Deck 3: The Biology of Psychoactive Substances

Question 1

Neurotransmitters are broken down by MAO or recycled by the sending neuron in a process called ______________.

A) reuptake
B) transportation
C) homeoestase
D) synthesis

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Psychoactive drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream and quickly carried to the _______ nervous system.

A) central
B) autonomic
C) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic

Answer 2

A

Question 3

One of the last parts of the brain to mature deals with the ability to _______________.

A) make sound judgments
B) control movement
C) communicate
D) All of these are correct

Answer 3

A

Question 4

__________ activates nerve cell receptors to stimulate pleasurable feelings.

A) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dendrites
D) Dopamine

Question 5

The term kindling is an alternative term for __________.

A) reverse tolerance
B) sensitization
C) tolerance
D) selective tolerance

Question 6

_____________ is popular among drug enthusiasts, and some users snort heroin and smoke crack in combination.

A) drug crossing
B) criss-crossing
C) drug spiking
D) potentiating

Question 7

A ___________ is the basic working unit of the central nervous system.

A) neuron
B) cell body
C) synapsis
D) neurotransmitter

Question 8

Depending on the type of _______________, electrical charges from the adjoining neuron are either inhibited or enhanced.

A) neurotransmitter
B) neuron
C) drug
D) drug cues

Question 9

When determining risk versus reward, the _______________ tends to emphasize benefits while discounting dangers.

A) adult brain
B) adolescent neurons
C) adolescent brain
D) adult neurons

Question 10

The _________________ controls such basic drives as sexual activity.

A) hypothalamus
B) medial forebrain bundle
C) blood-brain barrier
D) amygdala

Question 11

___________, one of about 100 neurotransmitters found in the central nervous system, has received special attention because of its apparent role in the regulation of mood and affect and because of its role in motivation and reward processes.

A) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dendrites
D) Dopamine

Question 12

Brain imaging and other technologies show that the addicted brain is _____________ from the nonaddictive brain.

A) somewhat different
B) not different
C) distinctly different
D) comparatively different

Question 13

Increased sensitivity to the same or lesser dosage of a drug over time is known as _____.

A) reverse tolerance
B) sensitization
C) tolerance
D) selective tolerance

Question 14

Substances that stimulate receptor sites are known as __________.

A) agonists
B) catecholamines
C) monoamine oxidases (MAO)
D) antagonists

Question 15

The National Institute on Drug Abuse reports that infants who are born to heroin-abusing mothers frequently suffer from ________________________.

A) neonatal adaptation syndrome
B) neonatal abstinence syndrome
C) neonatal disability syndrome
D) neonatal syndrome of polyendocrinopathy

Question 16

An important part of the cell body are __________, which appear as branches of a tree and receive messages from other neurons.

A) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dendrites
D) Dopamine

Question 17

Neurotransmitter levels are controlled by chemicals in the presynaptic terminal which are known as _________.

A) agonists
B) catecholamines
C) monoamine oxidases (MAO)
D) antagonists

Question 18

The __________ acts as a gatekeeper to prevent certain substances from entering brain tissue.

A) hypothalamus
B) medial forebrain bundle
C) blood-brain barrier
D) amygdala

Question 19

__________ where neurotransmitters attach cause chemical substances to interact and produce pharmacological actions.

A) Transmitting neurons
B) Axon terminals
C) Receptor sites
D) Receiving neurons

Question 20

In reaction to emotional memories burned into it by the intensity of the drug euphoria, the __________ operates outside of conscious control to cause intense cravings.

A) hypothalamus
B) medial forebrain bundle
C) blood-brain barrier
D) amygdala

Question 21

Consuming more than one type of psychoactive chemical is called _________.

A) multidrug use
B) criss-crossing
C) polydrug use
D) additive effects

Question 22

The amount of time it takes for a substance to be eliminated from the body is measured in terms of _______

A) hours
B) days
C) half-life
D) drug-life

Question 23

_________ refers to a state of equilibrium achieved through the self-adjusting characteristics of the body.

A) tolerance
B) immunity
C) pleasure
D) homeostasis

Question 24

An average adult male has approximately 11.6 pints of blood while the average adult female has _____ pints.

A) 8.5
B) 9.0
C) 9.5
D) 10

Question 25

________: Two drugs have different actions, but when they are taken together, one enhances the effects of the other (1 + 1 = 4).

A) Additive
B) Synergistic
C) Potentiating
D) Antagonistic

Question 26

__________ trigger activity by moving across the synaptic gap to receptor sites on the dendrites on the other side.

A) Transporters
B) Synapses
C) Receptors
D) Neurotransmitters

Question 27

Cocaine use by pregnant women has been linked to various abnormalities in their infants because the substance reduces the supply of blood and oxygen to the fetus.

Question 28

Reuptake is the sending neuron's process of recycling neurotransmitters.

Question 29

________: Two or more drugs are taken together, and one counteracts the effects of the other(s) (1 + 1 = 0)

A) Additive
B) Synergistic
C) Potentiating
D) Antagonistic

Question 30

__________, a part of neurons, are contact points for communication between neurons.

A) Transporters
B) Synapses
C) Receptors
D) Neurotransmitters

Question 31

_________: Two drugs that have similar actions are ingested and the effect is cumulative (1+ 1 = 2).

A) Additive
B) Synergistic
C) Potentiating
D) Antagonistic

Question 32

_________: Two drugs that have similar actions are ingests, but the effect of their joint action is more than cumulative (1 + 1 = 3).

A) Additive
B) Synergistic
C) Potentiating
D) Antagonistic

Question 33

__________use by pregnant women has been linked to various abnormalities in their infants because the substance reduced the supply of blood and oxygen to the fetus.

A) Heroin
B) Marijuana
C) PCP
D) Cocaine

Question 34

Neurons do not interlock but instead are separated by synapses.

Question 35

Catecholamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and endorphins are examples of polydrugs.

Question 36

The continued use of certain drugs, particularly depressants, produces _______.

A) tolerance
B) immunity
C) pleasure
D) homeostasis

Question 37

The continued use of certain drugs, particularly depressants, can produce tolerance.

Question 38

Many, if not most, people who have been exposed to ____________ or heroin, for example, find the initial experience distinctly unpleasant.

A) morphine
B) benzodiazepine
C) cocaine
D) serotonin

Question 39

The greater the half-life of a drug, the more severe the withdrawal symptoms after use of the drug is discontinued.

Question 40

Drugs enter the bloodstream in one of ______ ways.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 41

The neurological effects of mixing drugs can be additive, synergistic, potentiating, or _______________.

Question 42

What are the symptoms of children who were born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

Question 43

A cell body is also called a __________.

Question 44

Understanding the biology of psychoactive drugs is complicated by the phenomenon of _______ use-abusers consuming more than one type of psychoactive chemical.

Question 45

Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium achieved through the self-adjusting characteristics of the body.

Question 46

Children born to __________-addicted mothers, in addition to having a host of other physical problems, such as small size, anemia, heart disease, hepatitis, and pneumonia, also suffer from withdrawal symptoms.

Question 47

The hypothalamus regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Question 48

With regular drug use, ___________ become less responsive to drugs that stimulate them.

Question 49

Explain homeostasis.

Question 50

Explain the three ways in which drugs can enter the bloodstream.

Question 51

___________ use by pregnant women has been linked to serious emotional difficulties in children which can hinder their social and psychological development.

Question 52

Neurotransmitter level is controlled by chemicals in presynaptic terminals known as ______________________ (MAO) and transporters that recycle them for further use.

Question 53

Explain the concept of reverse tolerance.

Question 54

A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), the axon, synapses, and dendrites.

Question 55

The __________ model emphasizes the involuntary nature of drug use-use based on a craving-that has found support in laboratory experiments with animals.

Question 56

Explain the additive, synergistic, potentiating, and antagonistic neurological effects of mixing drugs.

Question 57

____________develops as the body becomes progressively immune to the chemical effects of the drug at the cellular level.

Question 58

Selective tolerance is also referred to as kindling .

Question 59

__________ is the basic building block for the advancement of human knowledge.