Deck 11: Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations

Question 1

Supporters of the Pennsylvania system believed that the penitentiary was truly a place to experience penitence.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The rehabilitation movement of the 1960s was guided by the medical model.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The Auburn system used tiered cells, congregate living conditions, group activities, and silence as punishment.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Women make up less than 10 percent of the prison population.

Question 5

Whites make up 47 percent of the jail population, so a disproportionate number of jail inmates are minority.

Question 6

Private prisons are called private because the food and medical services are provided by private contractors.

Question 7

Penal institutions designed to deprive offenders of their freedom as a form of punishment have been around since the tenth century.

Question 8

Medium-security prisons have liberal furlough but strict visiting policies.

Question 9

Boot camps are a form of shock incarceration.

Question 10

Despite some liberal reforms, prisons in the mid-twentieth century remained places of severe discipline and harsh rules.

Question 11

Floaters were abandoned ships anchored in harbors and used in eighteenth-century New England to house prisoners.

Question 12

Medium-security prisons promote greater treatment efforts than maximum-security prisons.

Question 13

The amount of time served in prison has decreased.

Question 14

The New York correctional system was the first to place each inmate in a single cell for the duration of his sentence.

Question 15

The changes William Penn made to Pennsylvania's criminal code remained in effect, even after his death.

Question 16

The number of adult females in jail has been growing at a much faster rate than adult males.

Question 17

The Sumners-Ashurst Act made it a federal offense to transport interstate commerce goods made in prison for private use.

Question 18

The Brideswell workhouse was built to hold those convicted of minor offenses, who would work to pay off their debt; serious offenders were held there until their execution.

Question 19

The federal government and most state correctional authorities have closed their boot camp programs.

Question 20

The Quakers pressured the state legislature to improve conditions in the prisons in Pennsylvania.

Question 21

What was the key to discipline in the Auburn system?

A) Flogging
B) Branding
C) Prayer and penitence
D) Silent confinement

Question 22

When did the concept of incarcerating convicted offenders as a form of punishment become the norm for corrections?

A) Twelfth century
B) Fourteenth century
C) Seventeenth century
D) Nineteenth century

Question 23

New-generation jails are designed to increase and improve security while giving inmates a sense of privacy.

Question 24

Where were the English forced to house large numbers of prisoners after they could no longer transport them to North America?

A) In the ancient Le Stinche prison
B) In the basement of Westminster Abbey
C) In abandoned coal and copper mines
D) On prison hulks

Question 25

In a super-maximum-security prison, most inmates are in lockdown at least 22 hours per day.

Question 26

Which prison system was known as the congregate system?

A) New Jersey system
B) Auburn system
C) Pennsylvania system
D) Newbern system

Question 27

Which statement is false regarding the population of jail inmates?

A) The number of juveniles in adult facilities has been dramatically increasing in the past decade.
B) Less than 20 percent of jail inmates are female.
C) Men and the poor are overrepresented among jail inmates.
D) Racial and ethnic minorities are overrepresented among jail inmates.

Question 28

The Pennsylvania system in corrections was the first to take the radical step of:

A) assigning solitary confinement as punishment.
B) creating dormitory-type spaces for inmates to stay.
C) placing each inmate in a single cell.
D) placing inmates in prerelease work programs.

Question 29

What is the name for the system that allowed prison officials to sell the labor of inmates to private businesses?

A) Property in service system
B) Guardian system
C) Contract system
D) Convict-lease system

Question 30

There are significantly higher recidivism rates by offenders housed in private prisons compared to state-run facilities.

Question 31

Currently, there are _____________ inmates in the state and federal prison systems.

A) 800,000
B) 1.1 million
C) 1.6 million
D) 2.1 million

Question 32

William Penn's revisions to the Pennsylvania criminal code included forbidding what kind of punishment?

A) Torture
B) Hard labor
C) Fines
D) Forfeiture

Question 33

There are currently more than 1.6 million inmates in the state and federal prison systems.

Question 34

Approximately _____ of the people now entering prison are parole violators.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) half
D) three-fourths

Question 35

Prison farms are an example of shock incarceration.

Question 36

The modern American correctional system had its origins in _______.

A) New York
B) Pennsylvania
C) New Jersey
D) Massachusetts

Question 37

An important trend in prisons of the twentieth century was the:

A) development of the modern convict-lease system.
B) development of increased rigidity and more prison rules.
C) increased prison industry and competition.
D) development of specialized prisons designed to treat particular types of offenders.

Question 38

The major similarity between the Pennsylvania and the Auburn systems was:

A) both featured penitence and prayer as a way to heal.
B) both emphasized group or congregate work and meals.
C) both constructed tiered cells as a feature of the prison.
D) both delivered silence as a form of discipline.

Question 39

What religious group put pressure on the Pennsylvania legislature to improve the conditions of custodial institutions?

A) Methodists
B) Catholics
C) Quakers
D) Mormons

Question 40

Which is not one of the five primary purposes for jails?

A) Detain accused offenders awaiting trial
B) Hold probationers and parolees who are awaiting a revocation hearing
C) House convicted felons when state prisons are overcrowded
D) Hold mental patients when asylums are overcrowded

Question 41

About ________ percent of the jail population is white.

A) 25
B) 33
C) 47
D) 62

Question 42

Which is a factor that helps contribute to swelling prison populations?

A) Failure of community release programs
B) Mandatory sentencing laws
C) Conviction rates
D) All of these factors contribute to the prison population.

Question 43

The primary purpose of a maximum-security prison is:

A) rehabilitation.
B) security.
C) deterrence.
D) silence.

Question 44

Which of the following statements best describes correctional technology?

A) Escape from jail can be prevented through the monitoring of an inmate's heartbeat.
B) Ground-penetrating radar can locate tunnels inmates use to escape.
C) An all-in-one detection spray can be used to detect someone who possesses marijuana, methamphetamines, heroin, or cocaine.
D) All of these are true regarding correction technology.

Question 45

Private prisons have the unique advantage of:

A) allowing the government to circumvent the voting process to approve a bond issue.
B) being selective in which inmates are housed.
C) not cutting corners, because they have private sources of funding.
D) being difficult to determine accountability for problems and mishaps.

Question 46

Sean hasn't always been on the wrong side of the law; he grew up in a two-parent household and at a young age was involved with his church and the community garden that his dad loved. When his dad was arrested and sent to prison for growing copious amounts of marijuana, everything changed. When his father was sentenced, Sean's mom left him with his grandma and disappeared from the scene. Sean has had many chances to reform his behavior in the juvenile system, and his grandmother has tried to get him counseling and a mentor. Despite his young age of 16, Sean has just been sentenced as an adult in a shooting rampage that killed one and wounded four. Sean was placed in solitary confinement when he first arrived at the prison. The problem is that he has now been in solitude for three months. Historically, quarters that contained solitary cells were called what?

A) Penitentiary houses
B) Hulks
C) Workhouses
D) Jails

Question 47

How long do shock incarceration programs generally last?

A) 1-2 days
B) 1-3 weeks
C) 90-180 days
D) 6-12 months

Question 48

Prison farms and camps are found primarily in what sections of the country?

A) Northeast
B) In the Midwest
C) The states bordering Canada
D) South and the West

Question 49

The majority of inmates in the United States are:

A) housed in maximum or super-maximum facilities.
B) housed in private prisons.
C) alcohol and/or drug dependent at the time of their arrest.
D) first-time violent offenders who will serve long sentences.

Question 50

Which is false regarding new-generation jails?

A) Inmates are essentially unsupervised.
B) Continuous observation of residents is permitted.
C) Direct supervision jails involve a cluster of cells surrounding a living area.
D) Indirect supervision jails are a type of new-generation jail.

Question 51

Which of the following is true regarding future prison trends?

A) Fewer people are receiving a prison sentence than five years ago.
B) A significantly greater number of people are receiving prison sentences than a decade ago.
C) Policymakers are shifting to a rehabilitation perspective.
D) All states spend more on prisons than higher education.

Question 52

Sean hasn't always been on the wrong side of the law; he grew up in a two-parent household and at a young age was involved with his church and the community garden that his dad loved. When his dad was arrested and sent to prison for growing copious amounts of marijuana, everything changed. When his father was sentenced, Sean's mom left him with his grandma and disappeared from the scene. Sean has had many chances to reform his behavior in the juvenile system, and his grandmother has tried to get him counseling and a mentor. Despite his young age of 16, Sean was sentenced as an adult in a shooting rampage that killed one and wounded four, and he was sent to prison. Sean has recently been handpicked by the warden along with several other inmates to leave the prison and work for a company that is going to replace the roofs of all of the correctional institutions in the state. The origin of this type of work or arrangement can be found in:

A) indentured servants.
B) the ticket of leave.
C) the contract system.
D) the convict lease.

Question 53

Joliet and Alcatraz were examples of what type of prison?

A) Maximum security
B) Medium security
C) Minimum security
D) A prison farm

Question 54

Sean hasn't always been on the wrong side of the law; he grew up in a two-parent household and at a young age was involved with his church and the community garden that his dad loved. When his dad was arrested and sent to prison for growing copious amounts of marijuana, everything changed. When his father was sentenced, Sean's mom left him with his grandma and disappeared from the scene. Sean has had many chances to reform his behavior in the juvenile system, and his grandmother has tried to get him counseling and a mentor. Despite his young age of 16, Sean was sentenced as an adult in a shooting rampage that killed one and wounded four. Sean hasn't ever come to grips with his childhood and his feelings of abandonment. He has been seeing the prison psychologist and is getting treatment. What model provides the rationale for giving inmates this opportunity inside prison?

A) The medical model
B) The Pennsylvania model
C) The Auburn model
D) The Bill of Rights requires treatment in prison

Question 55

What type of jail has the correctional officer's station located inside a secure room?

A) Linear jail
B) Indirect supervision jail
C) Direct supervision jail
D) Maximum security jail

Question 56

Shock incarceration is generally designed with what target population in mind?

A) Violent offenders
B) Elderly offenders
C) Drug offenders
D) Youthful, first-time offenders

Question 57

The inmate population in the United States has __________ despite a decade-long crime drop.

A) increased exponentially
B) stabilized
C) only decreased minimally
D) stayed the same

Question 58

Sean hasn't always been on the wrong side of the law; he grew up in a two-parent household and at a young age was involved with his church and the community garden that his dad loved. When his dad was arrested and sent to prison for growing copious amounts of marijuana, everything changed. When his father was sentenced, Sean's mom left him with his grandma and disappeared from the scene. Sean has had many chances to reform his behavior in the juvenile system, and his grandmother has tried to get him counseling and a mentor. Despite his young age of 16, Sean was sentenced as an adult in a shooting rampage that killed one and wounded four, and he was sent to prison. Sean has recently gotten in a fight with another inmate, and he will be transferred to another prison with a different custody level. What will be the likely choice for Sean who is now considered a more violent offender than before?

A) Federal prison camp
B) Medium-security prison
C) Private prison
D) Maximum-security prison

Question 59

The Corrections Corporation of America (or CoreCivic) opened its first private prison in what state?

A) New York
B) Kentucky
C) Virginia
D) Georgia

Question 60

The suicide rate in county jails was approximately ____ times greater than that in the general population of the United States 20 years ago.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 61

The tier system of prisoners was first introduced as part of the ____________________ system.

Question 62

Becky is 19 years old and has always been trouble. She disobeys her parents, skips school, and seems to have some anger toward authority figures. She also has some developmental delays that she was born with and although she is 19, she acts as if she is 12. After her second shoplifting offense, Becky is sentenced to a minimum-security prison where she works with other inmates to make goods. She engages in other group activities such as meals and recreation but stays alone in her cell at night. What is the origin of this type of punishment?

A) The congregate system
B) The Pennsylvania system
C) The Walnut Street Jail
D) The convict-lease system

Question 63

Becky is 19 years old and has always been trouble. She disobeys her parents, skips school, and seems to have some anger toward authority figures. She also has some developmental delays that she was born with and although she is 19, she acts as if she is 12. She is standing in front of Judge Brown for her second shoplifting offense. The judge feels that an alternative sentence is appropriate for Becky, possibly one that provides her skills that will help in the future. What type of facility will likely accomplish his goal?

A) Boot camp
B) Halfway house
C) Private prison
D) Prison camp

Question 64

A _____ houses those awaiting trial and confines convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less than one year.

Question 65

____________________ is a sentence of 90 to 180 days involving tough physical training and usually involves youthful, first-time offenders.

Question 66

The Corrections Corporation of America opened the first ____________________ in 1986.

Question 67

The Auburn system was also referred to as the ____________________ system since most prisoners ate and worked in groups.

Question 68

The number of __________ inmates increased nearly 20 percent between 2010 and 2014.

Question 69

Incarceration of felony offenders for terms of one year or more occurs in a _____.

Question 70

Becky is 19 years old and has always been trouble. She disobeys her parents, skips school, and seems to have some anger toward authority figures. She also has some developmental delays that she was born with and although she is 19, she acts as if she is 12. She is standing in front of Judge Brown for the first time and is being charged with shoplifting. The judge has a lot of options for punishment because Becky lives in a state where 19 is the legal age to be considered an adult. The judge would like Becky to learn discipline and to understand the seriousness of her actions. Of the many punishments, what will most likely accomplish the judge's goal?

A) Halfway house
B) Boot camp
C) New-generation jail
D) Minimum-security prison

Question 71

Using the supervision of citizen volunteers called ______________, Zebulon Brockway selected rehabilitated offenders for early release.

Question 72

A halfway house is an example of a(n) ____________________.

Question 73

____________________ prisons are the most stringent type of facilities that lock down inmates 22 to 24 hours a day.

Question 74

The ____________________ in Pennsylvania were instrumental in convincing the Pennsylvania legislature to reform prisons in the 1790s

Question 75

Wayne is an architect. He designs all kinds of buildings, but lately he has found that designing correctional institutions is a very lucrative business. He knows a couple of people who have gone to jail and prison and has been asked to come up with the best way to maintain security in each facility. Wayne has been contacted by the GEO group to design a facility. What type of facility is he about to design?

A) Private prison
B) Boot camp
C) Super-maximum facility
D) Halfway house

Question 76

The penitentiary house was a central feature in the early ____________________ prison system.

Question 77

____________________ are found primarily in the South and West and have been in operation since the nineteenth century to detain offenders.

Question 78

Boot camps are an example of ____________________ incarceration.

Question 79

Wayne is an architect. He designs all kinds of buildings, but lately he has found that designing correctional institutions is a very lucrative business. He knows a couple of people who have gone to jail and prison and has been asked to come up with the best way to maintain security in each facility. Wayne is working on a project that will be a free-standing structure that houses inmates in pods. This will allow officers to supervise them differently. What is Wayne building?

A) Medium-security prison
B) New-generation jail
C) Private prison
D) Maximum-security prison

Question 80

In a(n) ____________________, inmates have a great deal of personal freedom that sometimes includes work furloughs.