psychological tests are often used in evaluating job candidates.
C) The last step in personnel selection is to perform a job analysis.
D) Through personal interviews, interviewers can gain an impression of the applicant's personality.

Question 26

The two largest applied areas in psychology are educational and consumer psychology.

Question 27

An industrial psychologist hoping to improve job satisfaction, work-group relations, relations with supervisors, and to reduce absenteeism should be advised to try

A) computer monitoring.
B) flextime.
C) the natural management design.
D) Theory X leadership.

Question 28

For airline pilots a high-stakes situation such as a loss of cabin pressure would be a ______ incident in which competence and coping skills are necessary.

A) bio-mechanical
B) biodata
C) critical
D) proxemic

Question 29

Regarding flextime, which of the following statements is\are TRUE?

A) Starting and quitting times are varied daily by supervisors to allow the largest employee pool available for the workload.
B) There is more absenteeism as employees take advantage of the system.
C) Flextime has a positive effect on workers' productivity and job satisfaction.
D) All of these have been found to be true.

Question 30

Although Greg lives in San Antonio, Arianna in Miami, and Ben in Chicago, they all are employees of the same company and remain connected to the office throughout the workday by computer. Greg, Arianna, and Ben are

A) part of a quality circle.
B) part of an approach called flexplace.
C) being managed through a time-and-motion approach.
D) not considered full-time employees since they are not physically at the company during the core working hours.

Question 31

Jessica and Tanya are both applying for the same job. Although Tanya has more experience in the area of the job in which she is applying, Jessica gets a higher rating from the interviewers because of her more extroverted personality and her more striking physical appearance. This tendency for the interviewers to have a favorable impression of Jessica and less favorable impression of Tanya is referred to as

A) the halo effect.
B) impression management.
C) the critical incidents effect.
D) the biodata discrepancy phenomenon.

Question 32

A work schedule that allows an employee to work fewer days per week by putting in more hours per day is referred to as

A) a self-managed team.
B) flexplace.
C) a compressed workweek.
D) telework.

Question 33

Regarding workplace anger and caring organizations, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Having compassion for employees within an organization can be an antidote to the petty game playing that can occur.
B) Encouraging competition within an organization tends to decrease workplace anger and complaints.
C) Companies who pay more attention to the quality of life at work generally suffer fewer productivity losses if they are forced to downsize.
D) Most larger companies now offer mental health services to troubled employees and trauma counseling if violence erupts in the workplace.

Question 34

Which was NOT cited as an outcome of job enrichment programs?

A) higher production costs
B) increased knowledge
C) feelings of empowerment
D) less absenteeism

Question 35

Tests that rate an individual's potential to learn the tasks or skills of various occupations are called

A) aptitude tests.
B) achievement tests.
C) vocational interest tests.
D) tests of work efficiency.

Question 36

A traditional approach to predicting occupational choice, such as the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory,

A) first classifies individuals in terms of personality traits and intelligence levels.
B) compares one's preferences with those of persons already successful in given occupations.
C) matches a person's potential to learn tasks or skills used in various occupations.
D) relies on projective testing to uncover underlying motives expressed in occupational choice.

Question 37

Regarding assessment centers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Assessment centers have had considerable success in predicting performances in a variety of jobs, careers, and advanced positions.
B) Assessment centers utilize the leaderless group discussion and the in-basket test.
C) Many of the leading companies, such as Ford, IBM, and Sears, use assessment centers to select their executives and managers.
D) Assessment centers are used in designing work environments that decrease worker stress and increase organizational citizenship.

Question 38

The biodata of an employee would NOT include which of the following?

A) religious activities
B) college GPA
C) athletic interests
D) critical incident profile

Question 39

Chet wants to provide job enrichment for his employees. He can accomplish this in all of the following ways EXCEPT by

A) having the employees complete an isolated part of the larger process so that they are solely responsible for one important part of the process.
B) encouraging his employees to learn a broad range of skills and information related to their occupations.
C) switching his employees to doing a complete cycle of work on the product.
D) giving his employees greater freedom, choice, and authority on the job.

Question 40

The organizational culture involves which of the following?

A) how employees are hired, trained, disciplined, and dismissed
B) how employees dress and the celebration of special occasions
C) methods for resolving conflict on the job and how power is shared
D) all of these

Question 41

Leadership aimed at transforming employees to exceed expectations and look beyond self-interest to help the organization better compete is known as __________ leadership.

Question 42

Quality circles usually do not have the power to put their suggestions into practice.

Question 43

An electronics manufacturer who rotates workers among several different jobs or switches them to a complete cycle of work in order for them to gain knowledge is using an approach known as usability testing.

Question 44

Peter is a psychologist who is studying the problems that people face at work that could lead to job stress and burnout; thus, his psychological specialty is called occupational psychology.

Question 45

Studies have shown that companies with more women in leadership roles perform better financially.

Question 46

The transformational leader achieves the goals of the company through idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration.

Question 47

A group of employees who work together toward shared goals and can choose their own methods of achieving results as long as they are effective are referred to as a(n) __________ team.

Question 48

Collecting biodata, giving standardized psychological tests, and conducting personal interviews are the methods most often used in a job analysis.

Question 49

When job satisfaction is low, there is a high rate of employee turnover, leading to higher training costs and inefficiency.

Question 50

Jeff works from home but uses a computer to stay connected to the office throughout the workday. Jeff's job is an example of the flexible work approach known as __________.

Question 51

The maintenance of good morale, labor relations, employee satisfaction, and similar aspects of work behavior is called __________.

Question 52

Lana is considered by her fellow workers to be helpful, conscientious, and courteous, and she also avoids pettiness, gossiping, complaining, and making small problems into big ones. Lana is displaying organizational __________.

Question 53

The use of psychological principles and research methods to solve practical problems defines __________ psychology.

Question 54

College grade point average (GPA) predicts success in many types of work.

Question 55

Margo and several of her coworkers at the company are part of a voluntary discussion group that seeks ways to solve business problems and improve efficiency. Margo is a part of a(n) __________.

Question 56

Scientific management is also called Theory Y leadership.

Question 57

Flextime has been shown to decrease workers' productivity and increase absenteeism.

Question 58

Vocational interest tests are used to rate a person's potential to learn tasks or skills used in various occupations.

Question 59

Managers who assume that workers must be coerced or goaded into being productive are using Theory __________ leadership techniques.

Question 60

Rather than being communal, most people expect good leaders to be independent, confident, ambitious, objective, dominant, and forceful, which is referred to as being __________.

Question 61

Who has the greatest interest in behavioral settings, territorial behavior, and crowding?

A) organizational psychologists
B) environmental psychologists
C) human factors engineers
D) health psychologists

Question 62

The range of four to 12 feet in which impersonal business and casual social gatherings take place is known as one's

A) social distance.
B) acquaintance space.
C) public distance.
D) commercial space.

Question 63

By 2030, we will be using how many Earth's worth of resources every year?

A) one Earth's worth
B) two Earth's worth
C) three Earth's worth
D) four Earth's worth

Question 64

Compare and contrast the Theory X and Theory Y leadership styles and the new transformational leadership style including the different approaches used by Theory X managers and by Theory Y and transformational managers, and identify the person who developed the leadership style that came to be known as Theory X and the person who coined the Theory Y leadership style.

Question 65

Regarding public distance, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Public distance is the distance at which formal interactions, such as lectures, take place.
B) Public distance usually requires that people raise their voices to speak with one another.
C) Public distance consists of a distance of four to 12 feet from the body.
D) With public distance, people tend to look "flat."

Question 66

Which of the following is a smaller area within an environment whose use is well defined, such as a bus depot, waiting room, or student lounge?

A) territorial marker
B) behavioral setting
C) situational space
D) social proxemic

Question 67

Regarding personal space, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Personal space is an area surrounding the body that is regarded as private and under one's own control.
B) The four basic spatial zones are intimate, personal, social, and public distance.
C) The systematic study of norms concerning the use of personal space is called ergonomics.
D) Norms governing comfortable or acceptable distances vary according to relationships as well as activities.

Question 68

Regarding social distance, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Social distance applies to impersonal business and casual social gatherings.
B) Social distance keeps people within "arm's reach" of each other.
C) Social distance describes an emotional rather than physical proximity.
D) Social distance formalizes conversation between people and eliminates most touching.

Question 69

Detailed biographical information about a job applicant is known as __________.

Question 70

Discuss the common triggers for workplace anger and what can be done to prevent it, including the characteristics of healthy organizations that promote the well-being of their employees.

Question 71

What is job enrichment, how can it be incorporated into a company, and what are the usual outcomes of this approach?

Question 72

People have a significant impact on the environment with each of us generating which of the following as we consume the resources it takes to sustain life?

A) territorial marker
B) biodata
C) ecological footprint
D) proxemic waste

Question 73

Which of the following is an example of a social environment?

A) a parade
B) a beach
C) a city
D) none of these

Question 74

If Tony enjoys tinkering with car engines and working on various gadgets, his vocational interest themes, according to John Holland, would be classified as __________.

Question 75

Discuss how personnel psychologists determine the skills needed for jobs, how job candidates are evaluated, and the information provided by each evaluation method.

Question 76

Space that extends about 18 inches out from the skin is referred as __________ distance.

A) personal
B) social
C) intimate
D) public

Question 77

Dr. Mellos is conducting research regarding the norms concerning personal space. Dr. Mellos is interested in the field known as

A) kinesics.
B) ecopsychology.
C) proxemics.
D) ergonomics.

Question 78

A person's invisible "spatial envelope" that surrounding the body and is regarded as private and under one's own control is referred to as one's

A) spatial role.
B) personal space.
C) ego location.
D) proximal location.

Question 79

A fistfight is more likely to occur in a country-western bar than in a church because

A) specific environments have a significant impact on a person's behavior.
B) the density level is higher in a bar than in a church.
C) different styles of music produce differing reactions in people.
D) more aggressive personalities tend to frequent bars more than churches.

Question 80

Regarding the relationship between humans and planet Earth, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The environment has a significant impact on people, while people also have a significant impact on the environment.
B) Each of us generates an ecological footprint, as we consume the resources it takes to sustain life.
C) For every year of human resource consumption it will take Earth 1.5 years to recover with people using two Earth's worth of resources every year by the year 2030.
D) The specialty area in psychology that studies the relationship between environments and human behavior is called consumer psychology.