Deck 50: Animal Development

Question 1

Eggs from which organism contain the lowest percentage of yolk?

A)birds
B)humans
C)insects
D)reptiles
E)moths

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Before zygotic genes become active, the stages of animal development are directed by the ____.

A)environment
B)cytoplasmic determinants of the egg
C)cytoplasmic determinants of the sperm
D)cytoplasmic determinants of the egg and the sperm
E)zygote nucleus

Answer 2

B

Question 3

As embryonic cells divide during cleavage, the daughter cells ____.

A)grow to the same size as the parent cell
B)become progressively smaller
C)become progressively larger
D)are different in size from each other and the parent cell
E)may increase or decrease in size depending on their position

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Morphology refers to the ____ of an organism.

A)reproductive ability ​
B)appearance
C)habitat
D)lifespan
E)movement

Question 5

Unequal distribution of yolk and other components in a mature egg is termed ____.

A)cleavage
B)gastrulation
C)involution
D)neurulation
E)polarity

Question 6

At the cellular level, the development of an adult animal from a fertilized egg involves ____.

A)mitosis only
B)meiosis only
C)cell differentiation only
D)mitosis, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis
E)meiosis, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis

Question 7

Most of the mRNA and protein molecules in the zygote are from the ____ because ____.

A)mother; the fertilizing sperm contributes essentially no cytoplasm to the zygote
B)mother; the fertilizing sperm contributes essentially no DNA to the zygote
C)mother; the proteins in the egg degrade mRNA and protein molecules contained in the sperm
D)father; the egg contributes essentially no cytoplasm to the zygote
E)father; the egg contributes essentially no DNA to the zygote

Question 8

The correct sequence of embryonic development is ____.

A)gastrulation, organogenesis, and fertilization
B)cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis
C)gastrulation, fertilization, and organogenesis
D)gastrulation, cleavage, and organogenesis
E)fertilization, organogenesis, and cleavage

Question 9

How does the amount of yolk relate to the nourishment of the organism?

A)An egg with a small amount of yolk contains all of the nutrients for the embryo's development.
B)An egg with a large amount of yolk contains all of the nutrients for the embryo's development.
C)An egg lacking yolk contains all of the nutrients for the embryo's development.
D)There is no relationship between the amount of yolk and the nourishment of the organism.
E)All animal eggs have the same amount of yolk and provide the same amount of nourishment.

Question 10

During mitotic cleavage. ____.

A)no cell division occurs and the embryonic mass does not change
B)no cell division occurs and the embryonic mass increases
C)cell division occurs and the embryonic mass does not change
D)cell division occurs and the embryonic mass increases
E)the cell is in a dormant stage

Question 11

Cleavage-stage cells are called ____, which form a solid ball or layer called a ____.

A)morulas; blastomere
B)blastocoels; blastomere
C)blastomeres; morula
D)blastomeres; blastula
E)blastulas; blastocoel

Question 12

Yolk, when unequally distributed in the egg cytoplasm, is most commonly concentrated in the ____ half of the egg.

A)cleavage ​
B)gastrulation ​
C)animal ​
D)vegetal ​
E)embryonic ​

Question 13

At the cellular level, the development of an animal from a fertilized egg involves cell division by _____.

A)meiosis ​
B)mitosis ​
C)differentiation ​
D)morphogenesis
E)cloning

Question 14

Human development ____.

A)is complete at birth
B)begins at puberty
C)is complete at puberty
D)occurs only during adult life
E)begins at conception

Question 15

The information directing the development of the fertilized egg is provided by ____.

A)the egg nucleus only
B)the sperm nucleus only
C)mRNAs in the egg cytoplasm only
D)proteins in the egg and sperm cytoplasm
E)the egg and sperm nuclei, mRNAs in the egg cytoplasm, and proteins in the egg cytoplasm

Question 16

The final body form of an animal is generated as differentiated cells settle into their appropriate sites; this process is called ____.

A)fertilization
B)morphogenesis
C)parturition
D)involution ​
E)gastrulation

Question 17

As cleavage divisions continue, the ball or layer hollows out to form the ____.

A)morula
B)zygote
C)blastomere ​
D)blastula
E)gastrula

Question 18

Uterine contractions ____.

A)often occur during the second trimester
B)are controlled by negative feedback
C)are controlled by positive feedback
D)are stimulated by the hormone prolactin
E)only occur during the first two stages of labor

Question 19

In an egg, the ____ pole typically gives rise to surface structures and the anterior end of the embryo while the ____ pole gives rise to internal structures such as the gut and the posterior end of the embryo.

A)cleavage; gastrulation
B)gastrulation; animal
C)animal; vegetal ​
D)cleavage; embryonic
E)vegetal; animal

Question 20

Compared to other mammals, the human brain is unique with respect to its ____.

A)integrative capacity only
B)degree of complexity only
C)pathway of embryonic development only
D)integrative capacity and degree of complexity
E)integrative capacity, degree of complexity, and pathway of embryonic development

Question 21

During gastrulation in frog embryos, cells migrate into the blastopore by a process called ____.

A)invagination
B)involution
C)cleavage
D)induction
E)adhesion

Question 22

Cells capable of producing all the various types of cells of the adult are called ____ cells.

A)semipotent ​
B)pluripotent ​
C)totipotent ​
D)multipotent ​
E)differentiated

Question 23

In ____, the gray crescent establishes the ____ axis of the body.

A)birds; dorsal-ventral
B)frogs; dorsal-ventral
C)humans; dorsal-ventral
D)birds; anterior-posterior
E)sea urchin; anterior-posterior

Question 24

Which group of organisms has a pattern of gastrulation that is the most similar to humans?

A)amphibians
B)birds
C)drosophila
D)sea urchins
E)zebra fish

Question 25

During ____, the three germ layers rearrange to produce tissues and organs.

A)organogenesis ​
B)fertilization ​
C)parturition ​
D)gastrulation ​
E)cleavage ​

Question 26

Place the three primary cell layers of an embryo in order, from superficial to deep.

A)ectoderm endoderm mesoderm ​
B)ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
C)endoderm ectoderm mesoderm
D)endoderm mesoderm ectoderm
E)mesoderm ectoderm endoderm

Question 27

The lining of the mouth and anus originate from the ____, while the lining of the respiratory tract originates from the ____.

A)ectoderm; endoderm ​
B)ectoderm; mesoderm ​
C)endoderm; ectoderm ​
D)endoderm; mesoderm ​
E)mesoderm; endoderm ​

Question 28

In ____, one group of cells causes or influences another nearby group of cells to follow a particular developmental pathway.

A)apoptosis ​
B)induction ​
C)differentiation ​
D)determination ​
E)cleavage ​

Question 29

During the process of ____, blastomeres undergo extensive cellular rearrangements to produce an embryo with three distinct primary cell layers.

A)induction
B)cleavage
C)organogenesis
D)metamorphosis
E)gastrulation

Question 30

Place the cellular processes responsible for animal development in the correct order: ____.

A)induction differentiation determination ​
B)induction determination differentiation ​
C)determination induction differentiation ​
D)determination differentiation induction ​
E)differentiation determination induction ​

Question 31

In bird embryos, the pathway for cell migration into the blastocoel is formed by the ____, while in frog embryos, the pathway for cell migration into the blastopore is formed by the ____.

A)archenteron; dorsal lip of the blastopore
B)epiblast; dorsal lip of the blastopore
C)primitive groove; ventral lip of the blastopore
D)primitive groove; dorsal lip of the blastopore
E)hypoblast; ventral lip of the blastopore

Question 32

In sea urchins, the primary mesenchyme cells eventually become the ____.

A)ectoderm ​
B)endoderm ​
C)mesoderm ​
D)endoderm and mesoderm ​
E)ectoderm and endoderm ​

Question 33

Muscles originate from the ____.

A)ectoderm only
B)endoderm only
C)mesoderm only
D)ectoderm and endoderm
E)ectoderm and mesoderm

Question 34

During frog gastrulation, cells of the ____ of the blastopore control blastopore formation.

A)blastocoel
B)archenteron
C)hypoblast
D)dorsal lip
E)blastodisc

Question 35

Arrange the developmental stages in the proper order.

A)blastula gastrula morula
B)blastula morula gastrula
C)gastrula blastula morula
D)morula blastula gastrula
E)morula gastrula blastula

Question 36

In sea urchin embryogenesis, the mouth is formed ____.

A)where the archenteron contacts the ectoderm
B)by the blastopore
C)by the blastocoel
D)by migrating secondary mesenchyme cells
E)where the blastopore contacts the ectoderm

Question 37

Apoptosis is ____.

A)cell determination
B)cell induction
C)a mechanism of cellular adhesion
D)programmed cell death
E)cell differentiation

Question 38

The blastopore is the ____.

A)opening of the archenteron at the animal pole
B)opening of the archenteron at the vegetal pole
C)outer layer of the blastula
D)cavity in the blastula formed by invagination
E)region of the blastula establishing dorsal-ventral polarity

Question 39

During gastrulation in sea urchins, invagination produces a cavity called the ____.

A)archenteron ​
B)primary mesenchyme
C)secondary mesenchyme
D)blastocoel
E)blastocyst

Question 40

Which group of adult tissues is derived from the mesoderm?

A)lining of the digestive tract, liver, pancreas ​
B)muscles, bones, cartilage ​
C)skin, brain, retina ​
D)skin, liver, pancreas
E)lining of respiratory tract, thyroid gland, urinary bladder

Question 41

The outer single layer of cells of the blastocyst is called the _____.

A)gastrula
B)trophoblast
C)inner cell mass
D)endometrium
E)zona pellucida

Question 42

The chorion is produced from which primary tissue layer(s)?

A)ectoderm and endoderm
B)ectoderm and mesoderm
C)endoderm and mesoderm
D)ectoderm only
E)endoderm only

Question 43

During early embryonic development, implantation into the uterine lining occurs at the ____ stage.

A)zygote
B)morula
C)blastocyst
D)gastrula
E)hypoblast

Question 44

In vertebrates, cells of the neural crest develop into ____.

A)bones of inner ear only
B)cartilage of the face only
C)cranial nerves only
D)muscles of the chest and cranial nerves
E)bones of the inner ear, cartilage of the face, and cranial nerves

Question 45

As the period of fetal growth comes to an end, a steep rise in ____ levels directly causes ____.

A)progesterone; uterine cells to express oxytocin receptor genes
B)progesterone; uterine contractions
C)estrogen; uterine cells to express oxytocin receptor genes
D)estrogen; uterine contractions
E)estrogen; oxytocin production

Question 46

Which event occurs in a human fetus with the XX combination of sex chromosomes?

A)Anti-Müllerian hormone is produced.
B)The SRY gene is activated.
C)Testosterone is secreted.
D)The Wolffian ducts develop.
E)The gonads develop into ovaries.

Question 47

What determines the development of male or female sex organs in the human embryo?

A)environmental factors
B)genes on the X chromosome
C)genes on the Y chromosome
D)genes on both the X and Y chromosomes
E)neither the X nor Y chromosomes

Question 48

In vertebrates, the central nervous system develops directly from the ____.

A)somites
B)neural plate
C)notochord
D)cells of the neural crest
E)neural tube

Question 49

Normally, human fertilization occurs in the ____.

A)vagina ​
B)cervix
C)ovary
D)uterus
E)oviduct

Question 50

Normally, gestation lasts for approximately ____ weeks in humans.

A)28
B)38
C)44
D)50
E)60

Question 51

The pharyngeal arches contribute to the formation of the ____.

A)brain and spinal cord
B)heart
C)legs and arms
D)lungs
E)larynx and pharynx

Question 52

Determination ____, while differentiation ____.

A)is a cell's commitment to a developmental fate; is a cell's development into specialized cell types
B)is a cell's development into specialized cell types; is a cell's commitment to a developmental fate
C)is permanent; is reversible
D)is a result of a cell's own genetic program; is a result of influence by other cells
E)results in the final fate of a cell; results in determination

Question 53

In vertebrates, organogenesis begins with ____.

A)neurulation
B)gastrulation
C)fertilization
D)determination
E)differentiation

Question 54

The extraembryonic membrane that secretes fluid around the developing embryo is the ____.

A)allantois
B)amnion
C)chorion
D)yolk sac
E)both the allantois and the yolk sac

Question 55

After childbirth, ____ in the mother.

A)oxytocin stimulates the production and secretion of milk
B)oxytocin stimulates the production of milk and prolactin stimulates the secretion of milk
C)prolactin stimulates the production and secretion of milk
D)prolactin stimulates the production of milk and oxytocin stimulates the secretion of milk
E)estrogen and progesterone are directly responsible for the production and secretion of milk

Question 56

A human embryo is first considered to be a fetus at ____ weeks.

A)2
B)​4
C)​8
D)​10
E)​12

Question 57

Genetic testing performed on cells of the placenta is called ____, while a similar procedure that uses cells derived from the amniotic fluid is called ____.

A)placenta sampling; chorionic villus sampling
B)trophoblast testing; amniocentesis
C)trophoblast testing; chorionic villus sampling
D)chorionic villus sampling; amniocentesis
E)placenta sampling; amniocentesis

Question 58

When the SRY gene of the Y chromosome becomes active (around 7 weeks), the ____.

A)Müllerian and Wolffian ducts both develop into male reproductive structures
B)Müllerian ducts develop into male reproductive structures and the Wolffian ducts disappear
C)Müllerian ducts disappear and the Wolffian ducts develop into male reproductive structures
D)Müllerian and Wolffian ducts both disappear
E)Müllerian and Wolffian ducts both develop into female reproductive structures

Question 59

Which structure of the eye is matched appropriately with its developmental origin?

A)ectoderm cornea
B)crystallin cornea
C)optic cup lens
D) crystallin retina
E)mesoderm retina

Question 60

When the optic vesicle contacts overlying ectoderm, developmental events are induced, leading to ____ in the developing lens.

A)crystallin and keratin synthesis
B)crystallin synthesis
C)keratin synthesis
D)degradation of crystalline and keratin
E)apoptosis

Question 62

Whole-cell movements involve the coordinated activity of ____.

A)microtubules only ​
B)microfilaments only
C)blastomeres only
D)microtubules and microfilaments
E)microtubules, microfilaments and blastomeres

Question 63

Apoptosis begins when ____ is inactivated.

A)CED-3
B)CED-4
C)CED-9
D)the death signal receptor
E)a nuclease

Question 64

Fate maps of C. elegans development reveal that all somatic cells of the adult are directly descended from ____ produced during early development.

A)two germ-line cells
B)cells of the hypodermis
C)five somatic founder cells
D)three endodermal cells
E)five germ-line cells

Question 67

Removal of webbing between human fingers is an example of ____.

A)induction
B)apoptosis
C)differentiation
D)meiosis
E)determination

Question 68

Tissues present during organ development that are not found in the fully formed organ are removed by ____.

A)apoptosis only
B)differentiation only
C)induction only ​
D)apoptosis and differentiation
E)apoptosis, differentiation, and induction

Question 71

When a dorsal lip from a newt is attached to the ventral side of another embryo, it results in ____.

A)two separate newts ​
B)two attached newts
C)survival of only the original newt
D)death of the newt
E)no observable result

Question 73

Experiments on selective adhesion between ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm derived from amphibian embryos demonstrated that ____.

A)ectoderm cells have positive affinity for mesoderm cells but negative affinity for endoderm cells
B)ectoderm cells have negative affinity for mesoderm cells but positive affinity for endoderm cells
C)mesoderm cells have negative affinity for endoderm and ectoderm cells
D)ectoderm cells have positive affinity for both endoderm and mesoderm cells
E)endoderm cells have positive affinity for both ectoderm and mesoderm cells

Question 74

Cell differentiation occurs due to ____.

A)unequal cytoplasmic divisions
B)the removal of different genes in different cell types
C)polarization of the cell
D)the presence of the X and/or Y chromosome in the cell
E)changes in gene expression in different cell types

Question 75

Research indicates that ____ defects occur ____ often with multiple births than single births.

A)central nervous system; less
B)heart; more
C)musculoskeletal; more
D)gastrointestinal; less
E)chromosomal; less

Question 77

During differentiation, organs develop with different numbers of cells due to ____.

A)cell adhesion molecules that are only present in some tissues
B)cell migration
C)cell determination
D)the variable length of mitotic interphase
E)microtubule rearrangement

Question 78

Evidence that all differentiated cells contain the organism's complete genome is provided by ____.

A)comparing frog and sea urchin development
B)observing that some cells remain totipotent
C)observing that totipotent cells give rise to multipotent cells
D)observing that multipotent cells give rise to pluripotent cells
E)the successful cloning of a sheep, Dolly