Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

Silas participated in a psychology experiment in which he was shown a series of word pairs and was asked to rate them on the basis of how well they fit together. Two days later, he was shown the same pairs of words, but this time one of the words in the pair was missing. Nevertheless, Silas could remember almost all the missing words even though he was not asked to remember them. The type of study that he participated in was most likely interested in the effects of

A)priming.
B)heuristics.
C)the law of effect.
D)perceptual organization.

Answer 1

priming.

Question 2

While appearing on the game show Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader , Helen tries to remember the answer to a Greek literature question. She successfully remembers that the answer is Euripides. When Helen calls out the answer to the host, the information is at the __________ level of consciousness.

A)conscious
B)nonconscious
C)preconscious
D)unconscious

Answer 2

conscious

Question 3

Lola is getting her blood pressure tested at a machine in the local supermarket. The first reading is 135/90, which she knows is high. She then sits for a few minutes taking slow and deep breaths, and when her BP is taken again, it is 120/78. This process of getting control over involuntary physiological processes is part of __________.

A)activation synthesis
B)rTMS
C)progressive desensitization
D)biofeedback training

Answer 3

biofeedback training

Question 4

The process by which the brain can process visual information while a person is unaware of the experience of seeing a stimulus is called

A)presbyopia.
B)protanopia.
C)Broca's aphasia.
D)blindsight.

Question 5

Cartman is unaware that he is having inappropriate thoughts about how to kill Kenny. Freud would explain that these thoughts occur at a(n)__________ level of consciousness.

A)nonconscious
B)preconscious
C)unconscious
D)superconscious

Question 6

Your mother asks you to pick up a book at the library that explores the awareness of the outside world and one's own mental activity. If you want to pick up the correct book, you should make sure the book focuses on exploring all aspects of

A)consciousness.
B)hypnosis.
C)meditation.
D)priming.

Question 7

Cognitive neuroscientists are interested in using neuroimaging techniques to differentiate between thoughts that take place both above and below a person's awareness. In other words, cognitive neuroscientists are studying

A)personality.
B)consciousness.
C)intelligence.
D)sensation.

Question 8

Melvin is engrossed in his psychology textbook so much so that he can ignore his neighbor's radio and the teakettle whistling on the stove. Melvin is most likely in a(n)__________ state of consciousness.

A)altered
B)passive
C)active
D)waking

Question 9

Chang listens to music by a rock band called "Brines Net" that is supposed to contain the backward message, "It is fun to read my psychology textbook." If Chang's experience is consistent with the research on subliminal messages, how will he be affected by both the message and the fact that the band's name is an anagram of "Bernstein," the author of your psychology text?

A)He will be able to quote the message, but he will not be affected.
B)He will not be able to quote the message, but he will feel compelled to read his psychology textbook.
C)He will be able to quote the message, and he will read his psychology textbook more.
D)He will not be able to quote the message, and he will not be affected by the message.

Question 10

Jess memorized a list of words. One week later, he was asked to write as many of the words as he could remember, but he could remember only a few of the words. Then Jess was asked to fill in the missing letters of word fragments. Some of the words on this task were from the list he had been asked to memorize a week ago, and some were not. Jess filled in the blanks of the words he had seen a week ago faster and more accurately, compared to words that had not been on the list. This study demonstrates the effect of

A)the levels of processing model.
B)chunking.
C)priming.
D)the method of loci.

Question 11

According to the concept of priming, which of the following is most likely to be the result of flashing the picture of a Coke bottle on a computer monitor too briefly for a viewer to notice?

A)There is going to be no effect because the viewer is unaware of the event.
B)The viewer will recognize related words (e.g., diet, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper)more quickly than unrelated words (e.g., computer, pencil)on a test a few seconds later.
C)There will be faster recognition of related words if the viewer is in an altered state of consciousness.
D)With repeated exposure, the viewer will become a Coke drinker.

Question 12

While reading her psychology book in her room on Saturday morning, Lakeisha remembered how much fun class was the day before. Lakeisha's memory of her class was in what level of awareness before she started reading?

A)Conscious
B)Preconscious
C)Subconscious
D)Nonconscious

Question 13

A faith healer claims to cure cancer by asking people to become aware of their livers and to control the liver's removal of impurities from the bloodstream. You know that this is impossible because the activities of the liver occur at the __________ level.

A)preconscious
B)nonconscious
C)unconscious
D)metaconscious

Question 14

When your mental processes are sufficiently different from normal waking experience that you or an observer notice significant changes in how you function, you are in a(n)__________ state of consciousness.

A)nonconscious
B)preconscious
C)altered
D)hallucinogenic

Question 15

A middle-aged man accosts you in a campus building and insists on telling you that several horses must have gotten into the building because he can hear them whinnying wherever he goes. You do not hear any sounds and cannot see any animals. This man is probably suffering from

A)abnormal excitement.
B)a hallucination.
C)a delusion.
D)disorientation.

Question 16

Sensory experiences that occur without an associated stimulus from one's surroundings are called ________.

A)delusions
B)obsessions
C)hallucinations
D)compulsions

Question 17

Art says he can feel the wheels in his mind turning when he is thinking. This artistic description of the firing of neurons in various areas of his brain is actually not possible because it occurs at the ________ level.

A)subconscious
B)unconscious
C)nonconscious
D)preconscious

Question 18

According to the research cited in your text, at __________ of consciousness do backward messages in music affect listeners.

A)no level
B)the preconscious
C)the subconscious
D)the unconscious

Question 19

You call up a potential date and get an answering machine message. In leaving your message, you mean to say "I'd like to see you," but instead say "I'd like to feel you." Because you were not consciously aware of your inappropriate thoughts and intentions, Freud would argue that these urges were existing in your

A)preconscious.
B)unconscious.
C)nonconscious.
D)subconscious.

Question 20

As Desmond puts on his glasses in the morning, he is keenly aware of the sensation of the frames touching his nose. However, as the day goes on and he gets absorbed in other activities, the sensation of his glasses resting on his nose fades from his awareness. If he then focuses on the glasses, he once again becomes aware of how the frames feel on his skin. At this point, the sensations of the glasses on Aaron's nose are

A)conscious.
B)preconscious.
C)unconscious.
D)subconscious.

Question 21

Which of the following is not a characteristic of REM sleep?

A)Lowered blood pressure compared to other stages of sleep
B)Highly active brain activity
C)Eyes moving rapidly behind closed eyelids
D)Dreaming

Question 22

While the exact cause of narcolepsy is not known, experts suspect that it is due to a loss of cells in part of the brain that are responsible for releasing a neurotransmitter called

A)acetylcholine.
B)serotonin.
C)orexin.
D)glutamate.

Question 23

Which of the following is true of sleep?

A)Most of the night is spent in the deepest level of sleep (stage 4).
B)One spends an hour or two at each stage in turn, spending the last few hours at stage 4 and then at REM.
C)One passes through all stages of sleep, including REM, several times in a normal night.
D)One cycles in and out of various stages throughout the night instead of staying in one stage all night.

Question 24

"I've got a joke for all of you," Rallo announces to a group of friends. "How many psychologists does it take to change a light bulb?" Before he can reveal the answer, Rallo suddenly falls into a deep sleep. Rallo must be suffering from

A)narcolepsy.
B)REM behavior disorder.
C)sleep apnea.
D)circadian rhythm disorders.

Question 25

Jed feels tired all day long and can't focus very well at work. At a sleep institute, he is told that he actually stops breathing many hundreds of times throughout the night. Jed has

A)sleep apnea.
B)narcolepsy.
C)REM behavior disorder.
D)SIDS.

Question 26

What is the primary difference between a person in REM sleep and one in stage N3 sleep?

A)N3 sleep includes vivid dreams, while REM sleep is not a dream stage.
B)N3 sleep involves nightmares, while REM sleep is when night terrors occur.
C)N3 sleep includes long, slow brain waves, while REM sleep involves highly active brain waves.
D)Standard unaware dreams occur during REM sleep and lucid dreams occur during N3 sleep.

Question 27

After Merton has been sleeping for about 45 minutes, his heart begins to beat faster, his breathing grows fast and irregular, and his closed eyes begin to move back and forth. He is now having an intense dream about interviewing for a promotion at work. Merton is most likely experiencing

A)a night terror.
B)REM sleep.
C)sleep apnea.
D)stage 4 sleep.

Question 28

Nikita suffers from a condition in which she is constantly awakened because she stops breathing when she sleeps. Nikita probably suffers from

A)narcolepsy.
B)sleep apnea.
C)REM behavior disorder.
D)hypersomnia.

Question 29

In REM sleep, the EEG resembles that of a person who is awake and mentally active, but

A)the person's blood pressure is low and the heartbeat is calm.
B)the person's chances of dreaming are very slight.
C)it is very difficult to rouse the person.
D)the person's muscle tone decreases to the point of virtual paralysis.

Question 30

During the day, Edward feels groggy and disjointed. As a result, he finds it difficult to focus on his job. However, when he tries to go to sleep at night, he finds it difficult to fall asleep. When he is able to fall asleep, he wakes up repeatedly throughout the night. If this persists, Edward may be experiencing

A)insomnia.
B)sleep apnea.
C)narcolepsy.
D)sleep terror disorder.

Question 31

Marjorie is taking a medication that helps to sustain cells in her hypothalamus that produces a neurotransmitter called hypocretin. This medication is most likely designed to counter the effects of an illness called ________.

A)narcolepsy.
B)sleepwalking, or somnambulism
C)sleep apnea
D)REM behavior disorder

Question 32

What kind of instrumentation is needed to accurately assess what stage of sleep a person is experiencing?

A)EEG
B)EKG
C)EMG
D)EOG

Question 33

You see a therapist because you have been suffering from insomnia for the past two months. The therapist discusses learning-based treatments that may help you, including

A)sleeping pills.
B)progressive relaxation training.
C)use of a nasal mask during sleep.
D)weight loss.

Question 34

Elvira has just bought a dream interpretation book and is very excited about trying to interpret her own dreams. When Elvira goes to sleep, she will be more likely to experience dreaming __________ in the night during __________ sleep.

A)earlier; REM
B)later; REM
C)earlier; non-REM
D)later; non-REM

Question 35

John, Paul, George, and Ringo are hooked up to electroencephalographs. John is in stage 3 sleep. Paul is also asleep, but he is dreaming. George just fell asleep a few minutes ago and is in stage 1 sleep. Ringo cannot fall asleep and is awake and mentally active. Whose EEG will look different than those produced by the other three?

A)John
B)Paul
C)George
D)Ringo

Question 36

Thomas and Jada have just brought their new infant home, and they are very excited to be new parents. They have read tons of articles and books about how to keep their baby safe, and they know that to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), they have to put their baby ________ during sleep time.

A)on her back
B)on her side
C)in tight blankets
D)on her stomach

Question 37

Sing Tung is given a new drug. As a result, his normal sleep cycle is altered. He moves from an REM stage to NREM stages 1-2-3 and then abruptly awakens. The experimenter has recorded his brain activity. Which of the following is not characteristic of Sing Tung's altered sleep cycle?

A)A great deal of dream activity was present.
B)Some alpha waves were present.
C)Many high amplitude, slow brain waves were present.
D)Muscle tone was similar to the awake stage.

Question 38

Which of the following conditions, if left untreated, would you be most likely to detect in one of your instructors if your only contact with your instructor was in class?

A)Sleep terror disorder
B)Sleep apnea
C)Narcolepsy
D)REM behavior disorder

Question 39

Dr. Gates strongly advises Aaron and Brielle to make sure their infant does not sleep face down on soft surfaces. She states that that sleeping position has been highly correlated with a fatal infant disorder known as __________, even though exposure to cigarette smoke and genetic factors are also potential causes.

A)night tremors
B)SIDS
C)narcolepsy
D)sleep apnea

Question 40

Which of the following people is most likely experiencing REM sleep?

A)Paul, who just fell asleep
B)Ace, who is sleepwalking and sleeptalking
C)Gene, who is essentially paralyzed because of his stage of sleep
D)Peter, whose EEG is dominated by very slow brain waves

Question 41

Austin Powers travels from California to New York, chasing Dr. Evil across the country. Austin then experiences fatigue, irritability, inattention, and sleeping problems due to the disruption of his __________, which caused __________.

A)sleep stages; narcolepsy
B)lucid dreaming; jet lag
C)circadian rhythms; sleep apnea
D)circadian rhythms; jet lag

Question 42

The sense of being aware that one is experiencing a dream while that dream is actually occurring is called ________ dreaming.

A)REM
B)NREM
C)implicit
D)lucid

Question 43

Jonathan has a terrible dream in which he's being strangled by the tentacles of an octopus. When he wakes up, Jonathan remembers the frightening dream very well and immediately writes about it in his sleep journal. Jonathan appears to be experiencing

A)a nightmare.
B)sleep apnea.
C)REM behavior disorder.
D)sleep terror disorder.

Question 44

Marius is visiting New York City from his quiet, country town in Iowa. He is unaccustomed to the sounds of the city, and wakes up frequently to the sounds of sirens and various city noises. As a result, he doesn't get a good night of sleep. He goes home the next day. He is likely to

A)experience more REM sleep the following night.
B)show signs of daytime narcolepsy.
C)develop chronic hypersomnia.
D)suffer from sleep apnea.

Question 45

Briana has just agreed to take a job that will have her work overnight three days a week and day shifts two days a week. She should expect rather significant disruptions in her ________ rhythms that may lead to sleep disruptions over time.

A)nocturnal
B)circadian
C)diurnal
D)hypocretin

Question 46

REM sleep is beneficial because the locus coeruleus is __________ during that sleep stage, and this improves the functioning of neurons that use __________ in the brain.

A)active; norepinephrine
B)active; glutamate
C)inactive; norepinephrine
D)inactive; glutamate

Question 47

REM behavior disorder has been found to be predictive of which condition that emerges later in life?

A)Korsakoff's disease
B)Rheumatoid arthritis
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Macular degeneration

Question 48

Sometimes Eli has difficulty falling asleep. His parents make sure he goes to bed at around the same time each night, but two or three nights a week he'll come out after an hour and report that he just can't sleep. Eli's parents consult with his pediatrician, and are advised to give him a supplement of ________ on the nights when he has trouble sleeping.

A)norepinephrine
B)androstenedione
C)melatonin
D)oxytocin

Question 49

People who experience posttraumatic stress disorder are at high risk of experiencing __________, which occur(s)during REM sleep and may be treatable with imagery therapy.

A)sleep terror disorder
B)REM behavior disorder
C)somnambulism
D)nightmares

Question 50

Bart awoke screaming, shaking, and sweating, and his heart was beating rapidly. Homer and Marge, being good parents, had Bart hooked up to an electroencephalograph. Checking Bart's EEG, they noted that Bart was in stage N3 sleep just before he awoke. From this information, they felt confident in saying that Bart had just experienced

A)a nightmare.
B)sleep terror disorder.
C)a lucid dream.
D)an episode of sleep apnea.

Question 51

Darnell is having a dream in which he is being chased by large animated marshmallows, who are waving large knives at him. Darnell is aware that the scene is not real, and that he is in the middle of a dream. "I've got to wake myself up because I don't like this at all," Darnell tells himself while he is in the middle of this dream. Darnell is experiencing

A)REM behavior disorder.
B)lucid dreaming.
C)sleep terror disorder.
D)wish fulfillment.

Question 52

Marsha lets out blood-curdling screams in the middle of the night, sits up in bed, and is seemingly inconsolable by her parents. They attempt to talk her into relaxing, but it soon becomes clear that she is not actually awake. In the morning, she doesn't remember having behaved this way. Marsha is most likely suffering from ________, which is especially common in children.

A)nightmares
B)sleep terror disorder
C)REM behavior disorder
D)sleep walking

Question 53

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false ?

A)A person who goes without sleep for one week risks permanent brain damage.
B)Even short-term sleep deprivation can impair the functions of one's immune system.
C)Sleep deprivation can increase inattention and interfere with memory functioning.
D)Fatigue may be the primary cause about one-quarter of all auto accidents.

Question 54

Ozlem is flying from Chicago to Paris and she will be coming back after a week. Her symptoms of jet lag will

A)be worse when she arrives in Paris (eastward travel).
B)be worse on her return to Chicago (westward travel).
C)be equally bad in Paris and Chicago.
D)depend on whether she will have any north-to-south connecting flights.

Question 55

If muscles are in a state of near-paralysis during REM sleep, then how is sleepwalking possible?

A)Dreams allow us to overcome motor paralysis.
B)Sleepwalkers are actually awake, but in a hypnotic state.
C)Most sleepwalkers are suffering from REM behavior disorder.
D)Sleepwalking usually occurs in NREM sleep.

Question 56

During the school year, Jim spent a lot of time learning new things, but during the summer, he had a monotonous job and didn't engage in any mentally stimulating activity. His sleeping habits were the same all year, but based on research done with rats, Jim is likely to spend __________ time in REM sleep during the __________.

A)more; school year
B)less; school year
C)about the same amount of; school year and the summer
D)almost no; school year or the summer

Question 57

Which of the following is not a theory of why we sleep?

A)Sleep provides a time to consolidate new learning.
B)Sleep provides time for the body to restore norepinephrine sensitivity.
C)Sleep facilitates brain development, especially in infancy.
D)Sleep provides time alone, away from social interaction.

Question 58

Fred, Barney, George, and Bart are ten years old, and each suffers from a different sleep disorder. Fred occasionally shifts suddenly during the day from a normal waking state into several minutes of sleep, during which time he has very little muscle tone and is effectively immobile. Barney walks in his sleep (but does nothing else), while George sometimes moves to act out his dreams. Bart has nightmares (not sleep terror disorder). Who is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when he exhibits his symptoms?

A)Fred
B)Barney
C)George
D)Bart

Question 59

When people are deprived of __________ sleep, they compensate for the loss directly and show a rebound effect to recover from the loss.

A)stage 1
B)REM
C)stage 2
D)stage 3

Question 60

Homer is awakened suddenly because Marge, his wife, is choking him! Marge explains that she was dreaming about defending herself from the Princess of Bad Taste: Scary Spice. Homer is not mad; rather, he is concerned that Marge may be suffering from

A)sleep terror disorder.
B)narcolepsy.
C)sleep apnea.
D)REM behavior disorder.

Question 61

Using hypnosis to retrieve information from a person's past is controversial because

A)true memories are replaced by imagining and acting out past actions.
B)people's confidence in hypnosis may prompt them to unintentionally distort information or inaccurately reconstruct events.
C)People's recall becomes more accurate during hypnosis.
D)some people have been unable to return from a state of age regression.

Question 62

You are watching a TV infomercial featuring a famous hypnotist. During her pitch, she makes four main statements about effective uses of hypnosis. Based on your thorough reading of the textbook, you know that one of the hypnotist's claims is false . Which one is it?

A)Hypnosis has been used in an attempt to uncover events from a person's past.
B)Recall becomes more accurate under hypnosis.
C)Hypnosis has been used to reduce nausea due to chemotherapy.
D)Some doctors have used hypnosis to control the pain of arthritis.

Question 63

Devon has been hypnotized. She is least likely to

A)initiate actions independently of the hypnotist's instructions.
B)experience posthypnotic amnesia.
C)follow requests made of her by the hypnotist.
D)ignore everything except the hypnotist's voice and the things the hypnotist points out.

Question 64

Twenty-eight-year-old Stephanie scores high on a test of hypnotic susceptibility. Research suggests that Stephanie also

A)has below average intelligence.
B)processes information slowly.
C)has very active imagination.
D)struggles to stay focused and ignore distractions.

Question 65

The night before the Psych 100 midterm, Mehmet had a dream where he saw himself being chased by his Introduction to Psychology instructor. He believes that this was some random by-product of his REM sleep. Mehmet probably believes in the __________ theory of dreams.

A)wish fulfillment
B)activation-synthesis
C)state
D)dissociation

Question 66

Jacob is dreaming. If this is all the information that you have, you can state that Jacob

A)is definitely in REM sleep.
B)is not in REM sleep.
C)is probably in REM sleep.
D)probably has sleep terror disorder.

Question 67

Dr. Huanca hypnotizes Travaughn and then tells him that, from now on, whenever he feels the urge to smoke a cigarette, he will get up and get a glass of water instead. This instruction is an example of

A)hypnotic induction.
B)posthypnotic suggestion.
C)symptom substitution.
D)hypnotic replacement therapy.

Question 68

Tiffany was hypnotized. Afterward, she said that she felt as though some part of her "split off" and agreed to give some control of her thought processes to the hypnotist. Tiffany's experience is most consistent with the ________ theory of hypnosis.

A)role
B)dissociation
C)state
D)alter

Question 69

Roy tells his friends Helen and Joe about the dream he had. He dreamed that trains were zooming into tunnels and rockets were firing! Helen tells Roy that his dream is only a meaningless, random by-product of REM sleep, while Joe tells Roy that his dream is a way of satisfying his unconscious urges. Helen is taking the __________ perspective, while Joe is taking the __________ perspective on dreaming.

A)activation-synthesis theory; wish fulfillment
B)wish fulfillment; activation-synthesis theory
C)lucid dreaming; mesmerism
D)mesmerism; lucid dreaming

Question 70

Torean is a psychologist who uses hypnosis with his patients. He believes that processes normally under our control are temporarily separated in consciousness and can occur on their own, but that people ultimately decide how to act while under hypnosis. Torean supports the __________ theory of hypnosis.

A)role
B)state
C)dualist
D)dissociation

Question 71

A team of Hungarian hypnotists called the Hungary Hungary Hypnos claim that they are successful because their participants are complying with social demands and following the suggestions given to them. The Hungary Hungary Hypnos must believe in the __________ theory of hypnosis.

A)role
B)state
C)dissociation
D)activation-synthesis

Question 72

A group of people were hypnotized and a second group simulated being hypnotized. Both groups were told to retie their shoes when they heard the phrase "be careful." The group simulating hypnosis retied their shoes only when the hypnotist said "be careful," but the hypnotized group retied their shoes no matter who said "be careful." In this example, which theory of hypnosis was supported?

A)Role
B)State
C)Engagement
D)Activation-synthesis

Question 73

Gwendolyn and George attended the famous Dr. Shelmadine's "Hypnotism Show." Gwendolyn thought it was an amazing demonstration of altered consciousness and marveled at how the hypnotized participants did exactly what Dr. Shelmadine told them to and were not embarrassed or uncomfortable. George disagreed; he believed the participants were just going along with Dr. Shelmadine's suggestions because they thought they should. Gwendolyn's view is most like the __________ theory of hypnosis, George's is most like the __________ theory.

A)role; state
B)state; role
C)role; dissociation
D)dissociation; role

Question 74

Freud, who believed that dreams are "the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious," would probably have disagreed with the activation-synthesis hypothesis because

A)he was a chronic insomniac.
B)he did not do sleep research and record brain waves.
C)he did not focus on dreams as physiological events.
D)his patients could remember dreams only under hypnosis.

Question 75

Nikki is hypnotized. "You are now a chimpanzee," the hypnotist says. Nikki hops around the stage, swinging from chair to chair and making monkey-like calls. Which change typical of hypnosis is Nikki exhibiting?

A)Age regression
B)Redistributed attention
C)Posthypnotic amnesia
D)Willingness to take on a given role

Question 76

Carlos's hypnotist suggests that Carlos is sitting on a beach near the ocean. Although they are in central Illinois, Carlos reports that he can hear the sound of the waves pounding against the shore. This is characteristic of what kind of hypnotic behavior?

A)Posthypnotic amnesia
B)Reduced reality testing
C)Redistributed attention
D)Reduced planfulness

Question 77

This theory postulates that dreams are meaningless random by-products of REM sleep.

A)Problem-solving
B)Anxiety reduction
C)Wish fulfillment
D)Activation-synthesis

Question 78

Which of the following claims about the applications of hypnosis is most controversial?

A)Hypnotic age regression is an effective means of recovering lost memories.
B)Hypnosis is the only anesthetic some people need to block the pain of some surgeries.
C)Hypnosis can reduce the nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy.
D)Hypnosis can reduce surgical bleeding.

Question 79

After being hypnotized in a therapy session, Juan says that he can't remember what went on. This phenomenon is known as

A)retrograde amnesia.
B)advanced hypnotic susceptibility.
C)posthypnotic suggestion.
D)posthypnotic amnesia.

Question 80

According to your textbook, which of the following has not been consistently demonstrated as an effective use of hypnosis?

A)Relief of pain from dental work
B)Reduced nausea after chemotherapy
C)Alleviating diarrhea
D)Help with recovering repressed memories