Deck 7: The Feeling Mind Emotion and Motivation
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Deck 7: The Feeling Mind Emotion and Motivation
1
Clarice wakes up in a daze and remembers that she has to do laundry. On her way to the laundry room, she encounters an enormous black spider, which causes her heart to race. Despite this, she continues to the laundry room and stays until all of her clothes are washed and dried to her satisfaction. What aspect of Clarice's day demonstrates motivation?
A) Feeling her heart race
B) Waking up in a daze
C) Encountering the spider
D) Doing her laundry
A) Feeling her heart race
B) Waking up in a daze
C) Encountering the spider
D) Doing her laundry
Doing her laundry
2
Which model or theory of emotion proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings?
A) James-Lange theory
B) Catharsis theory
C) Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion
D) Cannon-Bard theory
A) James-Lange theory
B) Catharsis theory
C) Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion
D) Cannon-Bard theory
James-Lange theory
3
Hours into their cross-country road trip, Lloyd and Harry are famished. The two friends argue about what to do. Should they stop at a highway rest stop, or search for a place to eat in the nearest town? They decide to stop this time at a rest stop, and next time in town. How is motivation demonstrated in this scenario?
A) They compete for similar resources.
B) They seek to eat food.
C) They disagree on the best solution to their problem.
D) They react instinctively to their hunger.
A) They compete for similar resources.
B) They seek to eat food.
C) They disagree on the best solution to their problem.
D) They react instinctively to their hunger.
They seek to eat food.
4
A major advantage provided by emotion is
A) that it creates the desire for affiliation.
B) in its ability to produce arousal.
C) that it promotes self-actualization and empathy.
D) in its ability to produce an internal drive for survival.
A) that it creates the desire for affiliation.
B) in its ability to produce arousal.
C) that it promotes self-actualization and empathy.
D) in its ability to produce an internal drive for survival.
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5
Which scenario supports the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion?
A) Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case and realizes he has a crush on Juanita.
B) Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy.
C) Bethany feels very depressed about her recent breakup with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.
D) Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
A) Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case and realizes he has a crush on Juanita.
B) Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy.
C) Bethany feels very depressed about her recent breakup with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.
D) Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
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6
Which model or theory of emotion proposes that a range of physical sensations, from precise to general, requires varying degrees of cognitive processing prior to subjective feelings?
A) James-Lange theory
B) Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
C) Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion
D) Cannon-Bard theory
A) James-Lange theory
B) Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
C) Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion
D) Cannon-Bard theory
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7
Why are animals motivated to explore their environments?
A) To find potential mates and pass on their genes
B) To act more effectively when the need arises
C) To boost overall brain function through curiosity
D) To avoid confrontation by ensuring that the territory is unmarked
A) To find potential mates and pass on their genes
B) To act more effectively when the need arises
C) To boost overall brain function through curiosity
D) To avoid confrontation by ensuring that the territory is unmarked
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8
Which scenario supports the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
A) Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case and realizes he has a crush on Juanita.
B) Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then she begins to feel happy.
C) Bethany feels depressed about her recent breakup with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.
D) Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
A) Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case and realizes he has a crush on Juanita.
B) Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then she begins to feel happy.
C) Bethany feels depressed about her recent breakup with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.
D) Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
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9
Which model or theory of emotion proposes that there is a simultaneous and independent occurrence of physical sensations and subjective feelings during an emotional experience?
A) Catharsis theory
B) Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
C) Somatovisceral afference model of emotion
D) Cannon-Bard theory
A) Catharsis theory
B) Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
C) Somatovisceral afference model of emotion
D) Cannon-Bard theory
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10
Consider the Capilano Canyon experiment (Dutton & Aron, 1974). What is the explanation for why the men crossing the more frightening suspension bridge included much more sexual content in their interviews?
A) In the presence of an attractive woman, the men attempted to repress their fear.
B) Fear-provoking situations exaggerate risk-taking in all areas, including finding a mate.
C) During times of heightened fear, people often try to distract themselves.
D) The men misinterpreted physiological signals of fear as sexual arousal.
A) In the presence of an attractive woman, the men attempted to repress their fear.
B) Fear-provoking situations exaggerate risk-taking in all areas, including finding a mate.
C) During times of heightened fear, people often try to distract themselves.
D) The men misinterpreted physiological signals of fear as sexual arousal.
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11
Which model or theory proposes that emotions act as a reservoir that fills up and spills over, and that expressing these emotions will reduce arousal?
A) James-Lange theory
B) Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
C) Catharsis theory
D) Cannon-Bard theory
A) James-Lange theory
B) Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
C) Catharsis theory
D) Cannon-Bard theory
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12
What do motivation and emotion have in common?
A) They both arouse an organism to stimulate some type of behavior.
B) They both stimulate behavioral changes in a specific manner.
C) They both cause a prolonged change in behavior.
D) They both lead to general rather than specific behavioral changes.
A) They both arouse an organism to stimulate some type of behavior.
B) They both stimulate behavioral changes in a specific manner.
C) They both cause a prolonged change in behavior.
D) They both lead to general rather than specific behavioral changes.
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13
Which scenario supports the catharsis theory of emotion?
A) Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case and realizes he has a crush on Juanita.
B) Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy.
C) Bethany feels depressed about her recent breakup with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.
D) Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
A) Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case and realizes he has a crush on Juanita.
B) Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy.
C) Bethany feels depressed about her recent breakup with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.
D) Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
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14
Clarice wakes up in a daze and remembers that she has to do laundry. On her way to the laundry room, she encounters an enormous black spider, which causes her heart to race. Despite this, she continues to the laundry room and stays until all of her clothes are washed and dried to her satisfaction. At what point does Clarice experience an emotion?
A) When she remembers that she has to do laundry
B) When she wakes up in a daze
C) When she encounters the spider
D) When she starts her laundry
A) When she remembers that she has to do laundry
B) When she wakes up in a daze
C) When she encounters the spider
D) When she starts her laundry
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15
Which scenario supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A) Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case and realizes he has a crush on Juanita.
B) Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy.
C) Bethany feels very depressed about her recent breakup with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.
D) Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
A) Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case and realizes he has a crush on Juanita.
B) Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy.
C) Bethany feels very depressed about her recent breakup with her boyfriend. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.
D) Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
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16
Which model or theory of emotion proposes that general arousal leads to assessment, which in turn calls for an assessment that leads to subjective feelings?
A) James-Lange theory
B) Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
C) Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion
D) Cannon-Bard theory
A) James-Lange theory
B) Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
C) Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion
D) Cannon-Bard theory
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17
Which of the following is the best statement of the distinction between a mood and an emotion?
A) A mood is a positive state, while an emotion is a negative state.
B) A mood stimulates motivation, while an emotion does not.
C) A mood is a more general state than an emotion.
D) An emotion involves physical changes, while a mood does not.
A) A mood is a positive state, while an emotion is a negative state.
B) A mood stimulates motivation, while an emotion does not.
C) A mood is a more general state than an emotion.
D) An emotion involves physical changes, while a mood does not.
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18
According to the somatovisceral afference model of emotion (SAME), which scenario is likely to elicit the slowest emotional response?
A) Tiana receives a rare phone call from her husband who is away at war; she happily grins from ear-to-ear.
B) While hiking, Daria sees a mountain lion off in the distance; she has never been so scared and stops dead in her tracks as her heart beats uncontrollably.
C) Doug is finishing up his term paper as his roommate accidentally drops a pint of beer on his laptop; Doug starts to shake uncontrollably with anger.
D) Tyrone looks over his annual progress report from his boss; the comments are mostly positive, and he is proud of his accomplishments.
A) Tiana receives a rare phone call from her husband who is away at war; she happily grins from ear-to-ear.
B) While hiking, Daria sees a mountain lion off in the distance; she has never been so scared and stops dead in her tracks as her heart beats uncontrollably.
C) Doug is finishing up his term paper as his roommate accidentally drops a pint of beer on his laptop; Doug starts to shake uncontrollably with anger.
D) Tyrone looks over his annual progress report from his boss; the comments are mostly positive, and he is proud of his accomplishments.
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19
According to contemporary views of emotion, an emphasis on what factor may account for the vast range of emotional reactions that individuals have toward the same event?
A) Physiology
B) Individualism
C) Appraisal
D) Intelligence
A) Physiology
B) Individualism
C) Appraisal
D) Intelligence
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20
The somatovisceral afference model of emotion (SAME) provides a middle ground between which two theories of emotion?
A) The Cannon-Bard theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
B) The Cannon-Bard theory and the catharsis theory
C) The James-Lange theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
D) The James-Lange theory and the catharsis theory
A) The Cannon-Bard theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
B) The Cannon-Bard theory and the catharsis theory
C) The James-Lange theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
D) The James-Lange theory and the catharsis theory
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21
All of the following behaviors are affiliated with stimulation of the hypothalamus in animals EXCEPT
A) aggression.
B) learning.
C) sexual behavior.
D) eating.
A) aggression.
B) learning.
C) sexual behavior.
D) eating.
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22
Following a serious automobile accident several months ago, Lata is not able to make a discernable reaction to disgust. Lata likely suffered damage to her
A) insula.
B) medulla.
C) corpus callosum.
D) hippocampus.
A) insula.
B) medulla.
C) corpus callosum.
D) hippocampus.
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23
Patient S. M. is able to recognize the emotions of happiness, sadness, and disgust portrayed in photographs, but has selective difficulty identifying fear correctly. Which brain region has probably suffered damage in this patient?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Amygdala
C) Pons
D) Medulla
A) Hypothalamus
B) Amygdala
C) Pons
D) Medulla
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24
A cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should express an emotion is referred to as a
A) display rule.
B) normative action.
C) conformative law.
D) controlled expression.
A) display rule.
B) normative action.
C) conformative law.
D) controlled expression.
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25
What is the evidence to support Charles Darwin's claim that human emotional expression was shaped through evolution?
A) The recognition of emotional facial expressions is uniquely tailored to promote survival in different climatic regions around the world.
B) Infants' social smiles emerge at about the same age, regardless of whether an infant can see faces or is born blind.
C) Individuals who are capable of showing the widest range of emotions typically have the greatest number of progeny.
D) The same breadth of different emotions expressed by humans are also expressed by nearly all species, but to varying degrees.
A) The recognition of emotional facial expressions is uniquely tailored to promote survival in different climatic regions around the world.
B) Infants' social smiles emerge at about the same age, regardless of whether an infant can see faces or is born blind.
C) Individuals who are capable of showing the widest range of emotions typically have the greatest number of progeny.
D) The same breadth of different emotions expressed by humans are also expressed by nearly all species, but to varying degrees.
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26
How do the right and left brain hemispheres process emotion?
A) We do not appear to have "happy centers" or "sad centers" based on the hemispheres.
B) The right hemisphere processes positive emotions; the left hemisphere processes negative emotions.
C) The left hemisphere funnels information about emotion to the right hemisphere.
D) The right hemisphere funnels information about emotion to the left hemisphere.
A) We do not appear to have "happy centers" or "sad centers" based on the hemispheres.
B) The right hemisphere processes positive emotions; the left hemisphere processes negative emotions.
C) The left hemisphere funnels information about emotion to the right hemisphere.
D) The right hemisphere funnels information about emotion to the left hemisphere.
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27
Ahn is participating in a research study assessing the impact of brain damage on emotion recognition. She is asked to scan through a series of images and decipher the facial expressions of several individuals. Ahn performs well on the task but is consistently unable to recognize the expression of disgust. Ahn most likely suffered damage to which area of her brain?
A) Basal ganglia
B) Amygdala
C) Cingulate cortex
D) Insula
A) Basal ganglia
B) Amygdala
C) Cingulate cortex
D) Insula
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28
What is the evidence to support that there is coordinated development of language and emotional communication in our brains?
A) Stroke victims with infarcted Broca's areas have difficulty producing language and the appropriate emotional response.
B) Children with autism typically demonstrate delayed language development and difficulty expressing emotion.
C) We use the same pathways for language and for the perception and appreciation of music.
D) The brains of novelists show a wider range of emotions than that of doctors.
A) Stroke victims with infarcted Broca's areas have difficulty producing language and the appropriate emotional response.
B) Children with autism typically demonstrate delayed language development and difficulty expressing emotion.
C) We use the same pathways for language and for the perception and appreciation of music.
D) The brains of novelists show a wider range of emotions than that of doctors.
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29
Donatella participates in a study and is asked to view a series of images that are likely to provoke strong emotion: a father caressing his newborn baby; a child crying at his mother's funeral; and a shark ferociously attacking a seal. While she views these images, a PET scan monitors her brain activity. What is the PET scan likely to show?
A) A specialized region of the prefrontal cortex shows robust activity for all of her emotions.
B) Separate cortical "emotion centers" respond to each of her emotions.
C) The prototypic "emotional pattern" of activity is observed in response to all of her emotions.
D) Distinct patterns of activity will be observed for each of her emotions.
A) A specialized region of the prefrontal cortex shows robust activity for all of her emotions.
B) Separate cortical "emotion centers" respond to each of her emotions.
C) The prototypic "emotional pattern" of activity is observed in response to all of her emotions.
D) Distinct patterns of activity will be observed for each of her emotions.
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30
The emotional quality of pain likely results from information processing at which level of the brain?
A) Basal ganglia
B) Amygdala
C) Cingulate cortex
D) Insula
A) Basal ganglia
B) Amygdala
C) Cingulate cortex
D) Insula
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31
Several months ago, Ambreena suffered moderate brain damage following the surgical removal of a brain tumor. Her husband is perplexed by the fact that she struggles to smile when they are together sharing a happy moment, but when looking at a recent family photograph, he notices a big grin on her face. This indicates that Ambreena suffered damage involving
A) lateralization of the somatosensory cortex.
B) activation of the amygdala.
C) cortical input.
D) subcortical input.
A) lateralization of the somatosensory cortex.
B) activation of the amygdala.
C) cortical input.
D) subcortical input.
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32
Months after suffering head trauma from a work accident, Maxwell's wife Jessica notices that he is acting irresponsibly. For example, he decided on a whim to go sky diving, he drives his car at high speeds on the highway, and constantly blurts out obscenities to people. In what region did Maxwell likely suffer brain damage?
A) Basal ganglia
B) Insula
C) Cerebral cortex
D) Amygdala
A) Basal ganglia
B) Insula
C) Cerebral cortex
D) Amygdala
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33
According to research (Cacioppo, Berntson, Larsen, Poehlmann, & Ito, 2000), which of the following is true regarding negative and positive emotions?
A) Negative emotions produce stronger somatic nervous system arousal than positive emotions.
B) Positive emotions produce stronger somatic nervous system arousal than negative emotions.
C) Positive emotions produce stronger autonomic nervous system arousal than negative emotions.
D) Negative emotions produce stronger autonomic nervous system arousal than positive emotions.
A) Negative emotions produce stronger somatic nervous system arousal than positive emotions.
B) Positive emotions produce stronger somatic nervous system arousal than negative emotions.
C) Positive emotions produce stronger autonomic nervous system arousal than negative emotions.
D) Negative emotions produce stronger autonomic nervous system arousal than positive emotions.
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34
Which brain region coordinates movements in response to emotional stimuli?
A) Basal ganglia
B) Amygdala
C) Cingulate cortex
D) Insula
A) Basal ganglia
B) Amygdala
C) Cingulate cortex
D) Insula
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35
Which nervous system structure participates in the general arousal associated with emotional states?
A) Cranial nervous system
B) Somatic nervous system
C) Autonomic nervous system
D) Encephalic nervous system
A) Cranial nervous system
B) Somatic nervous system
C) Autonomic nervous system
D) Encephalic nervous system
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36
Abnormal development of the amygdala is associated with which disorder?
A) Bipolar disorder
B) Major depressive disorder
C) Obsessive compulsive disorder
D) Autism spectrum disorder
A) Bipolar disorder
B) Major depressive disorder
C) Obsessive compulsive disorder
D) Autism spectrum disorder
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37
Baby Alec squints his face, squeezes his fists, and tightens up his body muscles. His mother immediately runs over to try to soothe him. Alec's actions demonstrate that
A) emotions are easily communicated through nonverbal means.
B) complex emotions require maturity.
C) emotions drive classical conditioning.
D) without language, emotions are abstractions.
A) emotions are easily communicated through nonverbal means.
B) complex emotions require maturity.
C) emotions drive classical conditioning.
D) without language, emotions are abstractions.
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38
Consider the case of Eliot (Damasio, 1994), who had frontal lobe surgery to remove a tumor. What did we learn with regard to the brain's use of emotional information?
A) Emotions act as the gateway for social intelligence by establishing limits for and patterns of appropriate behaviors that promote survival.
B) Emotions regulate higher order cognition by allowing the mind to integrate concrete knowledge with abstract reasoning.
C) Emotions set the stage for forming strong connections with other individuals and establishing long-lasting bonds.
D) Emotions provide a bridge to past experiences that can be used to set priorities such as approach and avoidance.
A) Emotions act as the gateway for social intelligence by establishing limits for and patterns of appropriate behaviors that promote survival.
B) Emotions regulate higher order cognition by allowing the mind to integrate concrete knowledge with abstract reasoning.
C) Emotions set the stage for forming strong connections with other individuals and establishing long-lasting bonds.
D) Emotions provide a bridge to past experiences that can be used to set priorities such as approach and avoidance.
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39
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law
A) the ideal amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of a task to determine performance.
B) performance and arousal function independently of each other but are both impacted by task complexity.
C) heightened arousal leads to heightened performance on complex tasks.
D) dampened arousal disinhibits instinctive behaviors but inhibits acquired behaviors.
A) the ideal amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of a task to determine performance.
B) performance and arousal function independently of each other but are both impacted by task complexity.
C) heightened arousal leads to heightened performance on complex tasks.
D) dampened arousal disinhibits instinctive behaviors but inhibits acquired behaviors.
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40
Dr. Quinn performs a neurological examination on his patient Ishmael. At one point he asks Ishmael to smile, but Ishmael produces only a crooked smirk. At the end of the examination, Ishmael tells Dr. Quinn a humorous story, at which point Ishmael smiles ear-to-ear. Dr. Quinn suspects that Ishmael suffered damage to his
A) motor cortex.
B) amygdala.
C) basal ganglia.
D) cerebellum.
A) motor cortex.
B) amygdala.
C) basal ganglia.
D) cerebellum.
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41
Eriq is going to the "Grand Opening" of a local sporting goods store because free food, giveaways, and a raffle for a grand prize of a $500 gift card have been advertised as part of the event. Eriq is motivated by _____ rewards.
A) top-down
B) bottom-up
C) extrinsic
D) intrinsic
A) top-down
B) bottom-up
C) extrinsic
D) intrinsic
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42
Which researcher supports an incentive theory of motivation?
A) Dr. Morgan, who believes that "unpleasant internal forces are the biggest factors that drive motivation"
B) Dr. Stern, who believes that "rewards play a central role in shaping motivation"
C) Dr. Chen, who believes that "motivation is an innate characteristic based on instinctive behaviors"
D) Dr. Lopez, who believes that "only external, but not internal forces, can be strong motivating factors"
A) Dr. Morgan, who believes that "unpleasant internal forces are the biggest factors that drive motivation"
B) Dr. Stern, who believes that "rewards play a central role in shaping motivation"
C) Dr. Chen, who believes that "motivation is an innate characteristic based on instinctive behaviors"
D) Dr. Lopez, who believes that "only external, but not internal forces, can be strong motivating factors"
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43
According to Cannon and Washburn (1912), what was hypothesized to be the cause of hunger cues?
A) Hunger originates from psychological factors.
B) Hunger correlates with the extent of stomach contractions.
C) Hunger is mainly influenced by blood glucose levels.
D) Hunger is influenced by visual and social cues.
A) Hunger originates from psychological factors.
B) Hunger correlates with the extent of stomach contractions.
C) Hunger is mainly influenced by blood glucose levels.
D) Hunger is influenced by visual and social cues.
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44
Individual differences in emotional intelligence are most predictive of
A) self-confidence and self-esteem.
B) emotional stability and facial feedback.
C) the success of work and personal relationships.
D) cognitive capabilities.
A) self-confidence and self-esteem.
B) emotional stability and facial feedback.
C) the success of work and personal relationships.
D) cognitive capabilities.
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45
According to a study (Matsumoto, Yoo, Nakagawa, et al., 2008), individuals from which nation are most likely to show the lowest amount of emotional suppression?
A) United States
B) Italy
C) Hong Kong
D) Switzerland
A) United States
B) Italy
C) Hong Kong
D) Switzerland
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46
A(n) _____ is a value that is defended in order to maintain homeostasis.
A) set point
B) metabolism
C) extrinsic balance
D) emotion
A) set point
B) metabolism
C) extrinsic balance
D) emotion
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47
We can think of motivation as a process that maintains
A) self-awareness.
B) self-actualization.
C) homeostasis.
D) competition.
A) self-awareness.
B) self-actualization.
C) homeostasis.
D) competition.
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48
Caesar ingests a large meal, causing his blood glucose levels to rise. In response, Caesar's pancreas releases insulin to remove glucose from the blood stream. As glucose levels drop, the pancreas stops releasing insulin. Which factor establishes the set point?
A) Insulin
B) Glucose
C) Pancreas
D) Blood
A) Insulin
B) Glucose
C) Pancreas
D) Blood
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49
Kolby worked hard to remove snow from the driveways in the neighborhood as quickly as possible in sub-zero temperatures in order to get back indoors. Once Kolby is indoors, has warmed up, and had a cup of hot chocolate Kolby experiences
A) drive reduction.
B) affiliation.
C) a set point.
D) catharsis.
A) drive reduction.
B) affiliation.
C) a set point.
D) catharsis.
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50
In a study of Japanese and American individuals (Matsumoto et al., 2002), how did the two cultures differ with regards to reading emotions?
A) The Japanese were more accurate in identifying the correct emotion being expressed.
B) The Americans were more accurate in identifying the correct emotion being expressed.
C) The Japanese interpreted low-intensity emotions as being under-expressed; Americans interpreted high intensity emotions as exaggerated.
D) The Americans interpreted low-intensity emotions as being understated; Japanese interpreted high-intensity emotions as exaggerated.
A) The Japanese were more accurate in identifying the correct emotion being expressed.
B) The Americans were more accurate in identifying the correct emotion being expressed.
C) The Japanese interpreted low-intensity emotions as being under-expressed; Americans interpreted high intensity emotions as exaggerated.
D) The Americans interpreted low-intensity emotions as being understated; Japanese interpreted high-intensity emotions as exaggerated.
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51
Children who are highly responsive and show strong emotional reactions to novel stimuli are more likely to be _____ adults.
A) cautious and anxious
B) psychopathic
C) depressed
D) highly intelligent
A) cautious and anxious
B) psychopathic
C) depressed
D) highly intelligent
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52
How does motivation offer a survival advantage?
A) It dictates the formation of social bonds.
B) It stimulates competition and ingenuity.
C) It fosters ambition and perseverance.
D) It prevents the waste of precious energy resources.
A) It dictates the formation of social bonds.
B) It stimulates competition and ingenuity.
C) It fosters ambition and perseverance.
D) It prevents the waste of precious energy resources.
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53
Incentive theories of motivation are often described as _____ theories because external rewards move an organism toward a goal.
A) push
B) pull
C) throw
D) catch
A) push
B) pull
C) throw
D) catch
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54
A state of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival is referred to as
A) emotion.
B) mood.
C) drive.
D) motivation.
A) emotion.
B) mood.
C) drive.
D) motivation.
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55
Sally loves to run, and works jogging into her daily schedule because she enjoys the outdoors. Sally is motivated by a(n) _____ reward.
A) top-down
B) bottom-up
C) extrinsic
D) intrinsic
A) top-down
B) bottom-up
C) extrinsic
D) intrinsic
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56
Brittany has always struggled with her weight. During a recent physical examination, her doctor recommended that she lose 30 pounds. What is the most probable reason that Brittany is overweight?
A) She is highly sensitive to external cues for hunger.
B) She is highly sensitive to internal cues for hunger.
C) She is relatively insensitive to external cues for hunger.
D) She is relatively insensitive to internal cues for hunger.
A) She is highly sensitive to external cues for hunger.
B) She is highly sensitive to internal cues for hunger.
C) She is relatively insensitive to external cues for hunger.
D) She is relatively insensitive to internal cues for hunger.
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57
Drive theories of motivation are often described as _____ theories because internal drives move an organism toward a goal.
A) push
B) pull
C) throw
D) catch
A) push
B) pull
C) throw
D) catch
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58
Compared to monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins are
A) less similar in age when they first show happiness.
B) more similar in age when they first show happiness.
C) less similar in age when they first show fear of strangers.
D) more similar in age when they first show fear of strangers.
A) less similar in age when they first show happiness.
B) more similar in age when they first show happiness.
C) less similar in age when they first show fear of strangers.
D) more similar in age when they first show fear of strangers.
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59
According to psychologist _____, motivation is a process that is best thought of as a process that maintains homeostasis.
A) Hans Selye
B) Philip Bard
C) William James
D) Walter Cannon
A) Hans Selye
B) Philip Bard
C) William James
D) Walter Cannon
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60
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of drive reduction?
A) The sun is bothering Mary's eyes, so she moves into the shade of a nearby tree.
B) Dom has an intense itch on his back but he ignores it because he knows he will be unable to reach it.
C) A wave of fear washes over Pat as she narrowly misses the car in front of her.
D) Ted expects to receive a sizable bonus and is ecstatic when he finally gets it.
A) The sun is bothering Mary's eyes, so she moves into the shade of a nearby tree.
B) Dom has an intense itch on his back but he ignores it because he knows he will be unable to reach it.
C) A wave of fear washes over Pat as she narrowly misses the car in front of her.
D) Ted expects to receive a sizable bonus and is ecstatic when he finally gets it.
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61
Interested in losing weight, Frederica seeks the advice of her doctor. Dr. Rothschild recommends removing one sugared soft drink per day from her diet. According to your textbook, this lifestyle change should lead to a _____ pound weight loss over the next year.
A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25
A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25
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62
Anorexia nervosa is one of the few psychological disorders that can kill, with up to _____ percent of people with the disorder dying per decade from causes related to the condition, which includes an elevated risk for suicide.
A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
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63
Derek, a neuropsychology graduate student, works in a behavioral eating research lab. Derek suggests to the lead investigator that injecting people with leptin will help them lose weight. His idea is quickly shot down by a classmate, who reminds Derek that
A) as leptin increases, glucose absorption decreases.
B) high levels of leptin inhibit insulin synthesis.
C) leptin is metabolized by fat cells quicker than it is produced.
D) obese humans already have high levels of circulating leptin.
A) as leptin increases, glucose absorption decreases.
B) high levels of leptin inhibit insulin synthesis.
C) leptin is metabolized by fat cells quicker than it is produced.
D) obese humans already have high levels of circulating leptin.
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64
Why are those who suffer from diabetes with high levels of glucose in their blood likely to report feeling hungry?
A) Because of a rebound effect
B) Because of heightened metabolic activity
C) Because of increased insulin levels
D) Because their cells are deprived of glucose
A) Because of a rebound effect
B) Because of heightened metabolic activity
C) Because of increased insulin levels
D) Because their cells are deprived of glucose
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65
Dr. Pasantes is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. She performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region causes rodents to completely stop eating. What area of the brain has Dr. Pasantes lesioned?
A) The lateral hypothalamus
B) The ventromedial hypothalamus
C) The lateral amygdala
D) The ventromedial amygdala
A) The lateral hypothalamus
B) The ventromedial hypothalamus
C) The lateral amygdala
D) The ventromedial amygdala
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66
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by the maintenance of unusually low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and
A) cycles of binge eating and purging.
B) the need to defy conventional norms.
C) a distorted view of the body as obese.
D) the extreme need for control.
A) cycles of binge eating and purging.
B) the need to defy conventional norms.
C) a distorted view of the body as obese.
D) the extreme need for control.
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67
Long-term, who is most likely to succeed in an attempt to lose weight?
A) Gaila, who decides to lose weight by cutting out potato chips and ice cream from her diet
B) Pavel, who decides to lose weight by going on a high-protein, no-carbohydrate diet
C) Nyota, who decides to lose weight by cutting meat completely out of her diet
D) Hikaru, who decides to lose weight by restricting his caloric intake to 1,000 calories per day
A) Gaila, who decides to lose weight by cutting out potato chips and ice cream from her diet
B) Pavel, who decides to lose weight by going on a high-protein, no-carbohydrate diet
C) Nyota, who decides to lose weight by cutting meat completely out of her diet
D) Hikaru, who decides to lose weight by restricting his caloric intake to 1,000 calories per day
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68
Drugs that inhibit cholecystokinin's (CCK) action in the brain
A) increase eating behavior.
B) decrease eating behavior.
C) increase the levels of leptin circulating in the blood stream.
D) decrease the levels of leptin circulating in the blood stream.
A) increase eating behavior.
B) decrease eating behavior.
C) increase the levels of leptin circulating in the blood stream.
D) decrease the levels of leptin circulating in the blood stream.
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69
The height-to-weight ratio used to identify healthy weight, underweight, overweight, and obesity is referred to as the
A) personal mass index.
B) personal density index.
C) body mass index.
D) body density index.
A) personal mass index.
B) personal density index.
C) body mass index.
D) body density index.
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70
Elroy is eager to lose weight after gaining 15 pounds during his freshman year of college. He decides to do a crash diet over the summer, which starts with cabbage soup and salad every day for two weeks. Elroy loses weight at first but quickly puts weight back on, even gaining an extra 5 pounds before returning to college. What is the most likely reason for this?
A) By choosing low fat foods, he increased ghrelin levels.
B) He ate too many vegetables that contained a high carbohydrate content.
C) He chose a diet that was not diverse and this led to an increase in his metabolism.
D) He lowered his metabolism by triggered mechanisms designed to prevent starvation.
A) By choosing low fat foods, he increased ghrelin levels.
B) He ate too many vegetables that contained a high carbohydrate content.
C) He chose a diet that was not diverse and this led to an increase in his metabolism.
D) He lowered his metabolism by triggered mechanisms designed to prevent starvation.
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71
Interested in losing weight, Patrick seeks the advice of his doctor. Dr. Burns recommends a medication that can help Patrick by inhibiting the absorption of fats by the digestive tract. What medication is Patrick's doctor recommending?
A) Ephedrine
B) Orlistat
C) Amphetamines
D) Sibutramine
A) Ephedrine
B) Orlistat
C) Amphetamines
D) Sibutramine
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72
Molly is hungry. She passes right by the fruit basket on her kitchen counter and instead grabs the ice cream out of the freezer. What human food preferences does Molly's behavior demonstrate?
A) Our digestive system is innately suited for sugary, high-fat foods.
B) Short bursts of elevated blood glucose lead to increased arousal.
C) We retain the preferences of our ancestors for calorie-rich foods to ward off starvation.
D) Sugary, high-fat food stimulates orexin release to relieve stress.
A) Our digestive system is innately suited for sugary, high-fat foods.
B) Short bursts of elevated blood glucose lead to increased arousal.
C) We retain the preferences of our ancestors for calorie-rich foods to ward off starvation.
D) Sugary, high-fat food stimulates orexin release to relieve stress.
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73
Following his afternoon classes, Darren stops at the cafeteria and eats a hot dog and fries. If you were to run a blood test on Darren shortly after his meal, what would you expect to find?
A) Low glucose; low insulin
B) Low glucose; high insulin
C) High glucose; high insulin
D) High glucose; low insulin
A) Low glucose; low insulin
B) Low glucose; high insulin
C) High glucose; high insulin
D) High glucose; low insulin
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74
The body monitors fat stores by assessing levels of the hormone _____, which is produced and secreted by fat cells.
A) insulin
B) glucocorticoid
C) calcitonin
D) leptin
A) insulin
B) glucocorticoid
C) calcitonin
D) leptin
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75
Dr. Pollini is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. He performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region interferes with rodent's ability to feel satiated. This, in turn, leads them to significantly increase their food intake and to gain weight. What area of the brain has Dr. Pollini lesioned?
A) Lateral hypothalamus
B) Ventromedial hypothalamus
C) Lateral amygdala
D) Ventromedial amygdala
A) Lateral hypothalamus
B) Ventromedial hypothalamus
C) Lateral amygdala
D) Ventromedial amygdala
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76
From 1991 to 2014, the rates of obesity have risen from 12% to _____% (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014).
A) 24
B) 37
C) 44
D) 54
A) 24
B) 37
C) 44
D) 54
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77
Why has our contemporary lifestyle, with many people spending hours sitting sedentary in front of televisions or computers, contributed to a significant rise in obesity?
A) Because low muscle tone promotes insulin insensitivity
B) Because blood glucose levels remain stagnant during inactivity
C) Because leptin is most effective when people are active
D) Because humans use energy efficiently, and less activity causes us to use less energy
A) Because low muscle tone promotes insulin insensitivity
B) Because blood glucose levels remain stagnant during inactivity
C) Because leptin is most effective when people are active
D) Because humans use energy efficiently, and less activity causes us to use less energy
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78
Suppose that it is 1964 and that Betty, a homemaker who put on weight with each of her three pregnancies, wants to lose 20 pounds. What medication would have been prescribed to Betty at that time to help her lose weight?
A) Ephedrine
B) Orlistat
C) Amphetamines
D) Sibutramine
A) Ephedrine
B) Orlistat
C) Amphetamines
D) Sibutramine
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79
Brianna suffers from anorexia nervosa. In addition to having an unusually low body weight, she has irregular menstrual cycles, an increased sensitivity to cold, a fine downy hair on her face and body (called lanugo), and has skin that appears
A) oily with a blue tint.
B) oily with a yellow tint.
C) dry with a blue tint.
D) dry with a yellow tint.
A) oily with a blue tint.
B) oily with a yellow tint.
C) dry with a blue tint.
D) dry with a yellow tint.
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80
After a night of eating a gallon of ice cream and potato chips, Stephen takes laxatives to purge the ingested food from his body. Stephen, like many others who suffer from bulimia nervosa, is likely to feel what after purging?
A) Relief and calm
B) A heightened sense of control
C) Depression and disgust
D) Elation and arousal
A) Relief and calm
B) A heightened sense of control
C) Depression and disgust
D) Elation and arousal
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