Deck 4: Theoretical Perspectives

Question 1

Which is not considered a form of alternative therapy?

A) Radiation
B) Acupuncture
C) Visualization or imagery therapy
D) Meditation

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following medications is used in the aversive treatment of alcoholism?

A) Seconal
B) Tofranil
C) Antabuse
D) Haldol

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Hansell, feelings of detachment and alienation may be traced to a failure to:

A) meet needs for information.
B) form a definite self-identity.
C) be linked to a cash economy.
D) develop a comprehensive system of meaning in life.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The major tranquilizers:

A) produce a permanent cure for psychotic reactions.
B) are used mainly to treat depression.
C) help control the symptoms of psychosis.
D) have no harmful side effects.

Question 5

According to Freud's theory, the id is:

A) an outgrowth of society's moral values.
B) the seat of instinctual drives.
C) the "executive" of the personality.
D) the conscious mind.

Question 6

Theories help us to:

A) organize and classify incoming stimuli.
B) predict some future events.
C) control certain aspects of the environment.
D) all of these.

Question 7

In Freudian terms, the first system to appear in the development of the child is the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) alter-ego.

Question 8

Which of the following would not be an organic cause of a disorder?

A) Inherited or genetic defect
B) A viral infection
C) A drug overdose
D) Faulty upbringing

Question 9

Freud believed that neurotic symptoms were due to:

A) abnormal brain chemistry.
B) sexual drives.
C) society's moral values.
D) the conflict between sexual drives and society's moral values.

Question 10

A major goal of human services intervention is to:

A) validate intricate theories.
B) resolve deep emotional conflicts.
C) help provide resources to meet the clients' needs.
D) help the client achieve self-actualization.

Question 11

Practitioners of which model attempt to find a balance between a person's mind, body, and spirit?

A) Medical model
B) Behavioristic model
C) Indigenous model
D) Holistic model

Question 12

A type of medication sometimes used for its calming or "paradoxical" effect on hyperactive children is:

A) Valium.
B) barbiturates.
C) Antabuse.
D) amphetamines.

Question 13

Which level of observation stresses a person's skills, motives, and needs?

A) Biological
B) Socioeconomic
C) Psychological
D) Medical

Question 14

Disorders caused by physical abnormalities of the brain, nervous system, and other internal systems are called:

A) functional disorders.
B) spiritual disorders.
C) organic disorders.
D) neurotic disorders.

Question 15

The first step in the medical practice is:

A) the formulation of a treatment plan.
B) the prognosis.
C) arriving at a diagnosis.
D) estimating the degree of recovery that can be expected for the patient.

Question 16

Traditionally, human disorders have been divided into two main types:

A) mental and psychological.
B) natural and environmental.
C) spiritual and physical.
D) physical and mental.

Question 17

Which of the following would be most likely to have an organic cause?

A) Addiction to cocaine
B) Neurosis
C) Epilepsy
D) Antisocial tendencies

Question 18

Politically, the human services model was most closely associated with:

A) right wing, conservative policy makers.
B) the born-again Christian movement.
C) social activists helping oppressed minority groups.
D) the trade union movement.

Question 19

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has proved most effective in the treatment of:

A) neuroses.
B) criminal tendencies.
C) severe depression.
D) tension and anxiety.

Question 20

Tardive dyskinesia may result from prolonged use of:

A) major tranquilizers.
B) minor tranquilizers.
C) sedatives.
D) Antabuse.

Question 21

The humanistic counselor does not:

A) direct the client.
B) analyze the client.
C) play the role of expert.
D) all of the these.

Question 22

The human services model tends to place more emphasis on practical problem solving than on complex theories.

Question 23

In the systems model, the identified patient reflects disturbances:

A) within her/himself.
B) between the id and superego.
C) of an earlier developmental phase.
D) in the entire family.

Question 24

Using classical conditioning, Pavlov:

A) conditioned a dog to salivate at the sight of food.
B) presented a neutral stimulus just after giving the dog some food.
C) succeeded in conditioning the response to a stimulus that would not elicit it before training.
D) discovered that dogs spontaneously salivate for no reason even when food is not given to the animal for several weeks.

Question 25

A number of authors have criticized the injustices that arise from the medical/psychiatric approach to mental illness.

Question 26

According to Hansell, persons go into a state of stress or crisis if they fail to meet basic needs.

Question 27

If a theory is generally accepted by authorities, we can be pretty sure that it is true.

Question 28

Which school of therapy tends to stress the client's capacity for choice?

A) Humanistic
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Behavioristic
D) None of these

Question 29

The primary aim of human services counseling is to expose the bad experiences which the client suffered in the past.

Question 30

The prognosis is the identification of the disorder according to the symptoms.

Question 31

A theory might be defined as a concept which helps explain the relationships between events.

Question 32

Systematic desensitization is primarily used to treat:

A) obesity.
B) sexual dysfunctions.
C) fears and phobias.
D) substance abuse.

Question 33

Which model places the most emphasis on scientific verification of observations?

A) Behavioristic
B) Humanistic
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Existential

Question 34

Which alternative therapy was originally developed by observing how animals in the wild discharge energy after encountering life-threatening situations?

A) Gestalt therapy
B) Somatic experiencing
C) Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing
D) Client-centered therapy
E) None of these

Question 35

Which theorist emphasized the person's basic task at each phase of development?

A) Sullivan
B) Homey
C) Fromm
D) Erikson

Question 36

In Freudian terms, which system employs reason and logic, and is concerned with helping the person survive in the world?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Alter-ego

Question 37

Using classical conditioning terms, the sound of a bell before training is called a(n):

A) unconditioned reinforcer.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) neutral stimulus.
D) conditioned response.

Question 38

Which places the most emphasis on the importance of a good therapeutic relationship?

A) Psychoanalytic therapy
B) Behavioristic therapy
C) Jungian therapy
D) Humanistic therapy

Question 39

Positive reinforcement is the main technique employed in:

A) the token economy.
B) aversive therapy.
C) cognitive behavior therapy.
D) modeling.

Question 40

There are biological, psychological, and social theories about alcoholism, but only one kind of theory could be correct.

Question 41

A systems therapist would probably agree that the "sick" or symptomatic member of a family should probably be the main focus of treatment.

Question 42

An eclectic therapist is one firmly committed to one particular model of therapy.

Question 43

Classical conditioning involves the study of reflexes or responses elicited by certain stimuli.

Question 44

Choose any mental illness, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Describe it using the three viewpoints (biological, psychological, and social).

Question 45

Organic disorders are caused by physical abnormalities of the brain, nervous system, and other internal systems.

Question 46

The client is "congruent" when current life experiences agree with the self-concept.

Question 47

According to Freud, the superego contains the savage, lustful, and sexual drives of the individual.

Question 48

The transference reaction in analytic therapy implies that the client is generalizing from past experience.

Question 49

B. F. Skinner is probably the best known investigator of operant behavior.

Question 50

Compare and contrast criticisms of the medical and the human services models.

Question 51

Research has shown that the immune system is strengthened under conditions of acute stress.

Question 52

How is the humanistic approach to helping compatible with the standards in the human services field? Give at least two examples.

Question 53

Behavior therapy is essentially an exploration of the client's personal experiences in life.

Question 54

The "token economy" has been widely used in residential settings, prisons, classrooms, and even in homes.

Question 55

Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is one of the most successful mind-body therapies.

Question 56

One criticism of the humanistic approach is that it does not apply to clients who are not fully capable of making rational choices.

Question 57

The concept of defense mechanisms is probably the most widely used concept in psychotherapy.

Question 58

Humanists deny the psychoanalytic belief that human behavior is dominated by  animalistic drives.

Question 59

The aim of free association is to bring repressed material into conscious awareness.