Deck 2: Measuring and Explaining Crime

Question 1

Which of the following is NoT considered a violent crime? ​

A)Robbery
B)Assault
C)Burglary
D)Murder

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)reports on three measurements. Which of the following is NoT one of them? ​

A)The number of persons arrested
B)The number of crimes reported by victims, witnesses, or the police themselves
C)The number of officers and support law enforcement specialists
D)The number of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)agents that compile the UCR

Answer 2

D

Question 3

W hat form of data collection are persons asked directly, through personal interviews or questionnaires or over the telephone, about specific criminal activity towhich they may have been a party? ​

A)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
B)National Victimization Survey (NCVS)
C)Self-reported surveys
D)Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is a Part II offense? ​

A)Driving under the influence
B)Burglary
C)Arson
D)Motor vehicle theft

Question 5

Which of the following is considered a public order crime? ​

A)Murder
B)Prostitution
C)Larceny
D)Battery

Question 6

A theory of crime in which offenders weigh the possible benefits of criminal activity against the costs of being apprehended is ____________ ​

A)rational choice theory.
B)social disorganization theory.
C)social process theory.
D)trait theory.

Question 7

The Uniform Crime Report is prepared by_______ ​

A)the U.S. Census Bureau.
B)the Department of Homeland Security.
C)the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
D)the United States Secret Service.

Question 8

Which of the following is considered Part I offense in the UCR? ​

A)Driving under the influence
B)Embezzlement
C)Drug abuse violations
D)Larceny/theft

Question 9

According toJack Katz, the emotional or sensual rush a criminal experiences upon the successful completion of a crime is referred toas ____________ ​

A)crime adrenaline.
B)criminal benefit.
C)rush sensation.
D)seduction of crime.

Question 10

Which theory suggests that certain biological or psychological traits in individuals could incline them toward criminal behavior given a certain set of circumstances? ​

A)Choice theory
B)Social process theory
C)Social structure theory
D)Trait theory

Question 11

Since its inception in 1930, the     ____has attempted tomeasure the overall rate of crime in the United States by organizing " crimes known tothe police." ​

A)National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
B)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
C)self-reported survey
D)Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Question 12

A theory is ____________ ​

A)a relationship between twovariables in which they vary together.
B)an educated guess by a criminologist about the relationship between twovariables.
C)a statement in which a variable is denoted as the cause of change in another variable.
D)an explanation for a phenomenon based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning.

Question 13

_____________ is a phrase used todescribe the actual amount of crime that takes place. ​

A)"Hidden figure of crime"
B)"Dark prediction of crime"
C)"Dark figure of crime" ​
D)"Hidden prediction of crime"

Question 14

A proposition that can be tested by researchers todetermine if it is valid is referred toas a ____________ ​

A)hypothesis.
B)causation.
C)theory.
D)correlation.

Question 15

Shaw and McKay studied high-crime neighborhoods and discovered that these "zones" were characterized by __________ or a breakdown in schools, families, and community groups. ​

A)chaos
B)conflict
C)disorganization
D)disruption

Question 16

When the UCR presents crime data as a rate , it is reporting ____________ ​

A)the amount of crime per 100,000 people.
B)the amount of change that has occurred since the previous year.
C)the total number of crimes.
D)the frequency with which a particular crime is committed within a 24 - hour period.

Question 17

Rational choice theorists believe the best way todeter crime is to____________ ​

A)increase the severity of the punishment for offending.
B)provide counseling and treatment for those individuals at risk for offending.
C)establish programs tostrengthen communities.
D)divert juvenile offenders from the criminal justice system.

Question 18

The number of women in prisons and jails is ____over time. ​

A)remaining stable
B)decreasing steadily
C)increasing substantially
D)slowly increasing

Question 19

The scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior is referred toas __________ ​

A)criminal justice.
B)criminology.
C)forensic  psychology.
D)applied  sociology.

Question 20

one influential branch of psychology-________________________-focuses on human behavior in the context of how human beings relate toand influence one another. ​

A)neurophysiology
B)trait theory
C)psychopharmacology
D)social psychology

Question 21

Criminologists focusing on sociology have argued that are the most important variable in predicting criminal behavior. ​

A)neighborhood conditions
B)mental illnesses
C)genetic traits
D)opportunities

Question 22

Which one is NoT one of the characteristics of someone with low self - control? ​

A)Rationality
B)Impulsivity
C)Thrill seeking
D)Violence

Question 23

UCR Part I offenses include attempted as well as completed crimes. ​

Question 24

Sutherland's                   holds that individuals are exposed tothe values of family and peers such as school friends or coworkers.

A)psychological theory
B)trait theory
C)conflict theory
D)differential association theory

Question 25

Robbery is the unlawful entry of a structure with the intention of committing a serious crime such as theft. ​

Question 26

states that lying, stealing, bullying, and other conduct problems that occur in childhood are the strongest predictors of future criminal behavior. ​

A)Learning theory
B)Life course criminology
C)Psychological theory ​
D)Control theory

Question 27

_______________________ subscribe tothe continuity theory of crime , which essentially says that once negative behavior patterns have been established, they cannot be changed. ​

A)Learning theorists
B)Life course theorists
C)Self-control theorists
D)Control theorists

Question 28

Victim surveys are used tocollect data from both criminals and victims of crime. ​

Question 29

Assault and battery are the same crime. ​

Question 30

one of the basic assumptions of  ____is that people are able tojustify improper or even criminal behavior by convincing themselves that it is actually acceptable behavior. ​

A)rational choice theory
B)control theory
C)social psychology
D)trait theory

Question 31

Social conflict theory focuses on   ____as a key component in explaining crime. ​

A)choice
B)the community
C)learning
D)power

Question 32

Psychological theories operate under the assumption that ______________ ​

A)individuals have traits that make them more or less predisposed tocriminal activity.
B)all individuals have mental disorders, but not everyone becomes a criminal.
C)criminals commit crime because of the thrill or "rush" attached toit.
D)criminals weigh the costs and benefits of a crime prior tocarrying it out.

Question 33

Part I UCR offenses are recorded and reported annually by the FBI togive a general idea of the "crime picture" in the United States. ​

Question 34

According to      , criminal offending is the result of interactions with parents, friends, and peer groups. ​

A)choice theory
B)social disorganization theory
C)social process theory
D)trait theory

Question 35

According toauthors, drugs and crime are related in three distinct ways. Which of the following is NoT one of these ways? ​

A)Drug-defined offenses, or violation of laws prohibiting the possession, use, distribution, or manufacture of illegal drugs. Examples are possession of marijuana or methamphetamine production.
B)The drug-using lifestyle, experienced by many drug abusers whodonot participate in the legitimate economy and thus rely on crime for the means of survival. These users often support short-term goals with illegal activities such as prostitution and welfare fraud.
C)Drug-related offenses, such as crimes motivated by drug abuse or committed tofurther the illegal drug trade. Examples are gang violence between rival drug dealers and theft toget money tobuy illegal drugs.
D)Drug-seeking behavior tends only tobe found among users whoare addicted certain classification of drugs (opiates, hallucinations).

Question 36

According to____, crime occurs when three factors are present: a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. ​

A)choice theory
B)social disorganization
C)social process theory
D)routine activities theory

Question 37

T he school of criminology that is often associated with a critique of our capitalist economic system is ___ ​

A)labeling.
B)social conflict.
C)social disorganization.
D)social process.

Question 38

The UCR presents crime data collected annually from federal law enforcement agencies. ​

Question 39

This theory proclaims that criminals must be taught both practical and emotional skills necessary toparticipate in illegal activity. ​

A)labeling theory ​
B)learning theory
C)social process theory
D)trait theory ​

Question 40

Nearly a half century ago, researchers found that a small number of juvenile offenders- 6 percent-were responsible for a disproportionate amount of the violent crime attributed toa group of nearly 10,000 individuals. Further studies have supported the idea of a "chronic 6 percent" and, in the process, provided law enforcement with one of the most useful concepts in the history of criminology known as the __________ ​

A)criminal career.
B)criminal lifestyle.
C)chronic offender .
D)violent offender.

Question 41

Young African American males from urban neighborhoods are the most common victims of crime. ​

Question 42

A proposition that can be tested by researchers todetermine if it is valid is a(n)____     . ​

Question 43

______________theories suggest that certain biological or psychological factors in individuals could incline them toward criminal behavior given a certain set of circumstances. ​

Question 44

Trait theorists believe that crime is best addressed by punishing criminal offenders. ​

Question 45

is the act of taking property from another person through force, threat of force, or intimidation. ​

Question 46

Those whosuffer from mental illnesses are much more likely tobe victims of crime than perpetrators of crime. ​

Question 47

_____________ are measurements of crime that allow the victims of crime tospeak directly toresearchers about their experiences. ​

Question 48

The term "              ___" refers tothe actual amount of crime that takes place.

Question 49

A(n)____is an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning. ​

Question 50

Prostitution and gambling are examples of_____crimes. ​

Question 51

describes an illegal act or series of acts committed by an individual or business entity using some nonviolent means toobtain a personal or business advantage. ​

Question 52

The dark figure of crime refers tothose offenses that are committed, but are unknown tothe police. ​

Question 53

Men are much more likely tobe victims of intimate partner violence. ​

Question 54

Crimes that involve strangers most often target women. ​

Question 55

The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)is compiled and reported by the       _________ . ​

Question 56

are researchers whostudy the causes of crime and criminal behavior. ​

Question 57

Part II UCR offenses are measured only by ____data. ​

Question 58

There are potential criminal penalties for subjects whoadmit tocriminal activity in a self-reported survey. ​

Question 59

A correlation between variables means that one variable causes change in another variable. ​

Question 60

Prescription drugs are the most widely abused drugs currently in the United States. ​

Question 61

is the criminal act of causing fear in another person by repeatedly subjecting that person tounwanted or threatening attention. ​

Question 62

Describe the Uniform Crime Report (UCR). When doing so, please discuss whois responsible for compiling this crime measurement, when was it officially implemented, and what does it include when reported? Next, please compare and contrast Part I and Part II crimes of the UCR. ​

Question 63

is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. ​

Question 64

___________  can be defined as the use of any drug - licit or illicit - that causes either psychological or bodily harm tothe abuser or tothird parties. ​

Question 65

Although crime and victimization rates have decreased across racial lines over the past twenty years in the U.S., the trends have been less positive for African Americans than for whites. For example, blacks are 6.3 times more likely tobe homicide victims than whites and significantly more likely tobe homicide offenders. African Americans are particularly susceptible togun violence, with firearm murder rates of 14.6 per 100,000 adults, compared to1.9 for whites and 4.0 for Hispanics. Chicago's West Garfield Park neighborhood, which is 96 percent black, has a homicide rate of 116 per 100,000 people. In comparison, Honduras, the worldwide leader in murders, has a homicide rate of only 90 per 100,000. As the newly elected Mayor of Chicago, you have a major gang problem stemming from illegal drug territorial disputes within city limits, which is ultimately responsible for a major percentage of recent African American homicides. In your role as Mayor, you must act. How will you deal with this epidemic, and more specifically, whowill you call upon toassist with these efforts and what will be your plan? Please fully explain your answer.

Question 66

Social disorganization theory holds that crime is related tothe environmental pressures that exist in certain communities or neighborhoods, especially those that have high levels of poverty and unemployment, racial tension, and a breakdown of social institutions (i.e., religious, educational, business). These communities are usually marked by the desire of many of their inhabitants to"get out" at the first possible opportunity. Consequently, residents tend toignore the important institutions in the community, such as businesses and education, causing further erosion and an increase in the conditions that lead to crime. As city council member of a city district that is experiencing these types of issues that have led toa rapid increase of crime and drug related behavior, you must act. You decide you must formulate a proposal tobegin toaddress the issues that are leading tothis "social disorganization". What will be your strategy, and whowill you call upon tohelp you carry it out? Please fully explain.

Question 67

Discuss social process theories. Include descriptions of twoparticular theories found within this school of criminology. ​

Question 68

Compare and contrast victim surveys and self-reported surveys. ​

Question 69

Criminologists believe that first-time illegal drug users gothrough a(n)  ____in taking up the habit. ​

Question 70

List and briefly explain the six main categories of crime. ​

Question 71

one of the most widespread self-reported surveys in the United States, "The Drug Use Forecasting Program", collects information on narcotics use from arrestees whohave been brought intobooking facilities. Since there is nopenalty for admitting tocriminal activity in a self-reported survey when administered by a researcher, subjects tend tobe more forthcoming in discussing their behavior. As a result, this has led researchers toa striking conclusion: the dark figure of crime, known as the actual amount of crime that takes place, appears tobe much larger than the UCR or NCVS would suggest. However, as Sheriff of your county and overseer of the jail, you have been asked by the researcher tohave your deputies collect the survey instruments. Knowing that your deputies will now be seeing suspect's information regarding their actual criminal activity, doyou decline the request of the researcher, or doyou have your deputies follow through by collecting the data? Please fully explain your plan.

Question 72

Discuss how race, ethnicity, and poverty are related tocrime. ​

Question 73

Please explain in detail the "routine activities theory" of victimization. When doing so, be sure todiscuss what the theory states regarding how one may become a victim of a crime. ​

Question 74

Nearly a half century ago, researchers found that a small number of juvenile offenders- 6 percent-were responsible for a disproportionate amount of the violent crime attributed toa group of nearly 10,000 individuals. Further studies have supported the idea of a "chronic 6 percent," and, in the process, provided law enforcement with one of the most useful concepts in the history of criminology: the chronic offender. As the police chief of your small Midwestern town with a master's degree in criminology, you believe that the issue of the chronic offender is applicable toyour city. As a means of prevention, you want tocreate a proactive plan toultimately deter and prevent these offenders from further crime commission. As chief, you must have authorization, resources, and support from the mayor and city council. What will your plan consist of, and more importantly, how will you carry it out? Fully explain your answer.

Question 75

Social process theories contend that one's family, friends, and peers have the greatest impact on one's behavior, and it is the interactions with these groups that ultimately determine whether a person will become involved in criminal behavior. According toa recent U.S. Department of Justice report, nearly 50 percent of inmates in state prisons have relatives whohave alsobeen incarcerated. You are chief juvenile probation officer assigned toone of the most illegal drug-prone high schools in the city where roughly 35% of your current student body has a family member whohas either been toprison or is currently in prison for use or sale of narcotics. You know you must attempt tobreak this potential cycle of drug use and distribution for these particular students. Focusing on the underlying premise of social process theories, you want toattempt tohave these at-risk youth "unlearn" what they may have already learned in regard todeviant and criminal behavior. Based on this underlying premise of "unlearning", what will be your plan of action toassist these at-risk youth in the high school? Fully explain your plan, including what steps you will take, and whowill assist you in carrying out the various phases of your plan.

Question 76

is the maltreatment, including physical violence and psychological abuse, which occurs within a familial or other intimate relationship. ​