Deck 21: How Animals Move

Question 1

Synthetic versions of muscle-building hormones are also known as ____ hormones.

A) anabolic
B) catabolic
C) metabolic
D) bully
E) nutritional

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Earthworms have a(n) ____.

A) exoskeleton
B) endoskeleton
C) hydrostatic skeleton
D) segmental skeleton
E) squishy skeleton

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The ____ bone is the largest in the human body.

A) humerus
B) femur
C) ulna
D) tibia
E) radius

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The ____ protects/protect the heart and lungs.

A) vertebral column
B) pelvic girdle
C) pectoral girdle
D) ribs and sternum
E) breastplate and pelvic girdle

Question 5

Which invertebrate has an endoskeleton?

A) clam
B) lobster
C) sea star
D) earthworm
E) shrimp

Question 6

Arthropods have ____.

A) exoskeletons
B) endoskeletons
C) hydrostatic skeletons
D) segmental skeletons
E) squishy skeletons

Question 7

The size of a muscle can be increased by ____.

A) increased muscle cell division
B) addition of muscle companion cells
C) addition of muscle companion cells
D) synthesis of new protein filaments
E) overproduction of myostatin

Question 8

A(n) ____ skeleton is an internal fluid filled chamber against which muscles exert force.

A) exoskeleton
B) hydrostatic
C) hydrophobic
D) hydrophilic
E) endoskeleton

Question 9

Humans have ____ vertebrae.

A) 21
B) 26
C) 23
D) 46
E) 58

Question 10

Bones are wrapped in ____ tissue.

A) adipose
B) dense connective
C) epithelial
D) loose connective
E) neuronal

Question 11

Bone loss outpaces bone formation when a person suffers from ____.

A) osteoporosis
B) Parkinson's disease
C) muscular dystrophy
D) Alzheimer ' s disease
E) bone spurs

Question 12

A key disadvantage to having an exoskeleton is ____.

A) muscles do not work effectively
B) the body tissues are unprotected by it
C) it does not grow with the animal
D) it prevents the possibility of flying
E) it breaks easily

Question 13

In humans, the ____ bone is found in the pectoral girdle.

A) clavicle
B) humerus
C) radius
D) sternum
E) tibia

Question 14

The ____ bones protect the organs and support the weight of the upper body while standing.

A) vertebral column
B) pelvic girdle
C) pectoral girdle
D) ribs and sternum
E) femur and tibia

Question 15

Which hormone increases muscle mass?

A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) luteinizing hormone
D) testosterone
E) myostatin

Question 16

Understanding how to inhibit myostatin production may lead to effective treatment of ____.

A) increased muscle cell division
B) addition of muscle companion cells
C) stretching of individual muscle cells
D) synthesis of new protein filaments
E) overproduction of myostatin

Question 17

Bone mass typically increases until the approximate age of ____.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 25
D) 35
E) 45

Question 18

Human cases of complete myostatin deficiency ____.

A) are very common
B) are quite rare
C) have never been identified
D) are easy to study
E) result from nutritional deficiencies

Question 19

Intervertebral disks composed of ____ separate adjacent vertebrae in the human vertebral column.

A) cartilage
B) tendons
C) fibrous connective tissue
D) ligaments
E) bone marrow

Question 20

The regulatory protein responsible for slowing the production of muscle proteins is ____.

A) actin
B) myosin
C) troponin
D) testosterone
E) myostatin

Question 21

The sternum is a major site of red blood cell formation; therefore, the bones in the sternum must be ____ bones.

A) compact
B) spongy
C) cartilaginous
D) fibrous
E) synovial

Question 22

A tendon is an extension of ____ tissue.

A) dense connective
B) loose connective
C) bony
D) epithelial
E) muscle

Question 23

Osteoarthritis is more common in older adults due to ____.

A) a long-term nutritional deficiency
B) a lifetime of jarring joints
C) repeatedly breaking tendons
D) gradual loss of bone mass
E) an autoimmune disorder

Question 24

The ____ attaches to the lower leg bones, the tibia and fibula, at the knee.

A) humerus
B) ulna
C) radius
D) patella
E) femur

Question 25

Gibbons are able to swing through the trees by their arms thanks to ____ joints.

A) fibrous
B) cartilaginous
C) synovial
D) hinged joints
E) gliding joints

Question 26

The two tendons of the upper portion of the biceps attach to the ____.

A) clavicle
B) scapula
C) humerus
D) radius
E) backbone

Question 27

For muscles to contract, ____ ions need to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A) sodium
B) calcium
C) phosphorous
D) oxygen
E) nitrogen

Question 28

The bones of the vertebral column, head, and rib cage comprise the ____.

A) lower limb bones
B) axial skeleton
C) appendicular skeleton
D) endoskeleton
E) pelvic girdle

Question 29

When a muscle contracts, the opposing muscle with which it is paired will ____.

A) pull
B) push
C) contract
D) relax
E) shorten

Question 30

The pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle differ in that ____.

A) the pectoral girdle has more bones
B) the pectoral girdle includes the patella and the pelvic girdle includes the radius
C) the bones of the pelvic girdle are fused while the bones of the pectoral girdle are not
D) the bones of the pelvic girdle are part of the upper body while the bones of the pectoral girdle are part of the lower body
E) the bones of the pelvic girdle contain more calcium

Question 31

Most skeletal muscles attach to ____.

A) other tissues
B) bones
C) the backbone
D) a body opening
E) other muscles

Question 32

The ____ is a bone of the lower leg in humans.

A) femur
B) tibia
C) radius
D) ulna
E) humerus

Question 33

Muscles are connected to bones by ____.

A) ligaments
B) epithelium
C) tendons
D) joints
E) bones

Question 34

The bones of synovial joints are held in place by ____.

A) tendons
B) loose connective tissue
C) ligaments
D) cartilage
E) other bones

Question 35

Bones store ____, which is important for nerve cell function and muscle contraction.

A) calcium
B) phosphorous
C) potassium
D) sodium
E) magnesium

Question 36

When you bring your hand to your shoulder, your biceps muscle ____ and your triceps muscle ____.

A) contracts; relaxes
B) relaxes; contracts
C) contracts; contracts
D) relaxes; relaxes
E) lengthens; shortens

Question 37

The ____ is most like an endoskeleton.

A) wooden frame of a house
B) covering of a chair
C) hair of a dog
D) trunk of a tree
E) handle of an umbrella

Question 38

Vitamin ____ helps reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

A) A
B) B₁₂
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 39

The single tendon of the biceps attaches to the ____.

A) clavicle
B) scapula
C) ulna
D) radius
E) humerus

Question 40

Compact bone contains ____.

A) thick concentric layers of extracellular matrix
B) spongy marrow
C) yellow marrow
D) red marrow
E) blood arteries

Question 41

Which list represents the hierarchy of muscle structure from the largest unit to the smallest?

A) muscle fiber → myofibril → sarcomere → filaments
B) myofibril → muscle fiber → sarcomere → filaments
C) sarcomere → myofibril → filaments → muscle fiber
D) muscle fiber → sarcomere → myofibril → filaments
E) muscle fiber → filaments → myofibril → sarcomere

Question 42

M arathon runners tend to have a high percentage of ____ in their leg muscles.

A) slow, red fibers
B) slow, white fibers
C) fast, red fibers
D) fast, white fibers
E) both red and white fibers

Question 43

When a muscle fiber is relaxed, myosin cannot bind to actin because ____.

A) ATP is not present
B) the myosin binding site on actin is blocked
C) the myosin head is in the wrong shape for binding
D) the actin is in the wrong orientation for myosin binding
E) the myosin head is 180 degrees from its attachment configuration

Question 44

White muscle fibers contain some but relatively few ____.

A) stored ATP molecules
B) creatine phosphate molecules
C) nuclei
D) sarcomeres
E) mitochondria

Question 45

The ends of a sarcomere are defined by ____.

A) A lines
B) M lines
C) Z lines
D) myofibrils
E) thick filaments

Question 46

An Olympic marathon runner probably has more ____ than does an Olympic weightlifter.

A) white muscle fibers
B) red muscle fibers
C) creatine phosphate
D) stored ATP
E) Stored oxygen

Question 47

The sliding-filament model of muscle contraction is described by the action of ____ pulling ____ inward.

A) muscle fibers; actin filaments
B) myofilaments; sarcomeres
C) sarcomeres; Z lines
D) actin filaments; myosin filaments
E) myosin filaments; actin filaments

Question 48

All components of a muscle have ____ orientation, resulting in ____.

A) the same; a concerted pull in the same direction
B) the same; a concerted push in the same direction
C) a random; a dispersion of force
D) a random; a concentration of force in the center of the muscle
E) the same; a concentration of force in the center of the muscle

Question 49

In a muscle contraction event, ____ causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A) the hydrolysis of ATP
B) the formation of ATP
C) the formation of the actin-myosin cross-bridge
D) a signal from a motor neuron
E) the shortening of the sarcomere

Question 50

Aerobic respiration increases ____.

A) the supply of ATP
B) the formation of actin filaments
C) the enzymes for glycolysis
D) muscle size
E) the supply of ADP

Question 51

Skeletal muscles become more resistant to fatigue following ____ exercise.

A) high intensity-short duration
B) low intensity-long duration
C) medium intensity-medium duration
D) high intensity-long duration
E) low intensity-short duration

Question 52

In a muscle contraction, the sarcomere shortens when ____.

A) the myosin heads move in opposite directions
B) the myosin heads move toward each other
C) the actin filaments move in opposite directions
D) the actin-myosin cross-bridge disconnects
E) ATP is formed from ADP and Pi

Question 53

The ____ pathway produces the most energy.

A) lactate fermentation
B) anaerobic respiration
C) aerobic respiration
D) use of stored ATP
E) dephosphorylation of creatine phosphate

Question 54

The thick filaments of a sarcomere are composed of ____, and the thin filaments are composed of ____.

A) actin; myosin
B) myosin; actin
C) myofibrils; actin
D) A lines; Z lines
E) myofibrils; myosin

Question 55

The contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is a(n) ____.

A) myofibril
B) sarcomere
C) myosin filament
D) actin filament
E) Z line

Question 56

In a muscle contraction, calcium ____.

A) causes the hydrolysis of ATP
B) connects actin with myosin to form a cross-bridge
C) allows myosin to bind to actin
D) catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
E) causes the release of Pi from the myosin head

Question 57

Compared to white muscle fibers, red muscle fibers ____.

A) have fewer mitochondria
B) have less myoglobin
C) make more ATP by lactate fermentation
D) fatigue less easily
E) get most of their ATP from creatine phosphate

Question 58

In muscle contraction, the breaking of the cross-bridge between actin and myosin is caused by ____.

A) hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi
B) formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
C) release of Pi from the myosin head
D) binding of a new ATP to the myosin head
E) return of myosin to a high-energy state

Question 59

Myoglobin supplies ____ to fuel muscle activity.

A) oxygen for aerobic respiration
B) phosphate for ATP formation
C) direct energy for white muscle fiber contraction
D) glucose for lactate fermentation
E) glucose for aerobic respiration

Question 60

In a contracted muscle, the Z lines of a sarcomere are ____.

A) closer together but not overlapping
B) further apart
C) the same distance apart as when not contracting
D) thicker
E) overlapping

Question 61

In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled "H" is a ____.

A) muscle fiber
B) sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) mitochondria
D) myofibril
E) Z line

Question 63

The outermost, weight-bearing part of limb bones is made up of ____.

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) yellow marrow
D) red marrow
E) connective tissue

Question 65

The enzyme lipoprotein lipase ____.

A) decreases in concentration with exercise
B) allows muscles to release fatty acids
C) decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease
D) results in lower levels of HDL
E) has no overall impact on health

Question 66

The joint between vertebrae is an example of a ____ joint.

A) cartilaginous
B) synovial
C) fibrous
D) spongy
E) intervertebral

Question 68

Low intensity, long duration exercise results in ____.

A) decreased capillary growth
B) decreased number of mitochondria
C) increased white fibers
D) increased amounts of myoglobin
E) no change in muscles

Question 70

Bones at synovial joints are held in place by ____.

A) tendons
B) cartilaginous joints
C) fibrous joints
D) ligaments
E) bone fragments

Question 71

In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled "B" is a ____.

A) muscle fiber
B) sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) mitochondria
D) myofibril
E) Z line

Question 72

In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled "D" is the ____.

A) muscle fiber
B) sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) mitochondria
D) myofibril
E) Z line

Question 73

Resistance activities increase muscle mass by ____.

A) stretching muscles
B) increasing the number of mitochondria in cells
C) encouraging the synthesis of more actin and myosin filaments
D) encouraging the production of more muscle fibers
E) converting red fibers to white fibers

Question 74

Relaxed muscles, such as those generated by prolonged sitting, ____, resulting in ____.

A) do not make ATP; higher blood glucose level
B) make excess ATP; lower blood glucose level
C) do not make ATP; lower blood glucose level
D) make excess ATP; higher blood glucose level
E) make normal amounts of ATP; stable blood glucose level