Deck 20: Speciation and Macroevolution

Question 1

Which of these mechanisms is a postzygotic barrier to reproduction?

A) interbreeding
B) hybrid sterility
C) habitat isolation
D) behavioral isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If two species have incompatible mating structures, then which reproductive isolation mechanism prevents them from mating?

A) sexual isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) temporal isolation
D) behavioral isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Based on the data in the figure, which is a likely reason for speciation between these two sympatric species of frogs?

A) allopolyploidy
B) habitat isolation
C) hybrid inviability
D) temporal isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which describes the death of an interspecific embryo that failed to develop?

A) hybrid sterility
B) hybrid breakdown
C) hybrid inviability
D) ecological barriers
E) prezygotic isolation

Question 5

What characterizes hybrid breakdown?

A) The sterility of hybrid adults
B) The early death of hybrid embryos
C) The death during pregnancy of hybrid females
D) The death during early life of hybrid embryos
E) The sterility of the progeny of hybrid individuals

Question 6

Which reproductive isolation mechanism explains why a large dog, such as a Newfoundland, would not normally mate with a small dog, such as a Chihuahua?

A) sexual isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) temporal isolation
D) behavioral isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 7

Taxonomists tend to use the ____ to characterize species for classification.

A) morphological species concept
B) biological species concept
C) evolutionary species concept
D) ecological species principle
E) genetic species principle

Question 8

One group of fruit flies reproduces in August and one group reproduces in September. Which of the following mechanisms is preventing them from cross breeding?

A) sexual isolation
B) diurnal isolation
C) gametic isolation
D) temporal isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 9

The distinctive mating signals that have evolved as part of an animal's courtship illustrate what type of reproductive isolating mechanism?

A) gametic isolation
B) temporal isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) mechanical isolation
E) communicative isolation

Question 10

Which reproductive isolation mechanism is defined by the prevention of genetic exchange between two species because they reproduce at different times of the day or year?

A) diurnal isolation
B) sexual isolation
C) annual isolation
D) temporal isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 11

Which are the mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between two different species whose ranges overlap?

A) allopatric isolating mechanisms
B) sympatric isolating mechanisms
C) equilibrium isolating mechanisms
D) preadaptive isolating mechanisms
E) reproductive isolating mechanisms

Question 12

Species whose ranges overlap, but do not interbreed because they are found in different environments or areas within the range, are said to exhibit:

A) habitat isolation.
B) temporal isolation.
C) biological isolation.
D) evolutionary isolation.
E) environmental isolation.

Question 13

According to the biological species concept, a species consists of one or more populations whose members do not ____ with members of different species.

A) hunt
B) feed
C) migrate
D) interbreed
E) communicate

Question 14

Temporal and habitat isolation is classified as what type of reproductive barrier?

A) gametic barriers
B) prezygotic barriers
C) postzygotic barriers
D) homozygotic barriers
E) heterozygotic barriers

Question 15

A porpoise and a dolphin, both mammals, mate and produce an embryo, but the embryo fails to complete development. This event describes:

A) hybrid sterility.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid breakdown.
D) gametic isolation.
E) gestational abortion.

Question 16

Two mammals, a sheep and a goat, produce offspring. Only the F ₁ and F ₂ generations produce fertile offspring. This occurs as a result of:

A) mutation.
B) hybrid sterility.
C) microevolution.
D) hybrid inviability.
E) hybrid breakdown.

Question 17

The ranges of black bears and brown bears overlap. However, black bears spend most of their time in the woods and brown bears spend most of their time along the river. Which of the following best describes why black and brown bears do not interbreed?

A) habitat isolation
B) temporal isolation
C) biological isolation
D) evolutionary isolation
E) environmental isolation

Question 18

Which postzygotic barrier do mules illustrate?

A) temporal isolation
B) hybrid inviability
C) hybrid breakdown
D) gametic isolation
E) hybrid sterility

Question 19

The evolutionary species concept states that for a population to be declared a separate species, it must:

A) not interbreed with any other population.
B) have diverged significantly from other populations.
C) occupy a different niche than any other population.
D) be morphologically different from any other population.
E) have undergone natural selection sometime in its history.

Question 20

When the reproductive cells of different species are incompatible and cannot accomplish fertilization, it is referred to as:

A) hybrid sterility.
B) gametic isolation.
C) gametic breakdown.
D) temporal isolation.
E) behavioral isolation.

Question 21

If a small population of mice colonizes a new area away from the range of the original species, the colony that is geographically isolated may eventually evolve into a new species. These events can be used to describe:

A) hybridization.
B) allopolyploidy.
C) adaptive radiation.
D) allopatric speciation.
E) sympatric speciation.

Question 22

The Hawthorne and apple maggot flies appear to have become reproductively isolated from each other largely because they:

A) have different mating behaviors.
B) mate at different times of the day.
C) have adapted to two different hosts.
D) occupy different parts of the habitat.
E) do not share the same reproductive organs.

Question 23

In the example of the flicker hybrid zone, why does it appear that the flicker hybrids are in a stable hybrid zone?

A) The two kinds of flickers are reproductively isolated from one another.
B) The two kinds of flickers have evolved completely into one distinct group.
C) The two kinds of flickers have shown some reinforcement and thus the hybrids are beginning to disappear.
D) The two kinds of flickers have out-competed their parental populations and exist as an entirely new species.
E) The two kinds of flickers do not show reinforcement, nor have fused into one distinct group and their hybrid zone has not expanded.

Question 24

Which evolutionary process occurs when the hybrids in a hybrid zone are as fit as either of the parental populations?

A) fusion
B) blended
C) stability
D) equilibrium
E) reinforcement

Question 25

How was the mechanism of sympatric speciation among hemp nettles in nature verified experimentally?

A) By simply creating unique hybrids under laboratory conditions
B) By producing hybrids that were 98% fertile under laboratory conditions
C) By producing experimental hybrids that could reproduce successfully with both parent species
D) By producing experimental hybrids that formed fertile offspring with the naturally occurring hybrid
E) By creating hybrids that reproduced through the F ₄ generation before dying from hybrid inviability

Question 26

Which mechanism prevents fish sperm from fertilizing frog eggs?

A) energetic barriers
B) biological barriers
C) prezygotic barriers
D) ecological barriers
E) postzygotic barriers

Question 27

Polyploidy is much more common among which type of organism?

A) fungi
B) plants
C) primates
D) humans
E) bacteria

Question 28

What type of organism possesses multiple sets of chromosomes from different species?

A) a polygamete
B) an allopolyploid
C) an autopolyploid
D) a hybrid polyploid
E) a heterozygous polyploid

Question 29

Gradualism is rarely observed in the fossil record because:

A) too may species are extinct.
B) the fossil record is incomplete.
C) not enough species have evolved.
D) very few instances of speciation have been observed.
E) more scientists believe in the model of punctuated equilibrium.

Question 30

Charles Darwin called choosing a mate based on its color or some other characteristic:

A) sexual selection.
B) gamete selection.
C) sexual orientation.
D) gametic preference.
E) postzygotic selection.

Question 31

Allopatric speciation is often exemplified in which type of geographical area or biome?

A) islands
B) deep sea
C) grasslands
D) mountain ranges
E) rainforest canopy

Question 32

Which mechanism would prevent interbreeding between two species of fish living in the same habitat?

A) sympatric isolating mechanisms
B) allopatric isolating mechanisms
C) equilibrium isolating mechanisms
D) reproductive isolating mechanisms
E) preadaptive isolating mechanisms

Question 33

Allopolyploidy is a significant factor in the evolution of which type of organism?

A) fungi
B) animals
C) bacteria
D) protozoa
E) flowering plants

Question 34

Which best describes a population that forms a new species within the same geographical region as the original species?

A) allopatric speciation
B) sympatric speciation
C) parapatric speciation
D) autologous speciation
E) heterogeneous speciation

Question 35

Which model would predict that populations diverge from one another through the slow accumulation of adaptive changes within each population?

A) punctuated equilibrium
B) paedomorphosis
C) hybridization
D) allopolyploidy
E) gradualism

Question 36

What are the two major forces contributing to allopatric speciation?

A) genetic drift and mutation
B) natural selection and migration
C) mutation and natural selection
D) natural selection and genetic drift
E) nonrandom mating and migration

Question 37

Hybrid zones are typically ____, presumably because the hybrid organisms are not well adapted for either parental environment.

A) rare
B) narrow
C) expansive
D) experimental
E) restricted to few biomes

Question 38

Figure 20-1 The most common outcome of the process in the accompanying figure is no viable gametes. This happens because of:

A) hybrid inviability.
B) defective meiosis.
C) gametic isolation.
D) species incompatibility.
E) a low rate of fertilization.

Question 39

The continued geographic isolation of Kaibab squirrels from Abert squirrels has allowed the animals to evolve into two distinct subspecies. This is an example of:

A) hybridization.
B) allopolyploidy.
C) adaptive radiation.
D) allopatric speciation.
E) sympatric speciation.

Question 40

Which statement about allopolyploidy is FALSE?

A) Many flowering plant species are allopolyploids.
B) Allopolyploidy can result in a new, reproductively isolated species in just one generation.
C) Allopolyploidy accounts for a large portion of the remarkable species diversity observed on Earth today.
D) The hybrid may have a combination of traits conferring greater fitness than the parent species.
E) The hybrid may assume a new role in the environment and so, coexist with the parent species.

Question 41

Explain why the biological species concept cannot be applied to organisms such as bacteria and some rotifers.

Question 42

What are considered to be the two most important factors that have been involved in past mass extinctions?

A) disease and parasites
B) fire and weather events
C) glaciers and earthquakes
D) environmental and biological factors
E) plate tectonics and climatic factors

Question 43

What is most likely to occur if a parasite accidentally introduced into the Great Lakes kills 95% of all living organisms living in the lakes?

A) fusion in a hybrid zone
B) evolution of a surviving organism
C) mass extinction of the surviving organisms
D) adaptive radiation of the surviving populations
E) allopatric speciation in the surviving organisms

Question 44

Which process refers to dramatic phenotypic changes that sometimes occur in evolution, such as the appearance of feathered wings during the evolution of birds?

A) gradualism
B) allopolyploidy
C) macroevolution
D) paedomorphosis
E) microevolution

Question 45

The continuous, low-level extinction rate of species is sometimes called:

A) mass extinction.
B) minimal extinction.
C) selective extinction.
D) temporal extinction.
E) background extinction.

Question 46

Wings on insects, flowers on plants, and feathers on birds are all examples of variations of some pre-existing structures, otherwise known as:

A) preadaptations.
B) allopolyploidy.
C) paedomorphosis.
D) allometric growth.
E) punctuated equilibrium.

Question 47

Which term describes new ecological opportunities that were not exploited by an ancestral organism?

A) hybrid zones
B) fusion zones
C) stability zones
D) adaptive zones
E) reinforcement zones

Question 48

Many new species of desert lizards have arisen from a nonnative population which was introduced into the American southwest. This example best describes:

A) the effects of climatic change.
B) sympatric speciation.
C) allopatric speciation.
D) adaptive radiation.
E) microevolution.

Question 49

Which refers to the variations in rates of growth for different parts of the body?

A) allopolyploidy
B) preadaptations
C) adaptive growth
D) allopatric growth patterns
E) allometric growth patterns

Question 50

Which model would predict the abrupt appearance of a new species in the fossil record, with little or no evidence of intermediate forms?

A) anagenesis
B) gradualism
C) microevolution
D) paedomorphosis
E) punctuated equilibrium

Question 51

Figure 20-2 In the accompanying figure, note the variation in these closely related birds. What does this illustrate?

A) hybridization
B) macroevolution
C) hybrid inviability
D) adaptive radiation
E) allometric radiation

Question 52

Define paedomorphosis and allometric growth, and briefly explain how each contributes to the process of macroevolution.

Question 53

The biological species concept declares an organism to be a separate species if it has undergone evolution long enough for the emergence of statistically unique traits.
_____________

Question 54

Differentiate between macroevolution, microevolution, and speciation.

Question 55

Compare and contrast allopatric and sympatric speciation.

Question 56

An adult axolotl salamander ( Ambystoma mexicanum ) retains the juvenile characteristics of external gills and a tail fin. This is an example of what mechanism?

A) allometry
B) hybridization
C) preadaptation
D) paedomorphosis
E) adaptive radiation

Question 57

Identify three reproductive isolating mechanisms and briefly outline how each may contribute to the formation of new species.

Question 58

A newly evolved species may take over an ecological role or ecological niche that is already occupied, provided that the new species has:

A) the ability to alter or change the environmental parameters.
B) fitness that is almost as high as the fitness of the original species.
C) the ability to grow to a larger size, thus providing it with a selective advantage.
D) features that make it competitively superior to the original occupant of that niche.
E) the ability to evolve through natural selection, as opposed to the original occupant, who cannot continue to evolve.

Question 59

Having legs longer than your arms is an example of:

A) an allometric growth pattern.
B) an allopatric growth pattern.
C) an adaptive growth pattern.
D) paedomorphosis.
E) a preadaptation.

Question 60

Which term indicates the evolution of many closely related species from one or a few ancestral species in a relatively short period of time?

A) microevolution
B) preadaptations
C) adaptive radiation
D) allometric growth
E) allopatric speciation

Question 61

Alloploidy provides a mechanism for slow speciation.
________

Question 62

The iron-sulfur world hypothesis suggests that organic molecules formed near:

A) volcanoes.
B) sulfur pools.
C) pools of water.
D) hydrothermal vents.
E) low atmosphere clouds.

Question 63

What is the approximate age of Earth?

A) 4.6 million years
B) 500 million years
C) 2.7 billion years
D) 3.6 billion years
E) 4.6 billion years

Question 64

An alloploid contains multiple sets of chromosomes from a single species.
___________

Question 65

Sexual isolation occurs when the egg proteins bind only complementary molecules on species specific sperm.
____________

Question 66

Who first proposed the concept that simple organic molecules could form spontaneously from simpler raw materials?

A) Miller and Urey
B) Charles Darwin
C) Thomas Malthus
D) Watson and Crick
E) Oparin and Haldane

Question 67

Compare the differences between the biological species concept and the morphological species concept used by Linnaeus.

Question 68

Describe how continental drift resulting in Australia being isolated in the South Pacific contributed to biological species evolution.

Question 69

Which hypothesis suggests that organic molecules formed near Earth's surface in pools of water?

A) clay hypothesis
B) iron-clay hypothesis
C) organic broth hypothesis
D) prebiotic soup hypothesis
E) iron-sulfur world hypothesis

Question 70

Speciation is more likely to occur if the isolated population is large. ___________

Question 71

Hybrid inviability can increase over generations.
____________

Question 72

One critical requirement for life to arise on Earth was time for which to occur?

A) The salinity of the oceans to stabilize
B) The Earth's various climates to stabilize
C) Molecules to accumulate and react with one another
D) The atmospheric temperature to increase sufficiently
E) The ozone layer to form, so that the level of ultraviolet radiation was reduced

Question 73

Which hypothesis states that life developed from nonliving matter?

A) abiotic evolution
B) natural selection
C) organic evolution
D) chemical evolution
E) inorganic evolution

Question 74

Scientists supporting phyletic gradualism explain any period of stasis in the fossil record as stabilizing selection.
___________

Question 75

Which was a possible source of high energy on early Earth that likely contributed to the origin of life?

A) redox energy
B) gamma radiation
C) volcanic activity
D) infrared radiation
E) geothermal energy

Question 76

Reinforcement is an evolutionary process that occurs in a hybrid zone in which parental species adapt to two different communities, and the hybrids thrive in an area of transition between the parental communities.
__________

Question 77

The atmosphere of early Earth is currently thought to have contained:

A) methane, water, ammonia, nitrogen, and oxygen
B) carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
C) carbon dioxide, ozone, nitric oxide, water, and hydrogen sulfide
D) carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen
E) carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, hydrogen, and nitric oxide

Question 78

If a population of allopolyploids were to evolve in an area, what are possible outcomes for this new species?

Question 79

Sympatric speciation is the most common method of speciation and accounts for almost all evolution of new animal species.

Question 80

Darwin recognized that female preference for showy colors based on inheritance causes these male traits to become more common over time.
________