Deck 12: Prison Life: Living in and Leaving Prison

Question 1

One form of adaptation to a female prison is the creation of the make-believe family.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the most significant legal case concerning medical rights, the entire Alabama prison system's medical facilities were declared inadequate.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Homosexual men are the largest target population for sexual violence and assault in prison.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Approximately 4 percent of state and federal prison inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of sexual victimization by another inmate or correctional staff in the past 12 months.

Question 5

The federal government has passed legislation criminalizing staff sexual misconduct against inmates.

Question 6

The Prison Rape Reduction Act was established in 2003.

Question 7

The rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among state and federal prisoners has stabilized at around 2 percent.

Question 8

To slow down prison litigation that clogs the federal courts, Congress passed the Prison Litigation Reform Act in 1996, which requires prisoners to exhaust all internal administrative grievance procedures before filing a civil rights case in federal court.

Question 9

Cases like Porter v. Nussle helped expand the range of prisoner rights.

Question 10

The typical woman behind bars has a history of abuse and is incarcerated for low-level drug or property offenses.

Question 11

Because they receive free healthcare, the health of prisoners is better than that of the general population.

Question 12

Most female inmates are poor women of color who have small children.

Question 13

African American and Hispanic inmates are much more likely to organize themselves along racial or ethnic lines.

Question 14

The inmate balance theory of the cause of collective violence suggests that riots and other forms of collective action occur when prison officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms.

Question 15

"Be sharp and don't be a sucker" is one element of the inmate social code.

Question 16

Before the 1960s, it was the norm for convicted criminals to forfeit all rights and be declared civilly dead in the eyes of the state.

Question 17

Conflict, violence, and brutality increase among inmates in direct relation to their housing security and custody level.

Question 18

Inmates who tend to isolate themselves from other prisoners are less likely to be attacked.

Question 19

About 75 percent of female inmates have used drugs at some time in their lives.

Question 20

Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act, a warden can decide that an inmate's lawsuit is frivolous and malicious; they can "strike" it down.

Question 21

Drug treatment programs are the most popular kinds of programs used in correctional facilities, treating over half the inmates in the prison system.

Question 22

The prisoners' rights movement of the _______ ended the hands-off doctrine.

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 23

What type of treatment program flourished under the Bush administration?

A) Behavior modification
B) Milieu therapy
C) Therapeutic community
D) Faith-based rehabilitation

Question 24

What is one commonly used method for treating drug-dependent inmates in today's prisons?

A) Solitary confinement
B) Therapeutic communities
C) Work furloughs
D) Milieu therapy

Question 25

What factor is said to have precipitated the "new" inmate culture?

A) Determinate sentencing practices
B) The growing crack cocaine epidemic
C) The black power movement of the 1960s and 1970s
D) Increasing levels of prison overcrowding

Question 26

What was the predominant societal view of female inmates at the turn of the twentieth century?

A) Depraved people who flaunted conventional rules of female behavior
B) Hardened criminals similar to their male counterparts
C) Sinners in need of religion
D) Witches who should be burned at the stake

Question 27

The central focus of faith-based programs is the study of the Bible and other religious texts.

Question 28

Incarceration reduces an individual's annual earnings by 40 percent, taking a heavy economic toll.

Question 29

In the "new" inmate culture:

A) there is more importation of outside values and norms.
B) African American and Latino inmates are more organized than whites.
C) more inmates than ever before are assigned to protective custody.
D) All of the above are characteristics of the new inmate culture.

Question 30

Female correctional officers often find that an assignment to a male institution can boost their career.

Question 31

Which is false regarding the sexual exploitation of female inmates?

A) The acts are usually perpetrated by male members of the prison staff.
B) The acts usually go unreported.
C) Most of the acts are consensual due to isolation and loneliness.
D) The majority of states have passed laws criminalizing staff sexual misconduct.

Question 32

About 75 percent of released prisoners are arrested for a new crime within three years.

Question 33

Very few prison facilities use some mode of treatment for inmates.

Question 34

Parolees who maintain criminal peer associations are more likely to fail on parole.

Question 35

Research has shown that inmates involved in ____________ do better following release than those in comparison groups.

A) group treatment
B) anger management
C) faith-based programs
D) prison enterprise programs

Question 36

The fact that prisons have inmates locked within their walls, are under constant scrutiny, and are forced to obey rules refers to the concept of:

A) a total institution.
B) the secure jail.
C) a complete secure policy.
D) the total penitentiary.

Question 37

The desire for warm, stable relationships that are otherwise unobtainable in the prison environment often leads the female inmate to:

A) engage in self-mutilation behavior.
B) develop elaborate black market economies.
C) create make-believe families.
D) marry prison guards and staff.

Question 38

What is the most common outcome for children when a single mother is sent to prison?

A) They are temporarily sent to a foster home or state facility.
B) They are permanently removed from her custody and put up for adoption.
C) They are placed in the care of a relative or family friend.
D) They are housed in a prison nursery.

Question 39

The first prison treatment programs in the United States were:

A) religious.
B) therapeutic.
C) psychological.
D) educational.

Question 40

About 85 percent of the inmate population have issues with drugs and alcohol. What percent of the total inmate population are actually receiving treatment in the form of services?

A) 11 percent
B) 27 percent
C) 48 percent
D) 56 percent

Question 41

Which of the following is not a substantive right granted inmates by the Supreme Court?

A) Access to legal materials
B) Right to earn educational degrees
C) Freedom of religion
D) Medical rights

Question 42

Withholding medical treatment is a violation of the ____ Amendment.

A) First
B) Fourth
C) Eighth
D) Fourteenth

Question 43

Which is not a common form of inmate vocational program in use today?

A) Work release
B) Private prison enterprise
C) Furlough programs
D) Convict-leasing

Question 44

Courts have ruled that inmates are entitled to have legal materials and resources available to assist them in filing complaints, which includes:

A) a trained and bar-certified lawyer employed by prison/jail.
B) law students who are willing to donate their time to assist inmates.
C) a law professor from a local school who is paid to assist inmates.
D) an inmate who can assist in legal matters, sometime called a jailhouse lawyer.

Question 45

In recent years, the view of correctional officers has changed to the one where they:

A) have the most dangerous job in the United States.
B) are seen as ruthless and individuals that enjoy their power.
C) are viewed as public servants.
D) are social workers.

Question 46

Which of the following inmates would be most at risk for committing violence during his time in prison?

A) A juvenile offender in an adult institution with prearrest drug use
B) A middle-aged inmate in prison for murder
C) An inmate with no history of prior violence in a low-security prison
D) A violent inmate who has started receiving interventions for his behavior

Question 47

Which factors have been linked to recidivism?

A) A history of physical and sexual abuse
B) Maintenance of criminal peer association
C) Harboring of aggressive feelings
D) All of the above have been linked to recidivism.

Question 48

Which is not a factor contributing to individual violence in prison?

A) History of prior violence
B) Age
C) Psychological factors
D) Administrative control

Question 49

The "hands-off doctrine" refers to:

A) the inmate code for handling prison snitches.
B) the passive federal court approach to inmate complaints prior to the 1960s.
C) a correctional policy of segregating HIV-infected inmates from the mainstream population.
D) the court ruling that forbid the use of corporal punishment in prison.

Question 50

Ben is an identity thief. His scam is fairly straightforward: he has a skimmer that he puts on the credit card reader at the gas station. When unsuspecting patrons pay for their gasoline, Ben gets a copy of their credit card information. Ben has just purchased a Mercedes Benz under one of his unsuspecting victim's names. When the car dealer does the credit check, they find that there is an alert for potential stolen identity. Ben is arrested, charged, convicted, and sentenced to 10 years in prison. As an identity thief who is good with numbers and money, Ben makes friends inside prison pretty quickly. He runs a betting ring that both correctional officers and inmates are part of and Ben gives pointers to some of the younger guys. Ben's situation is in direct opposition to which concept of prison?

A) Inmate subculture
B) Prisonization
C) Total institution
D) Make-believe family

Question 51

Which is false about the effectiveness of parole?

A) More than half of incarcerated offenders return to prison shortly after their release.
B) Rearrest of offenders is most common in the first six months after release.
C) More than 60 percent of parolees return to prison within three years of their release.
D) The failure rate of parolees has dramatically decreased over the past 10 years.

Question 52

In which 1994 case did the court rule that prison officials are legally liable if, knowing that an inmate faces a serious risk of harm, they disregard that risk by failing to take measures to avoid or reduce it?

A) Cooper v. Pate
B) Shaw v. Murphy
C) Estelle v. Gamble
D) Farmer v. Brennan

Question 53

Which theory of collective inmate violence attributes the problem to abrupt crackdowns or changes in inmate freedoms that are implemented by prison administrators?

A) The administrative-control theory
B) The responsibility theory
C) The inmate-balance theory
D) The hands-off doctrine

Question 54

Ben is an identity thief. His scam is fairly straightforward: he has a skimmer that he puts on the credit card reader at the gas station. When unsuspecting patrons pay for their gasoline, Ben gets a copy of their credit card information. Ben has just purchased a Mercedes Benz under one of his unsuspecting victim's names. When the car dealer does the credit check, they find that there is an alert for potential stolen identity. Ben is arrested, charged, convicted, and sentenced to 10 years in prison. As an identity thief who is good with numbers and money, Ben makes friends inside prison pretty quickly. He runs a betting ring that both correctional officers and inmates are part of. Ben has a beef with one of the other inmates. The other guy hasn't paid his gambling debt but keeps betting on games. Ben is growing tired of dealing with the inmate, but he is trying not to lose his head. Why won't he go ahead and get his money at any cost?

A) Ben is not a violent criminal.
B) Ben is a low man in the prison hierarchy.
C) There is an inmate social code.
D) The importation model.

Question 55

Which case forced corrections departments to upgrade prison medical facilities?

A) Estelle v. Gamble
B) Holt v. Hobbs
C) Newman v. Alabama
D) Booth v. Churner

Question 56

Ben is an identity thief. His scam is fairly straightforward: he has a skimmer that he puts on the credit card reader at the gas station. When unsuspecting patrons pay for their gasoline, Ben gets a copy of their credit card information. Ben has just purchased a Mercedes Benz under one of his unsuspecting victim's names. When the car dealer does the credit check, they find that there is an alert for potential stolen identity. Ben is arrested, charged, convicted, and sentenced to 10 years in prison. As an identity thief who is good with numbers and money, Ben makes friends inside prison pretty quickly. He runs a betting ring that both correctional officers and inmates are part of and Ben gives pointers to some of the younger guys. Getting used to prison hasn't been easy for Ben. He is a homosexual and was in a committed relationship on the outside, and now he misses his partner. Even though he is in an all-male institution, he has never been assaulted or victimized. Other inmates seem to respect him. Why might this be?

A) Ben's partner comes to visit and others know he is "off limits."
B) Ben has been prisonized.
C) Ben ignores the inmate social code.
D) Ben is "true" to himself.

Question 57

What was the most widely used device or legislation to bring prisoners' complaints before state and federal courts in the late 1960s?

A) The Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment
B) The dictates of the Percy Amendment
C) The National Corrections Act of 1965
D) The Federal Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. 1983

Question 58

Which is not believed to be a reason that people fail on parole?

A) Parolees are released into the same environment that contributed to their deviant behavior in the first place.
B) Personal deficits that led to an offender's imprisonment are not addressed by institutionalization.
C) The prison experience itself focuses more on punitive efforts than rehabilitation.
D) The parole system places unrealistic expectations on ex-offenders that they cannot possibly meet.

Question 59

In adapting to a female institution, a common practice is:

A) violent behavior toward staff and other inmates.
B) engaging in sexual aggression against other inmates.
C) participating in ethnic conflict among prison groups.
D) receiving social support from other inmates and family..

Question 60

Ben is an identity thief. His scam is fairly straightforward: he has a skimmer that he puts on the credit card reader at the gas station. When unsuspecting patrons pay for their gasoline, Ben gets a copy of their credit card information. Ben has just purchased a Mercedes Benz under one of his unsuspecting victim's names. When the car dealer does the credit check, they find that there is an alert for potential stolen identity. Ben is arrested, charged, convicted, and sentenced to 10 years in prison. As an identity thief who is good with numbers and money, Ben makes friends inside prison pretty quickly. He runs a betting ring that both correctional officers and inmates are part of and Ben gives pointers to some of the younger guys. In addition to Ben's betting practice, he has a job in the captain's office helping crunch numbers and budgets. What does Ben accomplish by working in the captain's office?

A) Vocational training will help Ben at his parole hearing.
B) This is the concept of a work furlough.
C) He is working toward his degree in accounting.
D) Correctional administration needs to keep inmates busy.

Question 61

Clemmer coined the term "____________________ process" to refer to an inmate's adjustment to prison life.

Question 62

The Supreme Court consolidated the cases __________ and _________, ruling there is in essence no absolute or legal right to receive parole.

Question 63

Which is false regarding correctional officers?

A) Correctional officers have minimal impact on a prisoner's ability to adjust to prison life.
B) Prison guards historically were viewed as ruthless individuals who enjoyed their power over inmates.
C) A significant problem of correctional officers is that facilities are underfunded.
D) Crowded prisons create stress and impair job performance for correctional officers.

Question 64

Jill has two children and stays at home with them. She got into trouble when she hurt her back and got addicted to the pain pills her doctor prescribed. When she couldn't get any more pills, she went searching the streets for something else to take the pain away. She would leave her kids with her mom and disappear for days while getting addicted to heroin. After getting got through the classification process at the women's correctional facility, Jill finds out that she is pregnant with twins. Jill adapts to prison quite well. She is seen as gentle on the cell block and sometimes worries about the babies she is carrying. She is protected and cared for by a small group of inmates, some of whom she calls sisters. Jill isn't supposed to be friends with the correctional officers, but it turns out that one of the correctional officers that maintains security on the cell block went to high school with Jill. They even dated the same guy years ago. What is the major problem with Jill and the correctional officer being friends?

A) The duality of the correctional officer's role.
B) Jill will likely turn on her correctional officer friend someday to exploit her.
C) The other inmates on Jill's cell block are jealous.
D) Jill will be moved to a special wing to give birth.

Question 65

Which increases an individual's chances of successful reentry?

A) Family support
B) Employment assistance
C) Substance abuse treatment
D) All of the above increase one's chances of successful reentry

Question 66

Helping inmates obtain jobs after release is an example of a(n) ____________________ program.

Question 67

Which of the following is true about female correctional officers?

A) They rarely work side by side with male correctional officers.
B) Inmates complain about them more than male correctional officers do.
C) They have a beneficial effect on the self-image of inmates.
D) They have caused discipline to suffer in the ranks.

Question 68

Gary has just been granted parole. He served 7 years of his 10-year prison sentence because he was mostly well behaved; he worked in the captain's office and got an accounting degree inside prison. When he is released, his partner doesn't want to see him and his parents won't let him stay with them until he gets a job and proves that he is no longer a criminal. Gary has signed up to take the Certified Public Accounting (CPA) exam. He was sure that getting a college degree in prison would make him marketable and he would be able to get a good job upon leaving prison. He hasn't had a successful experience thus far and has just found out that he is not allowed to take the CPA exam. What is the main reason for Gary having so much trouble on the outside?

A) His college degree earned in prison is not the same as a free person's college degree.
B) His family is not supportive.
C) Gary is barred from being employed in a financial field.
D) Prison locks people into the lowest rung of society.

Question 69

While some inmates violate the code and exploit their peers, the ____________________ is someone who uses the inmate social code as his personal behavior guide.

Question 70

Jill has two children and stays at home with them. She got into trouble when she hurt her back and got addicted to the pain pills her doctor prescribed. When she couldn't get any more pills, she went searching the streets for something else to take the pain away. She would leave her kids with her mom and disappear for days while getting addicted to heroin. After getting got through the classification process at the women's correctional facility, Jill finds out that she is pregnant with twins. Jill adapts to prison quite well. She is seen as gentle on the cell block and sometimes worries about the babies she is carrying. She is protected and cared for by a small group of inmates, some of whom she calls sisters. What is the likely reason Jill has adapted to prison so well?

A) She is on a special cell block for pregnant women.
B) She found that she can get high inside prison.
C) She and her cellmate have become lovers.
D) She has joined a make-believe family.

Question 71

Jill has two children and stays at home with them. She got into trouble when she hurt her back and got addicted to the pain pills her doctor prescribed. When she couldn't get any more pills, she went searching the streets for something else to take the pain away. She would leave her kids with her mom and disappear for days while getting addicted to heroin. After getting got through the classification process at the women's correctional facility, Jill finds out that she is pregnant with twins. Jill adapts to prison quite well. She is seen as gentle on the cell block and sometimes worries about the babies she is carrying. She is protected and cared for by a small group of inmates, some of whom she calls sisters. However, Jill's cellmate is mean and angry. She seems to have had a rough life, grew up in an abusive home, and turned to drugs to escape her situation. At one time, she even turned to prostitution to support her drug habit and has a long list of medical issues. What is most significant about Jill's cellmate and her situation?

A) She is not amenable to treatment because of her anger.
B) She is the typical female inmate.
C) She will be a problem for the prison management.
D) Jill is scared that she will be a victim of violence.

Question 72

Gary has just been granted parole. He served 7 years of his 10-year prison sentence because he was mostly well behaved; he worked in the captain's office and got an accounting degree inside prison. When he is released, his partner doesn't want to see him and his parents won't let him stay with them until he gets a job and proves that he is no longer a criminal. Gary has signed up to take the Certified Public Accounting (CPA) exam. He was sure that getting a college degree in prison would make him marketable and he would be able to get a good job upon leaving prison. He hasn't had a successful experience thus far and has just found out that he is not allowed to take the CPA exam. Gary feels like an outsider. He can't seem to get a job despite his college degree, and everyone looks at him as if he is going to steal from them. He is not a criminal and is tired of being treated like one. He is just about ready to commit another crime so he can go back to his friends on the inside. Which of the following is not one of the common reasons parolees typically have this feeling?

A) They can't find a job.
B) They don't have a place to live or a psychologist who can help.
C) Prison rarely addresses the psychological and economic needs of offenders.
D) Restorative justice programs are largely exclusive.

Question 73

The two distinct theories regarding the cause of collective violence are the inmate-balance theory and the ____________________ theory.

Question 74

Which of the following is not an element of the inmate social code?

A) Don't interfere with inmates' interests.
B) Exploit inmates for your own gain.
C) Don't lose your head.
D) Be tough.

Question 75

The first treatment programs in prison were ____________________.

Question 76

In _______________, the inmate is released when the unserved portion of the maximum prison term equals his or her earned good time (minus time served in jail awaiting trial).

Question 77

If prison administrators believe that correspondence between inmates undermines prison security, the ____________________ Amendment rights of inmates can be curtailed.

Question 78

Given that it's designed to be completely segregated from the outside world and inmates are kept under constant surveillance, the modern prison is a model ____________________.

Question 79

Female inmates often form groups called ____________________ to cope with prison life.

Question 80

Jill has two children and stays at home with them. She got into trouble when she hurt her back and got addicted to the pain pills her doctor prescribed. When she couldn't get any more pills, she went searching the streets for something else to take the pain away. She would leave her kids with her mom and disappear for days while getting addicted to heroin. After getting got through the classification process at the women's correctional facility, Jill finds out that she is pregnant with twins. Jill, her cellmate, and the other women in the prison get regular medical checkups. Jill gets additional appointments with the doctors because she is pregnant. They see a counselor and the administration is attempting to address the needs of all inmates. Why does the prison make such an effort for Jill and her fellow inmates?

A) As a population, they are the most in need of these services.
B) Inmates are protected from cruel and unusual punishment.
C) Inmates have a right to adequate medical care.
D) Seeing doctors is included in their Fourth Amendment rights.