Deck 13: Juvenile Justice in the Twenty First Century

Question 1

Most juvenile aftercare programs involve parole.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Parens patriae is the notion that parents have a legal duty to act in the best interests of their children until they reach the age of 21.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Incarceration in a public facility is the most common formal sentence for juvenile offenders.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

There are often three judicial hearings in the juvenile court process.

Question 5

Early reform schools sought to teach juvenile offenders important educational programs to lead to future success.

Question 6

In the 1960s and 1970s, the US Supreme Court radically altered the juvenile justice system when it issued a series of decisions that established the right of juveniles to due process of law.

Question 7

Federal courts have ruled that juveniles have a constitutional right to bail.

Question 8

Juveniles do not have the right to an attorney at a hearing to decide whether the case should be transferred to juvenile court.

Question 9

The child savers movement was made up of middle-class civic leaders who developed organizations and groups for poor children.

Question 10

Charles Loring Brace was the philanthropist who developed the Children's Aid Society.

Question 11

Under the reverse waiver system, a judge can overrule a mandated waiver and decide that a youth shall be tried in juvenile court.

Question 12

The level of evidence for a finding of "juvenile delinquency" is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

Question 13

The decision to waive a juvenile to adult criminal court is mostly based on the prosecutor's and the state's desire for deterrence and punishment.

Question 14

Due to federal mandate, no juveniles are housed in adult jails.

Question 15

The efforts of the child savers influenced legislation that created the juvenile justice system.

Question 16

Acts such as truancy and running away from home are considered status offenses.

Question 17

An excluded offense waiver is where state laws exclude from juvenile court jurisdiction certain offenses that are either very minor or very serious.

Question 18

Juveniles do not have the protection of the Miranda decision: they do not have the right to remain silent during police interrogation.

Question 19

Juveniles do not enjoy the same protection against double jeopardy as do adults.

Question 20

Most incarcerated juvenile offenders are held for status offenses.

Question 21

The modern practice of legally separating adult criminals and juvenile offenders can be traced back to two developments in English custom and law that occurred centuries ago, one of which is:

A) the Carriers case.
B) Chancery courts.
C) In re Gault .
D) Parens patriae .

Question 22

In re Gault forced the courts to process juvenile offenders within the framework of appropriate constitutional procedures.

Question 23

Some critics claim institutions that hold only juveniles are too costly to operate and only produce more-sophisticated criminals.

Question 24

The juvenile court labels habitually disobedient and truant children to be:

A) status offenders.
B) juvenile delinquents.
C) chancery children.
D) deprived children.

Question 25

Police discretion in a juvenile case could be affected by the ability of the parents to be of provide discipline for their child.

Question 26

After police processing, a juvenile goes straight to a juvenile detention facility.

Question 27

In its early form, what was the burden of proof for verdicts handed down by the juvenile court?

A) Beyond a reasonable doubt
B) Reasonable suspicion
C) A preponderance of evidence
D) Absolute certainty

Question 28

The courts have ruled that juveniles are not permitted to be detained before trial.

Question 29

State laws mandate that certain offenses be tried in adult court, which creates a mandatory waiver provision for the juveniles who commit these crimes

Question 30

US juvenile courts process approximately 1.6 million delinquency cases annually.

Question 31

The approach of the early American juvenile court is best described as:

A) paternalistic
B) adversarial
C) investigative
D) due process oriented

Question 32

Courts cannot release to the press identifying information about a juvenile, but they must release information about an adult offender.

Question 33

Which of the following is not an example of a status offense?

A) Violating curfew
B) Shoplifting
C) Skipping school
D) Running away

Question 34

The only youths detained in adult jails are those who have committed serious offenses.

Question 35

The ratio of black custody to white custody in the juvenile system is 1.2 to 1.

Question 36

When did the New York House of Refuge first open?

A) 1645
B) 1773
C) 1825
D) 1910

Question 37

The juvenile justice system developed as a result of:

A) a desire to help and treat children.
B) a desire to sanction children who had gone unpunished.
C) Elizabethan poor laws.
D) English chancery courts.

Question 38

What impact did the Supreme Court have on the juvenile justice system in the 1960s and 1970s?

A) It used a hands-off approach on most legal issues.
B) It adopted a conservative ideology that stressed victims' rights and punishment.
C) It followed a liberal ideology that stressed a need for growth in program scope.
D) It established due process rights for juveniles.

Question 39

Which nineteenth-century program aimed to remove children from the harsh environment of the city and place them in rural communities?

A) The House of Refuge
B) The Children's Aid Society
C) The Child Savers United Agency
D) The typical house of reformation

Question 40

Which development in law provided juveniles with a guardian in the form of government?

A) Chancery courts
B) Parens patriae
C) Houses of refuge
D) Poor laws

Question 41

In which of the following situations would it be acceptable for police to interrogate a juvenile without an adult present?

A) If the child states that they believe their parents would be okay not being present at the interrogation.
B) If the child claims to understand their constitutional rights.
C) If the child is mature enough to understand their legal rights.
D) If the parent cannot attend the interrogation the day the child is taken into custody.

Question 42

A(n) __________ waiver is used when the offense has been automatically waived to the adult court but the judge uses their discretion to decide whether the youth will benefit from rehabilitation.

A) judicial
B) reverse
C) excluded offense
D) intake

Question 43

What is the most common formal sentence for juveniles?

A) Probation under the supervision of a probation department
B) Short-term confinement in a private juvenile facility
C) Long-term confinement in a state institution
D) Community service under parental supervision

Question 44

If a bargain can be reached before trial, the child will be asked to do which of the following?

A) Accept personal responsibility and commit to community service
B) Admit they did the act of which they were accused in open court
C) Be placed in a community-based treatment programs for some months
D) To attend programs that will prevent further offenses

Question 45

Which of the following describes the kind of treatment that family courts attempt to provide?

A) Treatment provided by the parents of the juvenile
B) Supervised community release
C) Punitive measures and harsh discipline
D) Individualized, client-focused treatment

Question 46

What stage in the juvenile justice process is designed to help youths make the transition from residential or institutional settings back into the community?

A) Intake
B) Detention
C) Disposition
D) Aftercare

Question 47

About how many juvenile cases are processed and treated annually?

A) 500,000
B) 1 million
C) 2 million
D) 2.5 million

Question 48

In order to reduce the stigma surrounding the juvenile system, a juvenile would reach an adjustment. The comparable term in the adult justice system is ________.

A) plea bargain
B) indictment
C) trial
D) sentence

Question 49

_____ refers to the screening of cases by the juvenile justice system.

A) Diversion
B) Waiver
C) Detention
D) Intake

Question 50

Under the _________ waiver system, the prosecutor has the discretion of filing charges for certain legislatively designated offenses in either juvenile or criminal court.

A) direct file
B) excluded offense
C) judicial
D) reverse

Question 51

Which best describes a recent reform of juvenile sentencing?

A) Some jurisdictions have passed mandatory or determinate incarceration sentences for juveniles convicted of serious felonies.
B) A concerted effort has been made to remove status offenders from the juvenile justice system and restrict their entry into institutional programs.
C) Effort has been made to standardize dispositions in juvenile court.
D) All of these represent recent reforms related to juvenile sentencing.

Question 52

Which is true of the juvenile system that is not true of the adult justice system?

A) Discretion is used by police officers, judges, and correctional personnel.
B) The right to receive the Miranda warning
C) Community treatment as a sentencing option
D) The primary purpose of procedures is protection and treatment.

Question 53

Shari is 16 years old. She used to get good grades, but recently she is moody and unfocused in school and often has trouble completing tasks. She has never been in trouble with the law, but she has grown up in a socioeconomically challenged situation with very little family support. No one showed up for her last parent-teacher conference, and her teachers are concerned about her current situation at home. Shari has just been taken into custody for skipping school and underage drinking. What attitude of the juvenile justice system supports this action as a means of looking out for Shari's best interests?

A) Voir dire
B) Lex talionis
C) In re Gault
D) Parens patriae

Question 54

Shari is 16 years old. She used to get good grades, but recently she is moody and unfocused in school and often has trouble completing tasks. She has never been in trouble with the law, but she has grown up in a socioeconomically challenged situation with very little family support. No one showed up for her last parent-teacher conference, and her teachers are concerned about her current situation at home. Shari has just been taken into custody for skipping school and underage drinking. If Shari had grown up in the 1600s and been subject to poor laws, what likely would have been done with her?

A) She would have become indentured and learned a trade.
B) She would have been placed in adult prison.
C) She would have been put into a home with a different guardian.
D) She would have reformed in a family-like environment.

Question 55

What happens during the fact-finding hearing?

A) Evidence is heard.
B) The offender is adjudicated.
C) A bail decision is made.
D) The case is screened by probation officers.

Question 56

Most juvenile aftercare involves:

A) parole.
B) probation.
C) community service.
D) counseling.

Question 57

Which of the following is false concerning findings from the National Council on Crime and Delinquency concerning the treatment of minority youths?

A) African American youths are 14 percent of the adolescent population but 40 percent of youth confined in state correctional systems.
B) Youths of color make up the majority of young people held in both public and private facilities.
C) Youths of color are a much larger population of the young in public facilities than in private facilities.
D) Youths of color are overrepresented in the detained population and commitment to public facilities but are underrepresented in private commitments.

Question 58

Which judicial hearing in the juvenile court process is similar to arraignment in the adult system?

A) Fact-finding hearing
B) Probationary hearing
C) Initial appearance hearing
D) Disposition hearing

Question 59

In which case did the court hold that the waiver proceeding is a critically important stage in the juvenile justice process and that juveniles must be afforded minimum requirements of due process of law at such proceedings?

A) Kent v. United States
B) McKiever v. Pennsylvania
C) Breed v. Jones
D) New Jersey v. T.L.O.

Question 60

Which of the following is not one of the factors used by the police in decision making about juvenile offenders?

A) The seriousness of the child's offense
B) Whether the child promises not to commit future offenses
C) The child's past contact with the police
D) How willing the child and parents are to cooperate

Question 61

There are often three judicial hearings in the juvenile court process: this one is first.

A) Adjudicatory hearing
B) Initial appearance
C) Dispositional hearing
D) Initial intake

Question 62

Joquine is 16 years old and has two prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, attends school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the neighborhood troublemaker kids. Joquine just committed a crime at school and the police have been called. Because he is a juvenile, what will happen next?

A) He will be arrested.
B) He will be taken into custody.
C) He will be arraigned.
D) He will be adjudicated.

Question 63

Joquine is 16 years old and has two prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, attends school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the neighborhood troublemaker kids. Joquine just committed a crime at school and the police have been called. A prosecutor has decided to charge Joquine for assault with a dangerous weapon. He was coerced by his friends into bringing a hammer to school and attacking someone with it. They warned him not to snitch. He will be detained in a secure facility pending his trial. What was likely one of the main reasons they kept Joquine in custody this time?

A) He is a danger to his family.
B) He will likely run before his day in court.
C) They need to protect him.
D) He needs to detox.

Question 64

_______ is the most commonly used formal sentence for juvenile offenders.

Question 65

Shelby grew up quickly. As a baby, she was quick to walk and talk. As a teenager, she was quick to date, to drink, and to experiment with drugs. She was found skipping class and smoking marijuana by the school resource officer. Shelby's parents have been divorced since she was six, when her dad went to prison for grand theft auto. When her mom is around, which isn't that often, they sometimes get high together. After Shelby was taken into custody, but before determining what would happen next, the police and a social worker took a detailed history of Shelby's home and school life. As Shelby's home life leaves much to be desired, and this is her first offense, what disposition will likely help Shelby the most?

A) Probation
B) Placement with relatives
C) Drug treatment
D) Reform school

Question 66

____________________ means removing noncriminal youths convicted on status offenses from institutions housing delinquents.

Question 67

The term "agree to a finding" is used in place of ____________________ when plea bargaining juvenile cases.

Question 68

Shari is 16 years old. She used to get good grades, but recently she is moody and unfocused in school and often has trouble completing tasks. She has never been in trouble with the law, but she has grown up in a socioeconomically challenged situation with very little family support. No one showed up for her last parent-teacher conference, and her teachers are concerned about her current situation at home. Shari has just been taken into custody for skipping school and underage drinking. When Shari was taken into custody by the truancy officer, why did the officer have to call her parents before she was questioned?

A) Parents can waive their children's Miranda rights if they see fit.
B) Juveniles are not allotted a phone call so the officer called for her..
C) Because the ruling of In re Winship requires parental notification .
D) They wanted to ensure they were giving her proper Miranda rights.

Question 69

Juvenile offenders who commit serious crimes may be ____________________ to adult court.

Question 70

An adjudicatory hearing is also called a(n) ____________________ hearing.

Question 71

Shari is 16 years old. She used to get good grades, but recently she is moody and unfocused in school and often has trouble completing tasks. She has never been in trouble with the law, but she has grown up in a socioeconomically challenged situation with very little family support. No one showed up for her last parent-teacher conference, and her teachers are concerned about her current situation at home. Shari has just been taken into custody for skipping school and underage drinking. Even though Shari was drinking underage, she has not violated any other criminal codes. Efforts to make sure she is restricted from institutional programs fits best with which concept?

A) Dispositional reform
B) Juvenile sentencing reform
C) Reform schools
D) Foster care

Question 72

____________________ is the result of a judge deciding to order an adjudicated and sentenced juvenile to be placed in a correctional facility.

Question 73

The term applied to a child who commit acts in violation of the penal code is ____________________.

Question 74

The ____________________ is the proceeding in which the court decides on the most appropriate treatment for a delinquent.

Question 75

____________________ marks the final stage of the formal juvenile justice process.

Question 76

Shelby grew up quickly. As a baby, she was quick to walk and talk. As a teenager, she was quick to date, to drink, and to experiment with drugs. She was found skipping class and smoking marijuana by the school resource officer. Shelby's parents have been divorced since she was six, when her dad went to prison for grand theft auto. When her mom is around, which isn't that often, they sometimes get high together. After Shelby was taken into custody, but before determining what would happen next, the police and a social worker took a detailed history of Shelby's home and school life. These actions taken were out of a main concern to provide what concept of justice?

A) Provided family advocacy
B) Adhered to constitutional rights and due process of law
C) Considered the "best interests of the child"
D) Looked to prove the guilt of the child in court

Question 77

Juvenile custody rates are nearly ____ times greater for African-American youths than for white youths.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 78

oquine is 16 years old and has two prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, attends school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the neighborhood troublemaker kids. Joquine just committed a crime at school and the police have been called. A prosecutor has decided to charge Joquine for assault with a dangerous weapon. He was coerced by his friends into bringing a hammer to school and attacking someone with it. They warned him not to snitch. He will be detained in a secure facility pending his trial. While awaiting his adjudication, Joquine goes to school and enrolls in a counseling program for anger management and peer influences. While in detention, Joquine makes a weapon out of a piece of his bunk bed frame and gets into an altercation with another boy who ends up in the hospital with multiple stab wounds. The judge has decided that the juvenile system can no longer help Joquine. What form of waiver applies in this case?

A) Judicial waiver
B) Direct file waiver
C) Sentence him to prison
D) Involuntary commitment

Question 79

The ___________ takes place after a formal hearing when a juvenile court judge decides to waive jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court.

Question 80

Joquine is 16 years old and has two prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, attends school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the neighborhood troublemaker kids. Joquine just committed a crime at school and the police have been called. A prosecutor has decided to charge Joquine for assault with a dangerous weapon. He was coerced by his friends into bringing a hammer to school and attacking someone with it. They warned him not to snitch. He will be detained in a secure facility pending his trial. While awaiting his adjudication, Joquine goes to school and enrolls in a counseling program for anger management and peer influences. When will he learn his disposition?

A) When he is indicted
B) After adjudication in a separate hearing
C) After intake during the bail hearing
D) At the adjudication hearing