Deck 11: Personality

Question 1

The theories that place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning are the

A) humanistic theories.
B) psychodynamic theories.
C) behaviorist theories.
D) trait theories.

Answer 1

behaviorist theories.

Question 2

The theories that attempt to learn what characteristics make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior are the __________ theories.

A) trait
B) humanistic
C) social learning
D) behaviorist

Answer 2

trait

Question 3

Which assessment technique is a simple extension of our natural interest in "people watching"?

A) direct observation
B) the projective approach
C) situational testing
D) the TAT technique

Answer 3

direct observation

Question 4

People who have personality traits that increase their chance of suffering a heart attack are considered __________ personalities.

A) extroverted
B) introverted
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 5

In humanistic theories, the developmental emphasis involves

A) psychosexual and psychosocial stages.
B) the development of the self-image.
C) critical learning situations.
D) identification and imitation.

Question 6

Which of the following implies that a person has been evaluated as possessing positive qualities, not just described as having them?

A) personality
B) ideal self
C) character
D) temperament

Question 7

Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung proposed that people are either

A) Type A or Type B personalities.
B) ectomorphic, mesomorphic, or endomorphic.
C) introverts or extroverts.
D) congruent or incongruent.

Question 8

Roberto is confident, proud, and self-respecting. He is competent and effective in his job and is loved and admired by his family and friends. Roberto

A) will have difficulty dealing with negative experiences.
B) will have difficulty relating to strangers.
C) has high self-esteem.
D) has all of these characteristics.

Question 9

Regarding a study using behavioral assessments, it was found that couples with sexual difficulties were more likely to do which of the following than couples with no sexual difficulties?

A) be receptive to talking about their sexuality
B) blame themselves
C) blame each other
D) do all of these behaviors

Question 10

An individual's unique and enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are called

A) personality.
B) character.
C) somatotype.
D) phenotype.

Question 11

Which of the following involves direct questioning to learn about a person's life history, personality traits, or current mental state?

A) situational test
B) interview
C) behavioral assessment
D) personality questionnaire assessment

Question 12

Which of the following concepts is an important factor in one's self-esteem but is viewed very differently by Eastern and Western cultures?

A) success
B) temperamental traits
C) intelligence
D) sociability

Question 13

The paranoid personality, the dependent personality, and the antisocial personality are examples of __________ personality types.

A) introverted
B) extroverted
C) unhealthy
D) Type A

Question 14

A stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations is

A) self-esteem.
B) a personality type.
C) a personality trait.
D) a somatotype.

Question 15

Genuine self-esteem is based on which type of appraisal of your strengths and weaknesses?

A) modest
B) balanced
C) accurate
D) high positive

Question 16

The psychiatrist who proposed that people are either introverts or extroverts was

A) Abraham Maslow.
B) Carl Jung.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) B. F. Skinner.

Question 17

Which of the following theories stress(es) that people have free will regarding their behavior rather than their behavior being determined?

A) humanistic theories
B) psychoanalytic theory
C) behaviorist and social learning theories
D) trait theories

Question 18

For the social learning theorists, which of the following would most closely match the concept of a moral conscience?

A) the ideal self
B) self-reinforcement
C) the superego
D) the trait of honesty

Question 19

Which of the following is usually the first step in evaluating personality and an essential prelude to therapy, but which must be supplemented by other measures?

A) situational tests
B) interviews
C) behavioral assessments
D) projective techniques

Question 20

Although recognized in all personality theories, the role of private, subjective experience and personal growth tends to be maximized in

A) the trait theories.
B) the psychoanalytic theory.
C) the humanistic theories.
D) none of these theories.

Question 21

If a person taking the MMPI-2 displays a pattern of responses that indicates the presence of obsessive worries, irrational fears, and compulsive actions, the person would have a high score on which clinical subscale?

A) hypochondrias
B) schizophrenia
C) psychasthenia
D) hysteria

Question 22

Tony would be described as a shy, reserved person who focuses most of the time on his own thoughts rather than the outside world. Tony would be referred to as a(n) __________.

Question 23

Jeffery has a "mental picture" of his own personality, which he creatively builds out of his daily experiences. This "mental picture" is Jeffery's __________

Question 24

A collection of assessment devices and interviews used to depict a client's personality are referred to as

A) projective testing.
B) a behavioral assessment.
C) a test battery.
D) a diagnostic profile.

Question 25

Concerning the cultural differences in self-esteem, Americans tend to emphasize individual accomplishments, while the Japanese tend to emphasize group accomplishments.

Question 26

What observation method exposes people to frustrations, temptations, pressure, and boredom in a controlled environment, and is used for firearms training in police departments?

A) projective test
B) behavioral assessment
C) MMPI-2
D) situational test

Question 27

Dr. Satchel administered an objective personality test that has 567 questions and 10 clinical subscales. After she scores this test, she will chart the results graphically

A) in a deviation graph.
B) in an MMPI-2 profile.
C) on a normality curve.
D) on a Ebbinghaus curve.

Question 28

When desirable or undesirable characteristics of personality are evaluated, we refer to this as assessing a person's temperament.

Question 29

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by personality theorist Henry Murray.

Question 30

The validity and reliability of projective tests, such as the TAT and the Rorschach, is higher than that of objective tests, such as the MMPI-2.

Question 31

You are asked by a psychologist to describe what you see in a set of ten inkblots that vary in color, shading, form, and complexity. This psychologist is using the

A) Thematic Apperception Test.
B) Rorschach Test.
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2.
D) 16 PF.

Question 32

If a psychologist is recording the frequency of a child's inattention and out-of-seat behavior, he or she is using a technique known as situational testing.

Question 33

In social learning theory, a moral conscience would be represented by the concept of self-__________.

Question 34

Once personality traits are identified, they can be used to predict future behavior.

Question 35

Regarding the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The MMPI-2 is one of the most widely used objective personality tests.
B) Each single item on the MMPI-2 relates important information about the person who has taken the test.
C) The MMPI-2 has 567 items to which the test taker must respond "true" or "false."
D) The validity scales on the MMPI-2 reveal whether a person's scores should be discarded.

Question 36

In order for a test to be considered a "good test," the test must be

A) valid, but does not have to be reliable.
B) reliable, but does not have to be valid.
C) both valid and reliable.
D) projective and objective.

Question 37

Besides the basic ten clinical subscales, which of the following has additional scales to identify substance abuse, eating disorders, Type A behavior, and the inability to function in a job?

A) MMPI-2
B) Rorschach test
C) WAIS-R
D) TAT

Question 38

Because of the halo effect, a person who is likable or physically attractive may be rated more mature, intelligent, or mentally healthy than she or he actually is.

Question 39

Besides the basic ten clinical subscales, the MMPI-2 also has additional scales to identify substance abuse, eating disorders, Type A behavior, and the inability to function in a job.

Question 40

Classifying people into two or three types is more informative than rating people on a list of traits.

Question 41

According to Gordon Allport, traits that tell us how people from a particular nation or culture are similar, or which traits a culture emphasizes, are referred to as __________ traits.

A) cardinal
B) common
C) secondary
D) source

Question 42

On the MMPI-2, test takers' attempts to "fake good" or "fake bad" on this personality test are detected using the __________ scales.

Question 43

In order to uncover his client's deeply hidden or unconscious wishes, thoughts, and needs, Dr. Ables is administering a personality test in which his client will describe ambiguous stimuli. This category of personality tests is called a(n) __________ test.

Question 44

Explain how each of the four personality theories view:
(a) the role of genetics;
(b) the role of the environment;
(c) human nature;
(d) whether behavior is free or determined;
(e) principal motives;
(f) the structure of the personality;
(g) the role of the unconscious;
(h) the concept of a conscience;
(i) the developmental emphasis; and
(j) the barriers to personal growth.

Question 45

One's food preferences, attitudes, political opinions, musical tastes, and so forth are examples of what Allport called __________ traits.

A) cardinal
B) central
C) primary
D) secondary

Question 46

According to Gordon Allport, if a majority of people in the United States show the trait of competitiveness, then, for Americans, this trait would be considered a __________ trait.

A) common
B) cardinal
C) secondary
D) source

Question 47

Researchers have found that students are more likely to prefer to meet and talk to people through the Internet than face-to-face if they are high in the trait of

A) introversion.
B) extroversion.
C) melancholia.
D) intellectual curiosity.

Question 48

The basic building blocks that make up the core of personality are called __________ traits.

A) common
B) behavioral
C) cardinal
D) central

Question 49

The dominant approach to the study of personality is currently the __________ approach.

A) trait
B) psychodynamic
C) behaviorist
D) humanistic

Question 50

In her direct observations of her hospitalized mental patients, a psychologist records the frequency of each patient's aggression, self-care, speech, and unusual behaviors. This psychologist is using the technique known as __________.

Question 51

Madie is interviewing several job candidates and will use a pre-planned set of questions that she will ask all the job candidates. In choosing a new employee, Madie is using a(n) __________ interview.

Question 52

According to Gordon Allport, characteristics that are shared by most members of a culture are termed __________ traits.

A) cultural
B) ethnic
C) general
D) common

Question 53

Differentiate between the terms self-concept and self-esteem, and describe how they are related, and then explain the differences in the basis of self-esteem in Eastern and Western cultures.

Question 54

When people are asked to describe a person they know very well, they usually identify six to seven core traits that characterize this person's personality. According to Allport, these core traits would be the person's __________ traits.

A) source
B) surface
C) cardinal
D) central

Question 55

Discuss how interviews are used to assess personality, including the difference in the two types of interviews, two advantages of using interviews, and the four limitations of the interview method.

Question 56

Regarding introversion-extroversion, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Introversion and extroversion can be thought of as types and as traits.
B) Knowing how a person rates on the dimension of introversion-extroversion allows us to predict how the person will behave in a variety of situations.
C) Students high in the trait of extroversion are more likely to prefer to meet and talk to people through the Internet than face-to-face.
D) Separating people into broad types, such as "introvert" or "extrovert," may oversimplify personality.

Question 57

Exposing a person to simulated conditions to learn how he or she reacts under those conditions is called __________.

Question 58

With respect to Gordon Allport's theory, which type of trait does NOT belong with the other three?

A) source
B) cardinal
C) central
D) secondary

Question 59

If a personality test measures consistently every time it is given, we say that the test is __________.

Question 60

According to Allport, some traits are so basic that all of a person's activities can be traced to the existence of these traits. Allport calls such traits __________ traits.

A) common
B) cardinal
C) central
D) source

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions in the "Big Five" factor model of personality?

A) openness to experience
B) neuroticism
C) agreeableness
D) melancholia

Question 62

Raymond Cattell used his Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) to identify a person's __________ traits.

A) cardinal
B) surface
C) source
D) primary and secondary

Question 63

In the five-factor model of personality, the dimension that measures whether a person is self-disciplined, responsible, and achieving or irresponsible, careless, and undependable is called the __________ dimension.

A) neuroticism
B) conscientiousness
C) agreeableness
D) openness to experience

Question 64

Most "personalities" involve a mix of costs and benefits with very extreme personality patterns often

A) being maladaptive.
B) helping a person to be successful in life.
C) being seen in people who are self-actualized.
D) being seen in persons who are middle-aged and older.

Question 65

Raymond Cattell referred to the visible features of one's personality as __________ traits.

A) source
B) surface
C) common
D) central

Question 66

Cattell used a statistical technique called factor analysis to reduce a large number of visible traits into 16 __________ traits, or factors.

A) surface
B) source
C) common
D) cardinal

Question 67

Marian is a college freshman who is so critical of herself that she feels like she is a failure when she makes a B on an assignment rather than her usual A. She is so terrified of making mistakes that she kept rewriting an essay during class so many times that she did not finish it. Marian is now worried "sick" that she will make a "bad" grade on this essay. According to your textbook, Marian would best be described having

A) a low score on neuroticism.
B) severe test anxiety.
C) maladaptive perfectionism.
D) the "freshman college jitters."

Question 68

If you are imaginative, we automatically know that you will be inventive, original, curious, creative, innovative, and ingenious. Thus, according to Raymond Cattell being imaginative would be considered a __________trait.

A) source
B) surface
C) cardinal
D) secondary

Question 69

Carrie is talkative, active, affectionate, and readily joins in with a group. On the five-factor model of personality, Carrie would rate high on which dimension?

A) agreeableness
B) openness to experience
C) conscientiousness
D) extroversion

Question 70

Colby and Carleton own a business. Most of their friends and colleagues would say Colby, who manages the business on a daily basis, is down-to-earth and conventional in his thinking, while Carleton is the "dreamer" and "big idea" partner, who is always coming up with new ways to promote and expand the business. Regarding the five-factor model, Colby would rate low and Carleton would rate high on the __________ dimension.

A) openness to experience
B) conscientiousness
C) extroversion
D) neuroticism

Question 71

Surface and source traits are the trait classifications of

A) Julian Rotter.
B) Walter Mischel.
C) Raymond Cattell.
D) Gordon Allport.

Question 72

Which of the following was the English psychologist who proposed the theory that many personality traits are related to whether one is introverted or extroverted and whether one tends to be emotionally stable or unstable (highly emotional)?

A) Julian Rotter
B) Hans Eysenck
C) Albert Bandura
D) Carl Rogers

Question 73

A graphic representation of an individual's scores on several personality characteristics is referred to as a

A) personality analog.
B) trait profile.
C) rating scale histogram.
D) somatotypic scatter plot.

Question 74

You describe your friend Noel as outgoing and friendly, conscientious, even-tempered, and curious. You have just rated his personality based on

A) the five-factor model.
B) the MMPI-2.
C) Hans Eysenck's dimensions.
D) Dollard and Miller's critical situations theory.

Question 75

People who score high on which dimension of personality tend to perform well at work, do well in school, rarely have automobile accidents, and even live longer?

A) openness to experience
B) conscientiousness
C) extroversion
D) agreeableness

Question 76

The source traits identified by Cattell can be measured using a test known as the

A) MMPI-2.
B) 16 PF.
C) TAT.
D) WAIS.

Question 77

The dimensions of the "Big Five" factor model of personality are

A) introversion, extroversion, neuroticism, stability, and agreeableness.
B) extroversion, agreeableness, conscientious, neuroticism, and openness to experience.
C) introversion, neuroticism, egocentric, intelligence, and control.
D) extroversion, openness to experience, stability, egocentric, and neuroticism.

Question 78

The classification of central and secondary traits was determined

A) subjectively.
B) projectively.
C) statistically.
D) objectively.

Question 79

Your roommate tends to be hot-tempered and irritable. The early Greeks would have said that your roommate has which temperament?

A) melancholic
B) choleric
C) sanguine
D) phlegmatic

Question 80

According to the Big Five model of personality, which is the best personality pattern?

A) being high in conscientiousness and openness to experience
B) being high in conscientiousness and agreeableness
C) being high in extroversion and low in neuroticism
D) There is no one "best" personality pattern.