Deck 6: Issues in Policing: Professional, Social, and Legal

Question 1

In the landmark case Tennessee v. Garner , the US Supreme Court outlawed deadly use of force by police.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Factors such as the living and working environment of the officer often affect their discretion.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The social burden African American police officers carry by virtue of being both minority group members and law enforcement officers is called broken marginality.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Studies of women in policing indicate that they have gained full acceptance in law enforcement and feel that they earn equal credit for equal job performance.

Question 5

The Knapp Commission concluded that the vast majority of police officers involved in police corruption are meat eaters.

Question 6

Extralegal factors that may influence discretion include the offender's race, class, and gender.

Question 7

More than 75 percent of law enforcement agencies require recruits to have a college degree.

Question 8

Representation of minorities in political office and police leadership positions is a strong predictor of diversity within the police ranks.

Question 9

In a consent search, police are under no obligation to inform individuals of their right to refuse the search.

Question 10

Police believe that they are the only real crime fighters.

Question 11

While fatigue is a major concern for pilots and truck drivers, it does not often affect police work.

Question 12

In Weeks v. United States , the court established the exclusionary rule and made it applicable to state courts.

Question 13

There is some debate over whether an offender's demeanor will affect whether an officer decides to take formal action against them.

Question 14

The watchman style of policing is characterized by officers who are devoted to the profession of police work and who are most likely to aspire to achieve prestige, status, and rank.

Question 15

Today, approximately 13 percent of all officers are female and about 27 percent are members of minority groups.

Question 16

Working in a department that is located in a high-crime area makes officers more susceptible to peer factors affecting their discretion.

Question 17

The social agent style of policing is characterized by officers who view themselves as community problem solvers.

Question 18

The "good faith exception" to the exclusionary rule makes evidence admissible in court if the police officers acted in good faith by first obtaining court approval for their search, even if the warrant they received was deficient.

Question 19

The Supreme Court has ruled that under certain circumstances, a valid search may be conducted without a search warrant.

Question 20

Suicide by cop is a term that was coined by the internal review board to denote police officers who commit employment suicide by becoming a corrupt officer and taking bribes.

Question 21

Which policing style utilizes the least amount of discretion?

A) Crime fighter
B) Social agent
C) Law enforcer
D) Watchman

Question 22

Which of the following statements is false regarding college-educated police officers?

A) Educated officers are better able to communicate with the public.
B) Administrators believe that educated officers generate fewer citizen complaints.
C) Educated officers have greater disciplinary problems due to job boredom.
D) Higher-educated officers have greater self-confidence and assurance.

Question 23

What was the first city to award the title of police officer to a woman in 1910?

A) Chicago
B) Boston
C) Los Angeles
D) New York City

Question 24

Which of the following is not one of the six core beliefs at the heart of the police culture?

A) Loyalty to colleagues counts above all else.
B) The war against crime cannot be won without bending the rules.
C) No one else understands the nature of police work.
D) Patrol work is a vital and exciting part of police work.

Question 25

Research shows that the more support police officers get in the workplace, the lower are their feelings of stress and anxiety.

Question 26

Which of the following issues would be considered an extralegal discretionary factor?

A) Peer pressure
B) Racial profiling
C) Offender demeanor
D) The severity of the offense

Question 27

____________ is/are defined as the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions?

A) Miranda protections
B) Demeanor
C) Department politics
D) Emotional intelligence

Question 28

The blue curtain is a term used to describe:

A) police reluctance to express personal feelings with each other.
B) the police practice of shrouding the windows and doors of the briefing room when confidential information is disseminated at roll call.
C) the secrecy and insulation from others in society that is a consequence of the police subculture.
D) the sheet used to drape the coffins of slain police officers.

Question 29

Which style of policing ignores infractions and requests for service unless officers believe the social or political order is being jeopardized?

A) Crime fighter
B) Social agent
C) Law enforcer
D) Watchman

Question 30

Over the years, minority officers have become well integrated in America's police departments, but they do report feeling ________rates of job-related stress and strain stemming from general police stressors.

A) lower
B) higher
C) similar
D) nonexistent

Question 31

Which officer style involves acting as a problem solver and therefore is a style well suited for community policing?

A) Crime fighter
B) Social agent
C) Law enforcer
D) Watchman

Question 32

Less-lethal weapons like Tasers may reduce suspect resistance or cause the suspect to briefly have trouble recalling new information.

Question 33

What term is used to describe the phenomena where black officers must deal with the expectation that they will give members of their own race a break, while at the same time they experience overt racism from their police colleagues?

A) The black curtain
B) Double marginality
C) Inherent role conflict
D) Toxic race relations

Question 34

Surveys of male officers show that ______ of the officers tend to view policing as a masculine profession and do not think women can handle the physical requirements of the job.

A) just a few
B) many
C) some
D) all

Question 35

An officer approaches a group of teenagers standing in a parking lot, drinking beer. He checks them for gang symbols and calls into the station to ascertain if any of them have active warrants. This officer typifies which officer style?

A) Crime fighter
B) Social agent
C) Law enforcer
D) Watchman

Question 36

An officer approaches a group of teenagers drinking beer, checks everyone's ID, and arrests all who are underage. This example best typifies which officer style?

A) Crime fighter
B) Social agent
C) Law enforcer
D) Watchman

Question 37

Which of the following traits can be found at all levels of policing?

A) Anger
B) Racism
C) Dogmatism
D) Cynicism

Question 38

To obtain a search warrant, officers ask the court to search a premise and the warrant is immediately granted.

Question 39

The demeanor of the offender is considered which type of factor?

A) Environmental
B) Departmental
C) Extralegal
D) Situational

Question 40

Police are more likely to take action in cases that are of concern to a community.

Question 41

What US Supreme Court decision set forth objective standards for questioning by police after a defendant has been taken into custody?

A) Miranda v. Arizona
B) Graham v. Connor
C) Sherman v. California
D) Tennessee v. Garner

Question 42

What US Supreme Court case deemed the use of deadly force against an unarmed and nondangerous fleeing felon an illegal seizure of their person under the Fourth Amendment?

A) Tennessee v. Garner
B) Graham v. Conner
C) Gregg v. Georgia
D) US v. Weeks

Question 43

Which of the following is not a common explanation for the various forms that abuse of power takes?

A) Corruption is a function of society's ambivalence toward many forms of vice-related criminal behavior.
B) Policing tends to attract individuals who do not have the financial means to maintain a middle-class lifestyle.
C) The cynicism of the job and the personality traits officers are likely to have make them more likely to tend toward corruption.
D) The wide discretion police enjoy, coupled with low visibility among the public, makes them likely candidates for corruption.

Question 44

What was the name of the famous commission that investigated corruption in New York City in the 1970s?

A) Warren Commission
B) Knapp Commission
C) Garner Commission
D) Mollen Commission

Question 45

What type of force is most likely to be used by police officers?

A) Pushing or grabbing
B) Using pepper spray
C) Pointing a gun
D) Shouting

Question 46

Which of the following factors is strongly linked to the type of nondeadly force used?

A) The officer's personal beliefs
B) The offender's past experiences
C) The officer's training on deadly force
D) The crime in question

Question 47

Which of the following is not a common stressor police face on the job?

A) Too much choice and opportunity
B) Poor training
C) Internal conflict
D) Exposure to brutality

Question 48

What term is used to describe those who aggressively misuse police power for personal gain by demanding bribes, threatening legal action, or cooperating with criminals?

A) Grass eaters
B) Meat eaters
C) Active criminality
D) Selective enforcement or nonenforcement

Question 49

What US Supreme Court decision set forth the "reasonable officer" standard for police use of nondeadly force?

A) Williams v. New York
B) Graham v. Connor
C) Sherman v. California
D) Tennessee v. Garner

Question 50

The greatest factor(s) in controlling the use of unwarranted police brutality is/are?

A) Psychological evaluations or counseling
B) Threat of civil judgments against police chiefs that condone violent behavior
C) Developing new administrative policies
D) Threat of civil judgment against individual officers

Question 51

In what landmark decision did the Supreme Court rule that police can perform a stop and frisk when they have reasonable suspicion to believe criminal activity is afoot?

A) Miranda v. Arizona
B) Mapp v. Ohio
C) Terry v. Ohio
D) Tennessee v. Garner

Question 52

According to a "ranking" system of the use of force, which is considered the least serious?

A) Control holds
B) Verbal commands
C) Strikes/punches
D) Chemical incapacitants

Question 53

Which of the following situations is not one of the six situations in which a warrantless search is valid?

A) Stop and frisk of someone officers have reasonable suspicion has committed or intends to commit a crime
B) Consent search where someone consents for an adult family member to be searched by officers
C) Automobile search if there is probable cause to believe the car was involved in a crime
D) Plain-view search where an object can be freely inspected if it can be seen by the general public

Question 54

Stress reduction programs may include:

A) diet information.
B) biofeedback.
C) meditation.
D) all of the above.

Question 55

What circumstance is most likely to prevent a person from being able to understand the Miranda warning?

A) Level of education
B) Language problems
C) Gender
D) Occupation

Question 56

Barry has been a police officer since 1972. He has seen a lot of changes in his department and to the culture of policing in general. In the 1970s, most of his fellow officers were white men. He thinks the idea of adding more women and minorities to the force is great because it may be easier to respond to certain incidents with more diversity in the force. William is a new recruit in Barry's department. William's father was a police officer as well and William would like to follow in his footsteps. As a minority, he has heard stories of his father having to patrol a neighborhood but needing to call a white officer to make an arrest. His father's experience can be described as:

A) the same as the ethnic minority experience.
B) the same as the female experience.
C) the blue curtain.
D) double marginality.

Question 57

What term is used to describe those police officers who accept payoffs when their everyday duties place them in a position to be solicited by the public?

A) Grass eaters
B) Meat eaters
C) Passive criminality
D) Selective enforcement or nonenforcement

Question 58

The Mollen Commission is an example of what type of effort to control police corruption?

A) Outside review board or special prosecution
B) Civil litigation
C) Citizen review board
D) Internal review board

Question 59

Justification of the use of deadly force via the "fleeing felon" rule can be traced to:

A) English common law.
B) the landmark Tennessee v. Garner case.
C) the landmark Graham v. Conner case.
D) the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) guidelines.

Question 60

Barry has been a police officer since 1972. He has seen a lot of changes in his department and to the culture of policing in general. In the 1970s, most of his fellow officers were white men. He thinks the idea of adding more women and minorities to the force is great because it may be easier to respond to certain incidents with more diversity in the force. Barry was made detective back in 2005, but his partner just retired. His new partner is a woman. He is fine with that but thinks that she might have trouble in her role. What type of trouble is she most likely to run into as a police officer?

A) Double marginality
B) Inability to carry out physical tasks
C) More disciplinary action by administrators
D) Cynicism

Question 61

A police officer in plainclothes is eating lunch in a restaurant on his day off. He is not noticed by two patrol officers sitting at the counter having coffee. The uniformed patrol officers get up and leave without paying or even leaving a tip. The owner of the coffee shop is overheard-just before the officers leave without paying-saying that he is grateful the police presence remains strong in this rough part of town. When the plainclothes officer left the diner that day, he made sure the waitress knew that his tip included the coffee and tip for the other officers. According to the core beliefs of the police culture, what is the most logical reason that he did this?

A) Patrol work is unpleasant.
B) Members of the public are unreasonably demanding.
C) Loyalty above everything.
D) Police deserve a break.

Question 62

A seasoned officer and his new partner are assigned to a crime-, drug-, and poverty-stricken neighborhood. The officer who has been on the force for a while has seen these issues before. He knows he has to be tough and strong and set the record straight about who the police are and why they are in force in that neighborhood. His partner grew up in a neighborhood like this one and is well aware of how individuals in this neighborhood view the police. The officer who has been on the force longer fully intends to enforce the laws "by the book." What is his style of policing?

A) The law enforcer
B) The watchman
C) The crime fighter
D) The arresting officer

Question 63

The ___________ refers to the secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society.

Question 64

A seasoned officer and his new partner are assigned to a crime-, drug-, and poverty-stricken neighborhood. The officer who has been on the force for a while has seen these issues before. He knows he has to be tough and strong and set the record straight about who the police are and why they are in force in that neighborhood. His partner grew up in a neighborhood like this one and is well aware of how individuals in this neighborhood view the police. By growing up in a neighborhood similar to the one he now patrols, the new partner feels like he knows how to address the issues citizens will face. His role as problem solver would fit him into what style of policing in the neighborhood where he is assigned?

A) The law enforcer
B) The watchman
C) The crime fighter
D) The social agent

Question 65

Officers who have a ___________ are better at communicating with the public, write more clearly, and are less likely to have disciplinary problems.

Question 66

Police officers in communities that provide training in domestic violence prevention are more likely to take action in cases involving spousal abuse. This is an example of what type of influence on officers' discretion?

A) Environmental factors
B) Departmental factors
C) Peer factors
D) Legal factors

Question 67

In the case of ____________________, the Supreme Court created objective standards for questioning by police after a defendant has been taken into custody.

Question 68

You have just been put on administrative leave for screaming at and hitting a teen with a nightstick who was loitering and skateboarding in a public area after he disobeyed your order to cease and desist. Until you see the video of yourself on YouTube, secretly recorded by a third party, you didn't realize how angry you had become after being disrespected and disobeyed by the teen. You have no explanation for your behavior except that you were doing your job. You were placed on administrative leave. When you took this teen into custody for loitering and skateboarding in a public area, he wanted to call his mom from the squad car. The teen tells his mom that he was wrong and he was arrested. You now have evidence that you did your job and that the teen violated the ordinance against loitering and skateboarding. Why can't you use this statement against him?

A) He is a minor.
B) You didn't Mirandize him.
C) You don't have a second officer as a witness.
D) You were subsequently put on administrative leave.

Question 69

The ____________________ style of policing is characterized by an emphasis on maintaining public order.

Question 70

The court created a reasonableness standard for the use of force in the case of ____________________.

Question 71

The ____________________ could potentially allow a guilty defendant to go free if the police made an error or failed to obtain a proper warrant when collecting evidence.

Question 72

Racial profiling would be considered a(n) ____________________ decision-making factor.

Question 73

Explaining to a young boy why officers are more likely to make arrests when they see a weapon and more likely to handle the offense as they see fit if the altercation isn't serious describes issues that fall under which factor of discretion?

A) Situational factors
B) Peer factors
C) Environmental factors
D) Legal factors

Question 74

The belief that most people's actions are motivated solely by personal needs and selfishness is referred to as _______.

Question 75

The ____________________ style of policing believes the most important aspects of police work are investigating serious crimes and apprehending criminals.

Question 76

A police officer in plainclothes is eating lunch in a restaurant on his day off. He is not noticed by two patrol officers sitting at the counter having coffee. The uniformed patrol officers get up and leave without paying or even leaving a tip. The owner of the coffee shop is overheard-just before the officers leave without paying-saying that he is grateful the police presence remains strong in this rough part of town. The plainclothes police officer decides not to say anything to the officers even though they were wrong not to pay or tip. What is this an example of?

A) Double marginality
B) Meat eating
C) The blue curtain
D) Full enforcement

Question 77

You have just been put on administrative leave for screaming at and hitting a teen with a nightstick who was loitering and skateboarding in a public area after he disobeyed your order to cease and desist. Until you see the video of yourself on YouTube, secretly recorded by a third party, you didn't realize how angry you had become after being disrespected and disobeyed by the teen. You have no explanation for your behavior except that you were doing your job. You were placed on administrative leave because:

A) you are a "meat eater."
B) you used excessive force.
C) of extralegal factors.
D) of peer factors.

Question 78

In the case Florida v. Powell, an updated interpretation of the __________ stated that it is not required for the suspect to be advised that they have the right to have an attorney present during questioning.

Question 79

In his classic 1969 book, Black in Blue , Nicholas Alex pointed out that African American officers of the time suffered from what he called ____________________.

Question 80

The ____________________ rule is the oldest deadly use-of-force standard, dating back to English common law times.