Deck 2: Molecules of Life

Question 1

Hydrogenation is a _____.

A) manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to carbohydrates
B) natural process that adds hydrogen atoms to carbohydrates
C) manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to oils
D) natural process that removes hydrogen atoms from fats
E) manufacturing process that removes hydrogen atoms from fats

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The nucleus of an atom contains ____.

A) protons only
B) electrons only
C) neutrons only
D) protons and neutrons
E) protons and electrons

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Carbon has an atomic number of 6. Carbon 14 has _____.

A) 6 neutrons and 6 protons
B) 6 neutrons and 8 protons
C) 8 neutrons and 6 protons
D) 14 neutrons and 6 protons
E) 14 protons and 6 neutrons

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The bond in table salt (NaCl) is ____.

A) polar
B) ionic
C) covalent
D) double
E) nonpolar

Question 5

Tracers are used in what form of medical test?

A) PET scans
B) CT scans
C) sonograms
D) x-rays
E) MRI

Question 6

The atomic number is determined by the number of ____.

A) protons
B) neutrons
C) electrons
D) protons plus neutrons
E) protons plus electrons

Question 7

We can accurately determine the age of a rock or fossil by measuring its ____.

A) proton concentration
B) electron concentration
C) neutron concentration
D) isotope concentration
E) ion concentration

Question 8

The main source of trans fats in the American diet has been ____.

A) red meat
B) dairy products
C) seafood
D) grains
E) vegetable oils

Question 9

The negative subatomic particle is the ____.

A) neutron
B) proton
C) electron
D) quark
E) Higg's boson

Question 10

The neutral subatomic particle is the ____.

A) neutron
B) proton
C) electron
D) quark
E) Higg's boson

Question 11

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. This means that oxygen has ____.

A) eight electrons in its outer most shell
B) eight neutrons in its nucleus
C) four protons and four neutrons in its nucleus
D) eight protons in its nucleus
E) eight protons and eight neutrons in its nucleus

Question 12

An atom that carries a charge is called a(n) ____.

A) ion
B) molecule
C) compound
D) element
E) microelement

Question 13

In ____ bonds, atoms share electrons equally.

A) double
B) ionic
C) polar covalent
D) nonpolar covalent
E) hydrogen

Question 14

The human body requires about ____ of fat each day to stay healthy.

A) one  teaspoon
B) four teaspoons
C) one tablespoon
D) four tablespoons
E) one cup

Question 15

Which invention led to trans fats being marketed as a solid cooking fat?

A) the electric light
B) the telephone
C) the automobile
D) the microwave oven
E) the refrigerator

Question 16

Helium, neon, and argon are _____.

A) extremely stable because they have vacancies in their outer shells
B) extremely stable because they do not  have any vacancies in their outer shells
C) extremely unstable because they have vacancies in their outer shells
D) extremely unstable because they do not  have any vacancies in their outer shells
E) extremely unstable because they have vacancies in their inner shells

Question 17

A typical fat molecule has ____ fatty acid tails.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 18

Carbon 14 radioisotopes decay into stable ____. nitrogen 15 isotopes

A) carbon 13 isotopes
B) nitrogen atoms
C) carbon atoms
D) nitrogen 15 isotopes
E) sodium atoms

Question 19

The positive subatomic particle is the ____.

A) neutron
B) proton
C) electron
D) positron
E) quark

Question 20

A(n) ____ is a type of chemical bond in which a strong mutual attraction forms between ions of opposite charge.

A) hydrogen bond
B) nonpolar bond
C) polar bond
D) covalent bond
E) ionic bond

Question 21

Which type of chemical bond is found within a water molecule?

A) hydrogen
B) ionic
C) polar covalent
D) nonpolar covalent
E) triple

Question 22

A solution at a pH of 10 contains how many times more hydrogen ions than a solution at a pH of 7?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 10
D) 100
E) 1,000

Question 23

A solution is a uniform mixture in which a ____ is dissolved completely in a ____.

A) salt; solute
B) solute; salt
C) solute; solvent
D) solvent; salt
E) solvent; solute

Question 24

A uniform mixture is called a ____.

A) concentration
B) salt
C) solute
D) solution
E) solvent

Question 25

Which property of water molecules is responsible for movement of water from roots to leaves in a plant?

A) hydrophobicity
B) temperature stability
C) fusion
D) solvent polarity
E) cohesion

Question 26

Water molecules are attracted to one another because the ____.

A) slightly positive charge of the hydrogen atom from one molecule of water attracts the slightly negative charge of the oxygen atom from another molecule
B) slightly negative charge of the hydrogen atom from one molecule of water attracts the slightly negative charge of the oxygen atom from another molecule
C) slightly positive charge of the hydrogen atom attracts the oxygen within the same molecule of water, which leads to an increase in its polarity
D) water molecules participate in nonpolar covalent bonds, which increase the attraction of the molecules to each other
E) water molecules bind to each other through their mutual attraction to ionic compounds

Question 27

Which substance is hydrophobic?

A) canola oil
B) sodium chloride
C) sugar
D) water
E) the potassium ion

Question 28

Fats will dissolve in ethanol. Ethanol is an example of a ____.

A) solute
B) solution
C) solvent
D) salt
E) ion

Question 29

Of these pH values, which has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7
E) 9

Question 30

When water molecules form into ice, ____.

A) the water molecules jiggle more
B) their structure becomes less rigid
C) the water molecules pack less densely
D) hydrogen bonds between water molecules readily break
E) evaporation of water molecules happens more readily

Question 31

Which bond is weakest?

A) ionic
B) double covalent
C) polar covalent
D) nonpolar covalent
E) hydrogen

Question 32

Sweating to keep cool in the summer is the result of ____.

A) hydrogen bonds breaking to release energy
B) hydrogen bonds forming, which requires energy
C) evaporation of water absorbing energy
D) cohesion of water molecules giving off energy
E) cohesion of water molecules requiring energy

Question 33

The structural formula for molecular oxygen is depicted as O=O. What kind of bond holds molecular oxygen together?

A) ionic
B) polar covalent
C) single covalent
D) double covalent
E) triple covalent

Question 34

Surface tension is an example of ____.

A) hydrophobicity
B) concentration
C) evaporation
D) cohesion
E) polarity

Question 35

Hydrophobic molecules are ____ water.

A) attracted by
B) absorbed by
C) repelled by
D) mixed with
E) polarized by

Question 36

____ is the tendency of water molecules to stay attached to one another.

A) Adhesion
B) Cohesion
C) Fusion
D) Interaction
E) Junction

Question 37

Which of the following molecules would be considered a covalent compound?

A) oxygen (O₂)
B) sodium chloride (NaCl)
C) water (H₂O)
D) a diamond (C)
E) ozone (O₃)

Question 38

The positively charged ion, potassium, and the negatively charged ion, fluoride, will form what kind of bond?

A) ionic
B) polar covalent
C) nonpolar covalent
D) hydrogen
E) isotonic

Question 39

Hydrogen bonding ____ the movement of molecules, therefore, substances that form a lot of hydrogen bonds, like water, will require ____ energy to increase their temperature by one degree Celsius.

A) decreases; less
B) decreases; more
C) does not affect; no additional
D) increases; less
E) increases; more

Question 40

Glucose dissolves in water because it ____.

A) ionizes
B) is a polysaccharide
C) is polar and forms many hydrogen bonds with water molecules
D) has a very reactive primary structure
E) is an isotope

Question 41

Sucrose is composed of ____.

A) two molecules of fructose
B) two molecules of glucose
C) a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose
D) a molecule of fructose and a molecule of galactose
E) two molecules of galactose

Question 42

____ is a monosaccharide.

A) Cellulose
B) Fructose
C) Glycogen
D) Starch
E) Sucrose

Question 43

A triglyceride molecule is made up of ____.

A) one glycerol and two fatty acids
B) two fatty acids and two glycerols
C) one fatty acid and three glycerols
D) one glycerol and three fatty acids
E) one glycerol and two fatty acids

Question 44

Which organic molecule is a carbohydrate monomer?

A) triglyceride
B) fatty acid
C) nucleotide
D) amino acid
E) monosaccharide

Question 45

What category of compounds helps our body fluids to stay within a consistent pH range?

A) solvents
B) buffers
C) solutes
D) acids
E) bases

Question 46

In a cell membrane, the phospholipid heads are ____.

A) hydrophobic
B) nonpolar
C) dissolved in the cell's watery interior
D) sandwiched between the phospholipid tails
E) formed by fatty acids

Question 47

Plants store their excess carbohydrates in the form of ____.

A) cellulose
B) starch
C) glycogen
D) sucrose
E) galactose

Question 48

The chemical reactions that cells use to acquire and use energy to live, grow, and reproduce are called ____.

A) hydrolysis
B) condensation
C) phosphorylation
D) metabolism
E) oxidation

Question 49

Large polymers are formed from smaller subunits by which type of reaction?

A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) condensation
D) hydrolysis
E) decarboxylation

Question 50

Which two atoms are found in all organic compounds?

A) carbon and hydrogen
B) carbon and oxygen
C) oxygen and hydrogen
D) carbon and phosphorous
E) oxygen and sulfur

Question 51

Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage by ____.

A) plants
B) animals
C) protists
D) bacteria
E) archaea

Question 52

How many carbons are present in this figure?

A) zero
B) four
C) five
D) six
E) seven

Question 53

Nearly all of life's chemistry occurs near a pH range of ____.

A) 1-2
B) 3-4
C) 5-6
D) 7-8
E) 9-10

Question 54

Humans do not contain the enzymes to break down ____.

A) cellulose
B) fructose
C) glycogen
D) starch
E) sucrose

Question 55

Which type of bonding allows the long, straight chains of cellulose to lock together tightly?

A) hydrogen
B) polar covalent
C) ionic
D) nonpolar covalent
E) metallic

Question 56

Glucose monomers linked into a highly branched chain make up ____.

A) glycogen
B) cellulose
C) fructose
D) starch
E) sucrose

Question 57

____ is one of the substances that maintains our blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

A) Water
B) Carbonic acid
C) Hydrochloric acid
D) Hydrogen peroxide
E) Sodium hydroxide

Question 58

Cellulose is ____.

A) the most complex of the organic compounds
B) a polymer of glucose and fructose
C) a polymer of glucose and galactose
D) a component of plasma membranes
E) a material found in plant cell walls

Question 59

Which is an organic molecule?

A) carbon dioxide (CO₂)
B) water (H₂O)
C) methane (CH₄)
D) hydrochloric acid (HCl)
E) oxygen (O₂)

Question 60

The breakdown of large molecules by enzymes and the addition of water is known as a ____ reaction.

A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) condensation
D) hydrolysis
E) decarboxylation

Question 61

Which type of bond exists between two amino acids in a protein?

A) peptide
B) ionic
C) hydrogen
D) amino
E) sulfhydryl

Question 62

Fats that contain ____ double bonds are liquids at room temperature, whereas fats that contain ____ double bonds are solids at room temperature.

A) trans ; cis
B) cis ; trans
C) hydrogenated; partially hydrogenated
D) partially hydrogenated; hydrogenated
E) unsaturated; saturated

Question 64

A nucleotide consists of ____.

A) a five - carbon sugar, a nitrogenous acid, and a phosphate group
B) a six - carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
C) a five - carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
D) a six - carbon sugar, a nitrogenous acid, and a phosphate group
E) a four - carbon sugar, a nitrogenous acid, and a phosphate group

Question 65

Unsaturated fats ____.

A) are solid at room temperature
B) have at least one double bond in their fatty acid tail
C) are saturated with hydrogen atoms
D) mainly come from animals
E) consist of straight chain fatty acids

Question 66

A(n) ____ is a protein monomer.

A) nucleotide
B) monosaccharide
C) simple sugar
D) amino acid
E) ribose

Question 67

In the given figure, which fatty acid(s) is/are most likely to be solid at room temperature?

A) I
B) II, III, and IV
C) II, III, IV, and V
D) I and IV
E) I and V

Question 68

When a protein denatures, which type of bonding is affected?

A) covalent
B) peptide
C) ionic
D) hydrogen
E) metallic

Question 69

Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide by which type of reaction?

A) condensation
B) oxidation reduction
C) hydrolysis
D) decomposition
E) acid-base

Question 70

Nucleotides are monomers of ____.

A) complex lipids
B) proteins
C) polysaccharides
D) nucleic acids
E) cellulose

Question 73

Which food product would likely contain the largest amount of unsaturated fat?

A) butter
B) lard
C) cream
D) olives
E) cheese

Question 74

Which type of bonds hold the two chains of DNA together in a DNA molecule?

A) hydrogen
B) polar covalent
C) nonpolar covalent
D) ionic
E) peptide

Question 75

A protein that is linked to a carbohydrate is known as a ____.

A) glycoprotein
B) lipoprotein
C) fibrous proteins
D) denatured proteins
E) prions

Question 76

Primary protein structure is dependent upon ____.

A) hydrophobic interactions
B) hydrogen bonds between two amino acids
C) covalent linkages between carbons and nitrogens of adjacent amino acids
D) covalent linkages between carbons and oxygens of adjacent amino acids
E) covalent linkages between the polypeptide and sugars or lipids

Question 77

In a polymer of nucleotides, how does one nucleotide attach to another?

A) The base of one nucleotide is attached to the base of the next.
B) The base of one nucleotide it attached to the sugar of the next.
C) The sugar of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next.
D) The phosphate group of one nucleotide is attached to the base of the next.
E) The phosphate group of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next.

Question 78

All steroids have ____.

A) the same number of double bonds
B) double bonds in the same positions
C) four carbon rings
D) the same functional groups
E) the same number and positions of double bonds

Question 79

Protein misfolding causes ____.

A) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
B) arthritis
C) immunodepression
D) schizophrenia
E) tuberculosis