Deck 1: Criminal Justice Today

Question 1

The United States has a_____court system where the power is segregated between the federal government and individual state governments. ​

A)dual
B)primary
C)single
D)tertiary

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The consensus model is a criminal justice model in which: ​

A)the content of criminal law is determined by the groups that hold economic, political, and social power in a community.
B)a majority of citizens in society agree on what activities should be outlawed and punished as crimes.
C)specific social groups determine which deviant behaviors are tobe defined as criminal.
D)the primary focus of law is toprotect the individual from the power of government.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Most law enforcement officers in the United States work at which governmental level? ​

A)Local
B)Private
C)State
D)Federal

Answer 3

A

Question 4

primarily house those convicted of felony offenses that require longer periods of incarceration. ​

A)Jails
B)Halfway houses
C)Prisons
D)Treatment facilities

Question 5

An act that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions is known as a_________ ​

A)crime.
B)felony.
C)tort.
D)deviant. ​

Question 6

The ability tochoose between and among alternative courses of action is known as______ ​

A)choice.
B)control.
C)discretion.
D)power.

Question 7

Federalism refers to: ​

A)a system of government dominated by an all-powerful federal government.
B)a system of checks and balances within the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
C)a system of government in which states are independent and self-governing.
D)a sharing of government powers by federal and state authorities.

Question 8

Police powers allow states toenact laws necessary toprotect the_____of their citizens. ​

A)health
B)morals
C)safety
D)all of these

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding deviance? ​

A)Deviance is an objective concept that all members of society agree upon.
B)Deviance is another term used todescribe all criminal activity.
C)Deviance is behavior that is considered togoagainst the norms established by society.
D)Deviance is always considered criminal in nature.

Question 10

Which of the following is NoT considered an express power ? ​

A)The power tocoin money
B)Police powers
C)The power toraise an army
D)The power toregulate interstate commerce

Question 11

Those convicted of misdemeanor offenses with relatively short sentences, as well as those awaiting trial or transfer, are primarily housed in___________ ​

A)jails.
B)halfway houses.
C)prisons.
D)treatment facilities.

Question 12

Which of the following is NoT considered a community-based corrections treatment option? ​

A)Halfway houses
B)Jail
C)Residential centers
D)Work release

Question 13

Herbert Packer likened the idealized criminal justice system toa(n)_________ ​

A)sports team.
B)assembly line.
C)tangled bureaucracy.
D)obstacle course.

Question 14

The most frequent type of release from prison is _____________, in which an inmate, after serving part of his or her sentence in a correctional facility, is allowed toserve the rest of the term in the community. ​

A)boot camp
B)parole
C)treatment facility
D)probation

Question 15

Which of the following is NoT one of the key elements of the integrated definition of crime? ​

A)Punishable under criminal law, as determined by the majority of a society or, in some cases, a powerful minority
B)Considered an offense against society as a whole and prosecuted by public officials, not by victims and their relatives or friends
C)Punishable by statutorily determined sanctions that bring about the loss of personal freedom or life
D)Considered an offense against an individual, but prosecuted by the state

Question 16

The twomain purposes of American criminal justice system is tomaintain justice and ________________ ​

A)rehabilitate offenders.
B)incarcerate criminals.
C)arrest criminals.
D)protect society.

Question 17

What level of law enforcement shares responsibilities between counties and municipalities? ​

A)Federal
B)Local
C)National
D)State

Question 18

Discretion is defined as the ability tomake operational decisions based on __________ ​

A)the law.
B)personal judgment.
C)trust.
D)rational thinking.

Question 19

once the court system convicts and sentences an offender, she or he is delegated tothe ____system in order tocarry out his or her sentence. ​

A)corrections
B)management
C)supervision
D)treatment

Question 20

The most common correctional treatment, which allows the offender toreturn tothe community and remain under the supervision of the agent of the court, is_______ ​

A)house arrest.
B)intensive supervised probation.
C)parole.
D)probation.

Question 21

Morals are principles of right and wrong behavior, as practiced by individuals or by society. ​

Question 22

one of the twoprimary purposes of the criminal justice system is toattempt torehabilitate offenders. ​

Question 23

_________________________ refer tomethods toidentify a person based on his or her unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints or facial configuration.

A)Biometrics
B)Plyometrics
C)Ballistics
D)Forensics

Question 24

All deviant acts are criminal and all crimes are deviant. ​

Question 25

Collectively the discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals are said toproduce a(n)_______ ​

A)due process model.
B)crime control model.
C)formal criminal justice process.
D)informal criminal justice process.

Question 26

Deviance is an objective concept; society agrees on which behaviors should be criminalized. ​

Question 27

This model emphasizes the right of society tobe protected from crime and violent criminals. ​

A)Crime control model
B)Due process model
C)Consensus model
D)Conflict model

Question 28

The bulk of all police officers in the United States are employed at the federal level. ​

Question 29

What are the moral principles that govern a person's perception of right and wrong? ​

A)Discretion
B)Ethics
C)Justice
D)Laws

Question 30

Which of the following does not occur during the adjudication phase of the criminal justice process? ​

A)Arrest
B)Arraignment
C)Criminal trial
D)Verdict

Question 31

During which step in the criminal justice process would the offender plead guilty toa criminal charge? ​

A)Entry intothe system
B)Pretrial services
C)Adjudication
D)Sentencing and sanctions

Question 32

The United States has a dual court system; that is, it has twoindependent judicial systems: the federal level and the state level. ​

Question 33

Which of the following is an example of a discretionary decision made by prosecutors? ​

A)The decision torelease an inmate on parole
B)The decision toissue an arrest warrant
C)The decision toconvict a defendant
D)The decision toreduce charges

Question 34

The twomost common models of how society decides which acts are criminal are the crime control and due process models. ​

Question 35

In regard tolaw enforcement authority and investigative jurisdiction, there is noreal difference between a state police system and a highway patrol system. ​

Question 36

What is the ability tomake operational decisions based on personal judgment instead of formal rules? ​

A)Discretion
B)Ethics
C)Justice
D)Morals

Question 37

This model emphasizes that the individual is tobe protected from the power of the government. ​

A)Crime control model
B)Due process model
C)Consensus model
D)Conservative model

Question 38

The most frequent type of release from a jail or prison is probation, in which an inmate, after serving part of his term in a correctional facility, is allowed toserve the rest of his term in the community. ​

Question 39

The consensus model assumes that as people gather together toform a society, its members naturally come toa basic agreement with regard toshared norms and values.

Question 40

According tothe conflict model, different segments of society have different value systems and shared norms and are engaged in a constant struggle tocontrol society. ​

Question 41

The due process model focuses more on the rights of the accused through formal, legal restraints on the police, courts, and corrections. ​

Question 42

A(n)___________ is defined as wrong against society proclaimed by law and, if committed under certain circumstances, punishable by society. ​

Question 43

The discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals are said toproduce a formal criminal justice process that does not operate within the rigid confines of formal rules and laws. ​

Question 44

is the ability of individuals in the criminal justice system tomake operational decisions based on personal judgment instead of formal rules or official information. ​

Question 45

is the use of threat of violence toachieve political objectives. ​

Question 46

The _____________ model is a criminal justice model in which the content of criminal law is determined by the groups that hold economic, political, and social power in a community.

Question 47

____________ is the quality of fairness that must exist in the processes designed todetermine whether individuals are guilty of criminal wrongdoing.

Question 48

Describe the twomost common models of how society determines which acts are criminal. ​

Question 49

The ____  ____criminal justice system relies on the discretion of individuals tooffset the rigidity of criminal statutes and procedural rules. ​

Question 50

Intelligence-led policing is an example of an evidence-based practice that has shown some positive outcomes in regard tocrime reduction efforts by certain police departments. ​

Question 51

_____________________ refer tospecific approaches or strategies that have been extensively researched and shown consistently toproduce the desired outcomes. ​

Question 52

The twolevels of the U.S. dual court system are the     ____and     ____. ​

Question 53

The framers of the U.S. Constitution, fearful of tyranny and a too-powerful central government, chose the system of government known as __________, which calls for the separation of powers between the federal government and individual state governments. ​

Question 54

are the moral principles that govern a person's perception of right and wrong. ​

Question 55

The____    ____model places primacy on the right of the individual tobe protected from the power of the government. ​

Question 56

The chief law enforcement officer of most counties is the     ____    ____. ​

Question 57

Probation is the most common correctional treatment used in the United States. ​

Question 58

Bloom's     ____is the most common correctional treatment used in the United States. ​

Question 59

_____________ is behavior that is considered togoagainst the norms established by society.

Question 60

are used tohouse those convicted of minor crimes with relatively short sentences and those whoare awaiting trial. ​

Question 61

The United States leads the world in gun-related homicides, especially mass shootings. As a newly elected Senator from your home state, there is a current Bill on the Senate floor in which you need tocast your vote. The Bill specifically states that assault weapons will be banned throughout the country, meaning that nomore weapons of this sort can be bought, sold, and now, even owned. If one is already in possession of an assault weapon, that citizen will be given 30 days torelinquish the firearm tolocal law enforcement, and in doing so, will be provided a federal voucher tobe used as a tax deduction tocover the market value of the gun. As a Senator, whobelieves in 2^nd Amendment rights, how would you vote and why? Please fully explain.

Question 62

As a rookie police officer whojust graduated field training, you have been assigned toa known high-crime area with an extremely high percentage of poor minority community members. As the youngest member of your unit, you have witnessed some of your fellow officers using racial slurs and unnecessary force when dealing with members of the community, including those whowere stopped and questioned for noapparent reason. one night on the graveyard shift, you are advised of a traffic-stop that has escalated toa violent altercation between an officer and a suspect whomeets the description of a person wanted for a strong-armed robbery. When you arrive on the scene, you witness three officers punching, kicking, and yelling derogatory things at the suspect. When you scream at the officers tostop, one turns toyou and says "mind your business, rookie." As a rookie officer, seeing a possibly innocent person being harmed, what doyou do? Please fully explain your answer.

Question 63

Western democracies such as Canada, Britain, Denmark, and Germany have criminal laws that punish public hate speech, including things that are said on the internet through social media outlets. The United States on the other hand, due in large part toour 1st Amendment regarding freedom of speech, does not prohibit this type of hate speech. In fact, at present, the United States does not criminalize public hate speech that "threatens" or "disrespects" members of any racial or ethnic group, as long as it is only speech and not actions.  As a veteran U.S. Senator of twenty years, you are receiving pressure from members of your political party, and even more soyour constituents from your home state tocreate a new federal law that allows law enforcement authorities toarrest any person whopublically expresses support for violent terrorism, foreign or domestic, including those whouse social media sites tocondone violence or death towards any racial, ethnic, or religious group. As a Senator, will your co-sponsor the Bill? Why or why not? Please fully explain your answer.

Question 64

As a newly appointed Assistant District Attorney, you have been assigned towork on cases related tonarcotics. After nearly 6 months on the job, you start torealize that your town has a major heroin issue on its hands. During the course of the last 6 months, you have sought extremely long jail and prison sentences for minor non-violent offenders, however you are starting torealize this may not be the best course of action for the offender, the criminal justice system, and more so, the community at large. As a young ADA whowields great discretionary authority on these types of cases, you are at a crossroads regarding how toproceed. Although you seek advice from the Chief Prosecutor, she informs you that it is your discretion on how you choose tohandle these kinds of offenses. With minimal input from your boss, how will you continue todeal with these types of low-level offenders and why? Please fully explain.

Question 65

As Governor of the state of Texas, you are responsible for one of the largest states in the Union. over the past twoyears, you have been receiving pressure from proponents and opponents regarding the legalization of marijuana in your state. Proponents of this trend, including the Superintendent of your state police, contend that society benefits when the criminal justice system is nolonger required toexpend scarce resources on arresting, trying, and incarcerating nonviolent marijuana users. opponents on the other hand, including a majority of religious & spiritual leaders across the state, have bombarded your office with letters and phone calls that point tothe negative consequences of liberalized marijuana laws. These include a dramatic increase in the number of Americans using the drug, including children, which has led toa concurrent rise in problems such as marijuana addiction and unnecessary and premature deaths due todriving under the influence of the drug. As Governor, doyou actively attempt toencourage state leaders topen a bill tolegalize marijuana, or doyou table the idea towait and see how other states fare whohave legalized marijuana? Please fully explain your stance.

Question 66

Explain the difference between the informal and the formal criminal justice processes. ​

Question 67

Discuss the concept of federalism and how it affects the organization and structure of the criminal justice system. ​

Question 68

Contrast the crime control and due process models of criminal justice. In your opinion, which of the twobest represents the ideal American criminal justice system, and why? Be sure tofully explain your stance. ​

Question 69

Explain in detail the twomain purposes of the American Criminal Justice System. ​