Deck 30: Fungi

Question 1

Fungi generally digest large organic molecules ____. ​

A)in special compartments called arbuscules
B)within feeding hyphae
C)in visible mushrooms
D)in special compartments called haustoria
E)outside of their cells

Answer 1

E

Question 2

A mycelium is best defined as a(n)____. ​

A)mushroom
B)mass of hyphae
C)association between a fungus and a plant root
D)reproductive structure of a fungus
E)fungal cell

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The substance that typically provides rigidity to fungal cell walls, and is also found in the external skeletons of insects and other arthropods, is called ____.

A)lignin
B)cellulose
C)starch
D)collagen
E)chitin

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Based on molecular evidence, fungi were present on land at least ____ years ago.

A)1 billion
B)500 million
C)250 million
D)125 million
E)10 million

Question 5

Mating types in fungi are generally termed ____.

A)sperm and eggs
B)a and b
C)male and female
D)plus and minus
E)fungi do not have specific mating types

Question 6

Before examining a fungal cell under a microscope, you are told that it is dikaryotic. Given that, you should expect the cell to have two ____. ​

A)complete sets of chromosomes
B)diploid nuclei
C)hyphae
D)haploid nuclei
E)diploid nuclei and two hyphae

Question 7

The fusion of the nuclei in a dikaryotic cell is called ____.

A)osmosis
B)karyogamy
C)mutualism
D)plasmogamy
E)symbiosis

Question 8

The process in fungi that allows nutrients to flow from food-absorbing parts of the fungal body to other, nonabsorptive, parts is referred to as ____.

A)osmosis
B)karyogamy
C)cytoplasmic streaming
D)plasmogamy
E)mutual symbiosis

Question 9

Yeast are ____. ​

A)single-celled fungi
B)multicellular plants
C)single-celled plants
D)single-celled protists
E)multicellular fungi

Question 10

The study of fungi is called ____. ​

A)ecology
B)botany
C)mycology
D)microbiology
E)parasitology

Question 11

The first fungi were most likely ____. ​

A)airborne
B)terrestrial
C)arboreal
D)aquatic
E)amphibious

Question 12

The dikaryotic stage of a fungal life cycle is described as ____. ​

A)n
B)n + n
C)2n + 2n
D)2n
E)2n + n

Question 13

Multicellular fungi grow as branching filaments called ____.

A)mycorrhizae
B)conidia
C)asci
D)hyphae
E)basidia

Question 14

All fungi can reproduce via ____. ​

A)asci
B)pollen
C)spores
D)conidia
E)basidia

Question 15

Mature fungal spores are ____.

A)always haploid
B)always diploid
C)always dikaryotic
D)either diploid or dikaryotic
E)either haploid or diploid

Question 16

Your favorite tree is dying, and you find that there is a fungal infection on its leaves. If you were to look at the cells of the infected leaves of your tree, which structure(s)would you expect to find?

A)mycorrhizae
B)arbuscules
C)haustoria
D)both mycorrhizae and arbuscules
E)both mycorrhizae and haustoria

Question 17

Traditionally, classification of fungi has been based on ____.

A)DNA sequences
B)body type
C)mode of feeding
D)whether the fungus is a saprobe, parasite, or in a mutual symbiosis
E)structures that release sexual spores

Question 18

Asexually produced spores will result in offspring that ____. ​

A)have no mating type
B)are genetically distinct from the parent fungus
C)are clones of the parent fungus
D)have a different mating type from the parent fungus
E)are unable to reproduce

Question 19

Worldwide, decay of organic matter is important to the global carbon cycle because it ____ tens of billions of tons of carbon dioxide each year. ​

A)removes from the atmosphere
B)prevents the planet from losing
C)returns to the atmosphere
D)prevents plants from having access to
E)releases to space

Question 20

The fusion of the cytoplasms of two genetically different cells is known as ____.

A)osmosis
B)karyogamy
C)cytoplasmic streaming
D)plasmogamy
E)mutual symbiosis

Question 21

Which fungal phylum has the fewest known living species, even though they collectively make up roughly half of the fungi in the soil?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 22

Production of asexual spores in ascomycetes often occurs on ____. ​

A)basidia
B)conidiophores
C)sporangia
D)asci
E)zygospores

Question 23

Pathogenic members of which fungal phylum are responsible for Dutch elm disease and athlete's foot?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 24

Which fungal phylum has the most known living species?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 25

Organisms traditionally called mushrooms, as well as shelf fungi, coral fungi, bird's nest fungi, stinkhorns, and puffballs, are all members of which fungal phylum?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 26

Members of which fungal phylum are the only ones to produce motile spores?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 27

Creation of a special, resistant zygospore during sexual reproduction is characteristic of members of which fungal phylum?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 28

The black bread mold Rhizopus stolonifer and dung-infesting fungi of the genus Pilobolus are members of which fungal phylum?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 29

Reproduction in glomeromycetes is typically ____ via spores that form ____.

A)sexual; in sporangia
B)asexual; at the tips of hyphae
C)sexual; at the tips of hyphae
D)asexual; in sporangia
E)asexual; both in sporangia and at the tips of hyphae

Question 30

All known members of the phylum ____ form mutualistic associations with plant roots.

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 31

Members of which fungal phylum are also called club fungi?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 32

Members of which fungal phylum form associations with approximately 90% of land plants by forming mycorrhizae with them?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 33

The chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is responsible for a disease that ____. ​

A)is sexually transmitted in humans
B)has wiped out many species of frogs
C)infects wheat, rye, and other grain crops
D)is killing trees in temperate forests
E)kills millions of humans each year

Question 34

Where does karyogamy occur in zygomycetes? ​

A)basidia
B)conidiophores
C)sporangia
D)asci
E)zygospores

Question 35

Some members of the ____ phylum can trap small worms, which are then digested.

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 36

Members of which fungal phylum are also called sac fungi? ​

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 37

Production of sexual spores in ascomycetes occurs in ____. ​

A)basidia
B)conidiophores
C)sporangia
D)asci
E)zygospores

Question 38

Where does karyogamy occur in ascomycetes? ​

A)basidia
B)conidiophores
C)sporangia
D)asci
E)zygospores

Question 39

Most chytrids are ____.

A)saprobes in soil
B)parasites of plants
C)symbiotic partners of cattle
D)parasites of animals
E)aquatic

Question 40

Having aseptate hyphae, members of the phylum ____ are described as coenocytic since they have numerous nuclei in a common cytoplasm. ​

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 41

The general term for a state in which two or more species live together in close association is ____. ​

A)commensalism
B)parasitism
C)mutualism
D)predation
E)symbiosis

Question 42

A single vegetative body that contains both a fungus and a green alga is called a(n)____. ​

A)ectomycorrhizal
B)lichen
C)arbuscule
D)endomycorrhiza
E)haustorium

Question 43

Molecular relationships and other studies have allowed for many conidial fungi to be reclassified into a fungal phylum. Most of these reclassified conidial fungi have turned out to belong to ____.

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 44

A cell cluster with both algal and hyphal cells that is used for asexual reproduction in lichens is called a(n)____. ​

A)soredium
B)arbuscule
C)thallus
D)sporangium
E)haustorium

Question 45

The tough, pliable body of a lichen is called a(n)____. ​

A)soredium
B)arbuscule
C)thallus
D)sporangium
E)haustorium

Question 46

In a lichen, the photosynthetic partner, or photobiont, usually receives ____. ​

A)nutrients
B)protection from herbivory
C)aid in sexual reproduction
D)enhanced dispersal of offspring
E)shelter from radiation and desiccation

Question 47

You discover a fungus that makes both sexual and asexual spores. The sexual spores are made in groups of eight within a structure that bursts open to release the spores. The structures containing sexual spores are found within a multicellular structure that is about five inches tall. Into which group should you classify this fungus? ​

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 48

Where does karyogamy occur in basidiomycetes?

A)basidia
B)conidiophores
C)sporangia
D)asci
E)zygospores

Question 49

Production of sexual spores in basidiomycetes occurs on ____.

A)basidia
B)conidiophores
C)sporangia
D)asci
E)zygospores

Question 50

The fly agaric mushroom ( Amanita muscaria )and the death cap mushroom ( Amanita phalloides )are members of which fungal phylum?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 51

Single-celled parasites known as ____ infect insects, fish, and humans (especially those with compromised immune systems).

A)amoebae
B)red algae
C)microsporidia
D)dinoflagellates
E)apicomplexans

Question 52

You discover an aquatic fungus that makes spores that use flagella to swim. Into which group should you classify this fungus? ​

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 53

Recent molecular analyses of Rozella allomycis suggest that the phylum ____ is the earliest-diverging clade of fungi. ​

A)Glomeromycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Cryptomycota
D)Chytridiomycota
E)Zygomycota

Question 54

A basidiocarp is the ____ of a basidiomycete. ​

A)feeding stage
B)asexual sporangium
C)reproductive body
D)infecting vessel
E)haploid life cycle stage

Question 55

You discover a fungus that only makes sexual spores (no asexual spores). The spores are made in groups of four on the tips of club-shaped structures. Into which group should you classify this fungus? ​

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 56

The grouping "conidial fungi," also known as "imperfect fungi" or deuteromycetes, is a convenience grouping for fungi that are not classified in other groups, because the conidial fungi ____. ​

A)have a dikaryotic phase in their life cycle
B)are unicellular
C)have no known sexual phase
D)have a haploid phase in their life cycle
E)lack a cell wall

Question 57

In eastern Oregon, the mycelium of a single individual, Armillaria ostoyae , a member of the fungal phylum ____, covers an area equivalent to 1665 football fields (nearly 6000 m across).

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 58

You discover a fungus that makes mainly asexual spores, but that occasionally makes sexual spores. When produced, the sexual spores come out of a thickened, hardened structure. A close examination of hyphae of this fungus reveals no septa. Into which group should you classify this fungus?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 59

In a lichen, the fungal partner, or mycobiont, receives ____.

A)nutrients
B)protection from herbivory
C)aid in sexual reproduction
D)enhanced dispersal of offspring
E)shelter from radiation and desiccation

Question 60

A mutualistic symbiosis in which fungal hyphae penetrate plant root cells is called a(n)____.

A)rhizobium
B)lichen
C)arbuscule
D)mycorrhiza
E)haustorium

Question 62

Organisms of significant value to humans from the ____ phylum include truffles and morels.

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 63

Old man's beard ( Usnea trichodea )and yellow Evernia lichens are sensitive to elevated levels of ____. ​

A)sulfur dioxide
B)nitrogen oxides
C)nitrate
D)sunlight
E)fluoride salts

Question 66

Experiments have shown that increased nitrogen may affect the community composition of ____ fungi. ​

A)mycorrhizal fungi alone
B)club fungi alone
C)saprobic fungi alone
D)both mycorrhizal and club
E)both mycorrhizal and saprobic

Question 70

Worldwide, ____ are often used as pollution-monitoring devices.

A)chytrids
B)mycorrhizae
C)lichens
D)yeast
E)mushrooms

Question 72

The ____ hypothesis predicts that ecosystem functions will be maintained more reliably in natural communities when multiple species perform a given ecological function but differ in their responses to environmental changes

A)scientific redundancy
B)ecosystem function
C)biological insurance
D)natural community
E)fungal dominance

Question 73

The toxin found in Amanita phalloides has deadly effects on humans because it inhibits ____.

A)DNA replication
B)RNA polymerase
C)peptide bond formation
D)muscle contraction
E)active transport

Question 74

You discover a fungus that is associated with plant roots, with hyphae that actually penetrate the root cells and produces tree-like structures within the root cells. Into which group should you classify this fungus? ​

A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Ascomycota

Question 76

In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus benefits mainly by ____. ​

A)absorbing water from the plant
B)using the plant roots as a growth surface
C)absorbing mineral ions from the plant
D)providing water to the plant
E)absorbing carbohydrates from the plant

Question 77

The main benefit to a plant from a mycorrhizal association is ____. ​

A)enhanced water uptake
B)removal of excess carbohydrates
C)enhanced flow of carbohydrates to the roots
D)enhanced mineral ion uptake
E)enhanced protection of roots from bacterial infections

Question 80

Fungal ____ live within leaves or other plant tissues, appearing to form a mutually beneficial symbiotic association.

A)haustoria
B)endophytes
C)ectophytes
D)mycorrhizae
E)mycobionts