Deck 24: Digestion and Excretion

Question 1

The multicelled projections that protrude from the lining of the small intestine are called ____.

A) sphincters
B) brush borders
C) microvilli
D) villi
E) macrovilli

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the accompanying diagram, ____ represents the beginning of chemical digestion.

A) A
B) E
C) D
D) H
E) I

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The stomach____.

A) is a nonelastic sac
B) secretes enzymes that begin to break down fats
C) secretes enzymes that begin to break down proteins
D) is surrounded by three layers of skeletal muscle
E) secretes enzymes that begin mechanical digestion

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In the accompanying diagram, ____ is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine and hormones into the blood.

A) D
B) E
C) F
D) G
E) A

Question 5

The arrows in the given diagram are pointing to the ____.

A) esophagus and small intestine
B) trachea and large intestine
C) sphincters at the top and bottom of the stomach
D) esophagus and pancreas
E) stomach

Question 6

The longest segment of the gut is the____.

A) cecum
B) small intestine
C) esophagus
D) colon
E) rectum

Question 7

A person choking on a piece of food____.

A) cannot talk, breathe, or cough
B) can cough but cannot breathe or talk
C) can talk and cough but is unable to breathe
D) can breathe through his or her nose if he or she remains calm
E) can breathe but cannot talk or cough

Question 8

In the accompanying diagram, ____ indicates the location of chyme production.

A) A
B) D
C) E
D) F
E) G

Question 9

An individual who does not produce bile has the most trouble digesting ____.

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) nucleic acids
E) essential vitamins

Question 10

Excess energy is stored in ____, mainly in ____.

A) chemical bonds; adipose tissue
B) chemical bonds; carbohydrates
C) carbon atoms; adipose tissue
D) carbon atoms; carbohydrates
E) hydrogen bonds; water

Question 11

A person chokes when food becomes lodged in the ____.

A) esophagus
B) trachea
C) larynx
D) sinus
E) pharynx

Question 12

In the accompanying diagram, F represents the ____.

A) stomach
B) liver
C) pancreas
D) gallbladder
E) small intestine

Question 13

In the accompanying diagram, ____ is responsible for storing bile.

A) F
B) G
C) H
D) I
E) J

Question 14

A coelom is found in ____.

A) flatworms
B) earthworms
C) humans
D) earthworms and flatworms
E) humans and earthworms

Question 15

Overstuffed adipose cells harm organs by ____.

A) overfilling body cavities
B) storing hazardous chemicals
C) inducing a chronic inflammation response
D) becoming cancer cells
E) reducing oxygen flow

Question 16

A(n)____ has the simplest system for obtaining nutrients from food.

A) earthworm
B) sponge
C) grasshopper
D) clam
E) jellyfish

Question 17

A disruption of the stomach's protective mucus layer might give rise to ____.

A) acid reflux
B) ulcers
C) peristalsis
D) heart burn
E) choking

Question 18

A gastrovascular cavity is found in ____.

A) flatworms
B) sponge
C) clams
D) monkeys
E) birds

Question 19

People homozygous for a specific high-risk allele of the fto gene ____.

A) tend to overeat
B) store more fat
C) are naturally heavier
D) are always overweight
E) cannot undergo gastric bypass surgery

Question 20

Since 1980, the proportion of adults in the United States who are obese has ____.

A) decreased by half
B) doubled
C) tripled
D) decreased dramatically
E) stayed the same

Question 21

The ____ is a flap-like structure that helps prevent food from entering the windpipe.

A) uvula
B) pharynx
C) larynx
D) epiglottis
E) esophagus

Question 22

Fats that your body cannot make are called____.

A) essential fatty acids
B) triglycerides
C) phospholipids
D) saturated fats
E) sterols

Question 23

Broad, flat molars and reduced canines characterize the teeth of ____.

A) cows
B) cats
C) wolves
D) humans
E) apes

Question 24

Our primary source of energy is obtained from ____.

A) protein
B) fatty acids
C) carbohydrates
D) nucleic acids
E) triglycerides

Question 25

In the accompanying diagram, ____ is labeled "D."

A) the appendix
B) the cecum
C) a polyp
D) a portion of the small intestine
E) the colon

Question 26

The main enzyme produced in the saliva acts on ____.

A) proteins
B) fats
C) carbohydrates
D) fats and carbohydrates
E) carbohydrates and proteins

Question 27

When a person absorbs more glucose from his or her diet than he or she need, the excess is____.

A) flushed from the system as waste
B) stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver cells
C) stored as fat in the adipose cells
D) stored as ATP in the muscle cells
E) stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver cells and as fat in the adipose cells

Question 28

The role of a sphincter is to____.

A) control the passage of materials
B) create a churning motion
C) propagate peristalsis
D) absorb excess water from feces
E) reabsorb water

Question 29

From the back of the mouth to the front, the correct order of human teeth is ____.

A) molars; premolars; canines; incisors
B) premolars; molars; canines; incisors
C) canines; incisors; premolars; molars
D) molars; canines; premolars; incisors
E) incisors; canines; premolars; molars

Question 30

The first sphincter through which food passes is between the ____ and the ____.

A) esophagus; stomach
B) pharynx; esophagus
C) stomach; small intestine
D) small intestine; large intestine
E) colon; rectum

Question 31

The epiglottis is located ____.

A) above the pharynx
B) below the pharynx
C) below the larynx
D) below the esophagus
E) in the middle of the pharynx

Question 32

Most ulcers are caused by____.

A) eating spicy food
B) overuse of aspirin
C) bacterial infection
D) stress
E) poor diet

Question 33

Colon polyps____.

A) are mostly benign but some may become cancerous
B) are difficult to cure
C) are small growths that project from the wall of the small intestine
D) are responsible for 500,000 deaths in the United States every year
E) are usually benign but may become cancerous and are responsible for 500,000 deaths in the United States every year

Question 34

During absorption in the small intestine, ____ cross the brush border cells, eventually ending up in the lymph vessels.

A) simple sugars
B) fatty acids and glycerol
C) amino acids
D) nucleotides
E) complex sugars

Question 35

The main function of salivary mucus is to ____.

A) break down starch
B) mechanically breakup food materials
C) make the food particles sticky
D) hydrate dry food particles
E) coat food particles so they slide down the esophagus

Question 36

In the accompanying diagram, ____ is labeled "C."

A) the appendix
B) the cecum
C) a polyp
D) a portion of the small intestine
E) the colon

Question 37

The cecum is ____.

A) the first part of the large intestine
B) connected to the rectum
C) between the stomach and the small intestine
D) a producer of enzymes for digestion in the small intestine
E) connected to the stomach

Question 38

The primary role of bile salts during digestion is ____.

A) osmoregulation
B) to kill bacteria that may have been consumed
C) to coat fat droplets and separate them into small droplets
D) to drive the enzymatic digestion of fats
E) to drive the enzymatic digestion of proteins

Question 39

Bile is ____.

A) an enzyme that digests fat
B) made in the gallbladder
C) stored in the liver
D) a mix of salts, pigments, and cholesterol
E) necessary for protein digestion

Question 40

In the human mouth, ____ begins the process of chemical digestion.

A) amylase
B) pepsin
C) bile
D) secretin
E) chime

Question 41

Water-soluble vitamins are _____.

A) stored in body fat
B) not destroyed by heat
C) often   coenzymes
D) often lacking in the diet
E) stable in heat

Question 42

Blood enters the kidney through the ____ and leaves the kidney through the ____.

A) renal vein; renal artery
B) nephron; renal capillary
C) renal artery; renal vein
D) renal artery; nephron
E) nephron; renal artery

Question 43

Kidney function is measured by the____.

A) amount of urine produced over a 24-hour period
B) rate of filtration
C) rate of tubular secretion
D) rate of absorption
E) volume of urination produced overnight

Question 44

The correct path of urine out of the body is ____.

A) kidneys to ureter to bladder to urethra
B) kidneys to urethra to bladder to ureter
C) kidneys to bladder to urethra to ureter
D) kidneys to bladder to ureter to urethra
E) bladder to kidneys to ureter to urethra

Question 45

Kidney stones____.

A) are four times more likely to occur in men than women
B) usually cause extreme pain
C) cause no pain when they enter the ureter
D) are formed when proteins that are dissolved in the urine concentrate
E) never block the flow of urine

Question 46

The urinary bladder, identified as ____ in the accompanying diagram, is separated from the ____ by a sphincter.

A) A; ureter
B) C; ureter
C) A; urethra
D) C; urethra
E) A; urethra

Question 47

A normal human urinary system consists of ____.

A) two urethras
B) two ureters
C) two bladders
D) one kidney
E) one cloaca

Question 48

  
Tubular secretion occurs in the region labeled____.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3
D) 4
E) 1 and 2

Question 49

Vitamins are ____.

A) organic substances
B) inorganic substances
C) required in small amounts for normal metabolism
D) organic substances that are required in small amounts for normal metabolism
E) inorganic substances that are required in small amounts for normal metabolism

Question 50

  
The accompanying diagram represents a single____.

A) nephron
B) kidney
C) renal capillary
D) renal vein
E) renal artery

Question 51

If you were to consume too much vitamin C, _____.

A) it would be stored in your adipose tissue
B) it would be stored in your liver
C) you would metabolize it for energy
D) you would eliminate it in your urine
E) it will become toxic

Question 52

The ____, labeled as ____ in the accompanying diagram, is a channel for urine to flow from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

A) urethra; B
B) urethra; D
C) ureter; D
D) ureter; B
E) ureter; C

Question 53

Someone who has consumed a lot of alcohol becomes dehydrated because alcohol ____.

A) inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, which leads to an increase in urination
B) increases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, which leads to an increase in urination
C) inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, which leads to a reduction in urination
D) increases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, which leads to a reduction in urination
E) and water don't mix, which leads to an exclusion of water

Question 54

  
Reabsorption of water and essential solutes occurs in the region labeled____.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3 only
D) 4 only
E) 3 and 4

Question 55

In vertebrates, the main function of the urinary system is to____.

A) rid the body of excess water
B) rid the body of unwanted solutes
C) conserve excess water
D) rid the body of excess water and unwanted solutes
E) rid the body of solid wastes

Question 56

An essential amino acid or fatty acid is _____.

A) needed in large amounts by the body
B) dispensable
C) not synthesized by the body
D) an essential component of digestive enzymes
E) required daily

Question 57

Vitamin B₃ is a precursor of ____.

A) NADH
B) ATP
C) DNA
D) RNA
E) FADH

Question 58

The ____ would most likely contain blood that needs to be cleansed.

A) renal vein
B) renal artery
C) nephron
D) kidney
E) bladder

Question 59

  
Filtration occurs in the region labeled____.

A) 1
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 4
E) 2 and 3

Question 60

During the reabsorption process, ____ of the water in the tubules is returned to the blood.

A) 10  percent
B) 25  percent
C) 50  percent
D) 99  percent
E) 100  percent

Question 62

Hemodialysis____.

A) involves removing the patient's blood, cleansing it, and returning it to the body
B) can be done at home by pumping dialysis solution into the abdominal cavity
C) only needs to be performed once a month
D) replaces a person's blood during the filtration process
E) is only required while a kidney heals itself

Question 66

ADH affects the process of ____.

A) filtration
B) secretion
C) reabsorption
D) excretion
E) elimination

Question 67

The capillaries clustered around kidney tubule cups differ from other capillaries in that they____.

A) have a much wider diameter
B) are much leakier
C) have arterioles at either end
D) carry lymph with blood
E) have more than one of these characteristics

Question 68

ADH____.

A) increases glucose reabsorption
B) decreases the filtration rate
C) increases tubular secretion
D) increases water reabsorption
E) decreases amino acid reabsorption

Question 69

A kidney transplant ____ has the best chance of success.

A) followed by a lifetime of dialysis
B) from a deceased donor
C) from a living donor
D) from an animal donor
E) occurring after peritoneal dialysis

Question 70

Most transplanted kidneys come from ____.

A) living donors
B) cadavers
C) other animal species
D) laboratory-grown tissues
E) individuals compensated for kidney donation

Question 71

A nephron____.

A) is a kidney tubule
B) replaces the blood
C) forms feces
D) connects the kidneys to the bladder
E) is the functional unit of the kidney

Question 72

Blood pressure forces fluid through the spaces between cells in nephrons during the process of ____.

A) filtration
B) reabsorption
C) secretion
D) elimination
E) excretion

Question 73

The physical structure of the capillaries in the nephron ____.

A) ensures balanced filtration
B) prevents proteins from filtering into urine
C) allow blood cells to pass readily out of the kidneys
D) hold in salt ions
E) block foreign metabolites from entering the urinary tract

Question 74

Tubular secretion is essential for ____ homeostasis.

A) pH
B) water
C) solute
D) temperature
E) sugar