Deck 2: The Nature and Extent of Crime

Question 1

A _______________________________ is a survey in which data about all variables related to a given population are collected in order to determine crime rates.

Answer 1

cross-sectional survey

Question 2

___________________ is referred to as the selection of a limited number of people from a larger group for study.

Answer 2

Sample

Question 3

The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft is known as a ____________________.

Answer 3

burglary

Question 4

_________ is referred to as the unlawful attack against another for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury

Question 5

A _______ is one that uses an intact cohort of known offenders and looks back into their early life experiences by checking their educational, family, police, and hospital records.

Question 6

The Bureau of Justice Statistics sponsors one of the largest victim-related surveys, known as the: ______________________.

Question 7

The eight serious and frequent crimes the FBI reports on annually, which include crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery, are referred to as __________________.

Question 8

The ___________________ is responsible for compiling the large database of statistics known as the Uniform Crime Report.

Question 9

A type of survey in which criminals are surveyed to gain a true representation of criminal offending not captured by official measures such as the UCR are called _________________,

Question 10

In regard to the Uniform Crime Reports, the three areas of concern for validity and reliability issues are law enforcement, reporting practices, and _____________________ practices.

Question 11

The FBI's  __________________ is the best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics.

Question 12

The ________________________________ requires local law enforcement to provide a brief account of each arrest within 22 categories of crime patterns.

Question 13

Traditionally, about ______________ percent of all reported index crimes are cleared by arrest each year.

Question 14

The trend in overall U.S. crime rates has shown a marked _____.

Question 15

Because of limited economic opportunities, it is possible that crime rates may _____ in the future.

Question 16

Crimes are cleared in two ways: through arrest, charging, and being turned over to the court, or through _________________ means.

Question 17

Selecting subjects based on their ethnic or racial background is known as ________________________.

Question 18

The propensity shown in Paternoster et al's study of deviant peers is that people exposed to positive attitudes toward deviant behavior are ____ likely to adapt similar behaviors themselves.

Question 19

A sample of subjects whose behavior is followed over a period of time is referred to as a _______________.

Question 20

Criminologists use _____ to create graphic representations of the spatial geography of crime.

Question 21

A research approach that asks participants, often prisoners, to describe their recent and lifetime criminal activity is termed:

A) field observation.
B) cross-sectional research.
C) a self-report survey.
D) meta-analysis.

Question 22

The fact that low rates of offending are noticeable with females because of the idea that the criminal justice system treats them lightly is referred to as the _____________________.

Question 23

___________________ refers to the fact that as individuals get older, they are less likely to criminally offend.

Question 24

A person who repeatedly commits crime, and whose life is centered around criminal activity, is referred to as a(n) ________________.

Question 25

Part I crimes are also referred to as _____________ and include murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, arson, and _____________.

A) indices, embezzlement
B) indices, domestic violence
C) index crimes, larceny
D) index crimes, embezzlement

Question 26

If criminologists want to see the direct effect of one factor on another, such as determining whether playing violent video games will impact the aggression of players, they conduct:

A) experimental research.
B) aggregate data research.
C) cohort research.
D) survey research.

Question 27

The ______ is the view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men.

Question 28

The 1972 landmark research by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin was titled ___________________.

Question 29

Which crime has the highest clearance rate because of arrests?

A) robbery
B) murder
C) motor vehicle theft
D) rape

Question 30

A police department could use  ______ to identify and target locations associated with increased random gunfire during the previous year's New Year's Eve holiday in order to deploy police resources to those areas.

A) dumpster diving
B) meta-analysis
C) data mining
D) systematic review

Question 31

______________ are those committed by indigent people as a result of legitimate opportunities for economic gain.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a contributing factor to inconsistent reporting in the Uniform Crime Reports?

A) fear of reprisal
B) lack of trust in law enforcement
C) complex compilation methods
D) victims with dirty hands

Question 33

Crimes that have no purpose except accomplishing the goal at hand--for instance, shooting somebody-- are called _______________.

Question 34

Most reported crimes occur during the months of July and ______________.

Question 35

The assumption that those who commit deviant acts at a young age are more likely to offend as adults is referred to as ________________.

Question 36

Because cohort research is extremely difficult and time-consuming, another approach is to take an intact cohort from the past and collect data from their educational, family, police, and hospital records, which is known as a(n) _____ study.

A) reverse cohort
B) transplant
C) exposition cohort
D) retrospective cohort

Question 37

The best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics is:

A) the Bell Curve.
B) the National Crime Victimization Survey.
C) the Uniform Incident Reporting System.
D) the Uniform Crime Report.

Question 38

Observing a group of people who share a like characteristic, especially over time, is termed:

A) sampling.
B) cross-sectional research.
C) meta-analysis.
D) cohort research.

Question 39

A controversial law in the state of ________________________ allows for law enforcement to stop or detain individuals they believe are in violation of immigration laws.

Question 40

About two-thirds of all murders and 40 percent of robberies involve the use of a _____.

Question 41

______ has been employed to help police departments allocate resources to combat crime based on offense patterns, resulting in the development of predictive policing.

A) Observational research
B) Meta-analysis
C) Systematic review
D) Data mining

Question 42

According to statistics in the text, approximately how many gang members are in the United States?

A) 250,000
B) 400,000
C) 650,000
D) 800,000

Question 43

The masculine hypothesis, which states that most female crime is committed by more masculine females who possess male traits, was developed by:

A) Keith Bell.
B) Paul Klenowski.
C) Cesare Lombroso.
D) Albert Cohen.

Question 44

The phrase "the ecology of crime" refers to:

A) gender and age.
B) social class and economics.
C) race and ethnicity.
D) season and climate.

Question 45

When measured with UCR data, official statistics indicate that crime rates in inner cities and high-poverty areas are generally _______________ compared to wealthier, higher-class neighborhoods.

A) higher
B) lower
C) the same
D) immeasurable

Question 46

If findings from the Monitoring the Future study are accurate, youth crime is:

A) close to what official statistics reveal.
B) much greater than official statistics reveal.
C) much lower than official statistics reveal.
D) slightly higher than official statistics reveal.

Question 47

Of the following countries, which has the lowest crime and victimization rate?

A) England
B) Spain
C) New Zealand
D) Ireland

Question 48

Most crimes occur in July and August, with the exception of murder, which occurs frequently in:

A) December and January.
B) September and October.
C) February and March.
D) May and June.

Question 49

For every one murder perpetrated by a female, how many murders are perpetrated by males?

A) 3
B) 7
C) 11
D) 15

Question 50

Although differences between the UCR and the NCVS abound, the greatest distinction between the two is the ability of the:

A) NCVS to identify crimes committed against those under the age of twelve.
B) UCR to identify the social dimension of fear.
C) UCR to measure unreported crime.
D) NCVS to measure unreported crime.

Question 51

The hypothesis that teens and kids commit crime in groups more often than they act individually is known as the _____ hypothesis.

A) symmetry
B) group offending
C) association
D) co-offending

Question 52

A crime, in general, is most likely to occur under which set of conditions?

A) on an August day with a temperature of 80 degrees
B) on a July day with a temperature of 98 degrees
C) on an April day with a temperature of 78 degrees
D) on a November day with a temperature of 67 degrees

Question 53

About two-thirds of murders and 40 percent of robberies involve a(n):

A) accomplice.
B) knife.
C) firearm.
D) getaway vehicle.

Question 54

Elderly males (over the age of 65) are primarily arrested more often for __________, while elderly females are arrested for ___________.

A) murder, larceny
B) alcohol-related crimes, larceny
C) larceny, forgery
D) alcohol-related crimes, embezzlement

Question 55

__________ crimes are associated with those living in poverty who engage in disproportionate amounts of rape and assault as a means of expressing their rage, frustration, and anger against society.

A) Instrumental
B) Expressive
C) Double marginality
D) Strict-liability

Question 56

According to the ____ hypothesis, the criminality of females is masked because of the generally benevolent and protective attitude toward women in our society.

A) masculinity
B) chivalry
C) feminist
D) socialization

Question 57

The belief that lower rates of criminal offending by females can be explained by their second-class standing in society is explained by:

A) the Citadel hypothesis.
B) conservative feminist theory.
C) Marxist feminist theory.
D) liberal feminist theory.

Question 58

Which best portrays the validity concerns that impact data-collection methods for the UCR?

A) reporting practices
B) methodological problems
C) reporting practices and law enforcement practices
D) reporting practices, methodological problems, and law enforcement practices

Question 59

Because of the amount of disposable income __________, crime rates may be higher.

A) on the first day of the month
B) on the fifteenth day of the month
C) at the end of the month
D) every second week

Question 60

Those unable to obtain desired goods and services through conventional means may consequently resort to theft and other illegal activities known as ________ crimes.

A) instrumental
B) expressive
C) double marginality
D) strict-liability

Question 61

The Bureau of Justice Statistics compiles the Uniform Crime Report.

Question 62

Wolfgang and colleagues' research depicted that a small percentage of the population was responsible for a large percentage of crime. These individuals are known as:

A) chronic offenders.
B) criminal typology offenders.
C) the delinquent subculture.
D) nonutilitarian offenders.

Question 63

This view holds that the best predictor of future criminality is past criminality.

A) continuity of crime
B) delinquent subculture theory
C) racial threat hypothesis
D) early childhood assumption

Question 64

The belief that as the percentage of minorities increases in a population, so does the added attention and stress placed on this group by police presence, is known as:

A) the Wendall Holmes theory.
B) the racial threat hypothesis.
C) the double marginality hypothesis.
D) the minority profiling hypothesis.

Question 65

One way in which crimes are cleared is through arrest.

Question 66

MTF data indicate that the number of people who break the law is far lower than the number projected by official statistics.

Question 67

According to recent UCR data, which statement is most accurate?

A) Teen crime has risen sharply, while adult crime has dropped slowly.
B) Teen crime has dropped at a rate of over three to one as compared with adult crime.
C) Teen crime has risen at a rate of nearly four to one as compared with adult crime.
D) No clear difference is noticeable between teen and adult crime rates.

Question 68

When criminal complaints are found through investigation to be unfounded, they are eliminated from the actual count in the Uniform Crime Report.

Question 69

Which characteristics are used to predict chronic offending?

A) school-attendance problems
B) patterns of running away from home
C) childhood sexual abuse
D) all of the above

Question 70

Noncitizen adult men from Mexico, a group disproportionately likely to have entered the U.S. illegally, are ______ than U.S.-born adult men to be in a correctional setting

A) more than four times less likely
B) more than eight times less likely
C) more than four times more likely
D) more than eight times more likely

Question 71

Generally, girls are more willing to self-report drug use than boys, with the exception of Latina girls.

Question 72

One of the most important findings of the cohort studies discussed in the text is that:

A) people with a history of violence and mental disease are less likely to kill when they use a knife or other weapon.
B) adult offending and juvenile offending are not correlated.
C) persistent juvenile offending is correlated with poor education and less job satisfaction as an adult.
D) persistent juvenile offenders are most likely to continue their criminal careers as adults.

Question 73

True experiments, using all of the elements of the scientific method, are very common in criminology.

Question 74

According to the Wolfgang et al study, chronic offenders account for a large amount crime but make up only _____ percentage of the population.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 10
D) 15

Question 75

The Uniform Crime Report is an annual survey of crime victims.

Question 76

Survey data derived from all age, race, gender, and income characteristics measured simultaneously is referred to as a cross-sectional study.

Question 77

The idea that those who offend early in life and commit more serious crimes in adolescence will continue to offend as adults is known as:

A) gender theory.
B) the masculinity hypothesis.
C) the chivalry hypothesis.
D) persistence.

Question 78

Minor traffic crimes are the primary data collected in Part II index crimes. This data determines the grant money and safer-streets funding allocated for cities.

Question 79

Part I index crimes consist of eight crimes, four of which are personal crimes and four of which are property crimes.

Question 80

A policy in which offenders convicted of three felony offenses receive a mandatory life sentence is known as:

A) The repeat offender law
B) Megan's law
C) the felony persistence law
D) The three-strikes law