Deck 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology

Question 1

Dr. Foust studies the causes of schizophrenia and offers treatments for those afflicted with the disorder. Dr. Foust is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)quantitative
B)experimental
C)clinical
D)eclectic

Answer 1

clinical

Question 2

Dr. Schultz meets with clients who are dealing with a range of what she calls "problems of life." Some suffer from diagnosable problems, while others simply need help figuring out how to overcome obstacles or solve problems. She discusses strategies for changing behaviors and thoughts and assists her clients in the process of overcoming their challenges. Dr. Bashir most likely works in the __________ subfield of psychology.

A)experimental
B)cognitive
C)personality
D)counseling

Answer 2

counseling

Question 3

Dr. O'Halloran works with children, trying to understand the changes that occur in their ability to solve problems of increasing complexity as they go through different childhood stages. Dr. O'Halloran is a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)developmental
B)educational
C)personality
D)environmental

Answer 3

developmental

Question 4

Of the following topics, which would probably be the least interesting to a person focusing in cognitive psychology?

A)The developmental precursors of mental illness.
B)How we remember information.
C)Different methods for solving problems.
D)The factors that contribute to effective decision-making.

Question 5

Calisha and Renata are discussing arsonists. Calisha has been reading the work of a __________ psychologist and believes that fire-setting behavior might be linked to hormonal imbalances. Renata has been reading the work of a __________ psychologist and believes that fire-setting is a behavior that is supported by group processes.

A)developmental; cognitive
B)developmental; social
C)biological; cognitive
D)biological; social

Question 6

Psychologists who focus their research on processes like decision making, problem solving, and imagination would most likely be considered __________ psychologists.

A)cognitive
B)personality
C)social
D)industrial and organizational

Question 7

A ________ psychologist would be most interested in researching changes in human behavioral, emotional, and mental processes over time.

A)social
B)personality
C)cognitive
D)developmental

Question 8

Cicely is trying to prevent teenage inner-city boys from joining gangs. She has set up a program in the boys' neighborhood to teach job skills. Cicely is most likely a __________ psychologist.

A)clinical
B)community
C)counseling
D)social

Question 9

Imelda is describing her first day of psychology class to her boyfriend. She can best describe psychology as focusing on

A)disorders and therapies.
B)behavior and mental processes.
C)motivation and emotion.
D)rats in mazes.

Question 10

While relaxing in the park, Dilbert decides to read his new book on the study of positive psychology. This book will primarily focus on

A)correlations in which an increase in one factor leads to an increase in another.
B)what makes life worth living.
C)an individual's strengths, while ignoring any weaknesses.
D)what causes people to be similar to one another.

Question 11

The wide influence of the behavioral approach began to fade by the late ________, as its lack of attention to mental processes began to draw criticism.

A)1920s
B)1940s
C)1060s
D)1980s

Question 12

Psychology is best defined as the

A)search for the most successful treatment for people with emotional, cognitive, or neurological disorders.
B)use of scientific methods to study the elements of human consciousness.
C)study of the human experience from birth to old age.
D)science that studies behavior and mental processes and applies that study to improve human welfare.

Question 13

Veronica's research focuses on optimism and the factors that lead to living a balanced and happy lifestyle; that is, the factors that make life worth living. Veronica has dedicated her research to the study of ___________ psychology.

A)Dialectical
B)Convergent
C)Positive
D)Abnormal

Question 14

Cognitive psychologists are primarily interested in

A)what makes people unique.
B)studying and treating abnormal functioning.
C)describing and understanding the changes in behavior and mental processes that occur during a lifetime.
D)studying memory, thinking, learning, and other mental processes.

Question 15

Hank is a psychologist interested in providing services to help those suffering schizophrenia. He focuses on the maladaptive ways in which its sufferers receive and process information about themselves and the world around them. Hank is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)school
B)clinical
C)personality
D)biological

Question 16

A cognitive psychologist would be most likely to design a study of

A)how people influence each other.
B)what processes are involved in problem solving.
C)which characteristics make humans unique.
D)how we can best analyze psychological data.

Question 17

Drew has conducted a massive amount of survey data for his Master's thesis, and needs help determining the best method for compressing the data and analyzing it in the most effective way possible. He would be best advised to seek out the assistance of a(n)________ psychologist.

A)experimental
B)personality
C)developmental
D)quantitative

Question 18

Dr. Jamison is conducting a study examining the emotional and behavioral changes that occur during puberty. Dr. Jamison is especially interested in how these changes are associated with changes in hormones and brain structures. The subfield of psychology Dr. Jamison seems to be interested in is __________ psychology.

A)clinical
B)Personality
C)biological
D)social

Question 19

Deepthi tells her academic advisor that she is tired of learning about mental disorders and stress-related illnesses. She would rather focus on what goes right with people and learn about creativity or self-actualization. Deepthi's advisor should recommend Deepthi look into the study of __________ psychology.

A)positive
B)object relation
C)intrinsic
D)forensic

Question 20

Dr. Vance is attempting to discover where emotional experience is localized in the brain by using brain imaging technology. Dr. Vance works in the subfield of __________ psychology.

A)personality
B)educational
C)forensic
D)biological

Question 21

For the summer, Hailey obtains an assistant position for a research team of health psychologists. The focus of their research will most likely investigate the relationship between

A)genetic and environmental influences on major depression.
B)coping with cancer and the effect on family relationships.
C)resilience and the presence of strong neighborhood communities.
D)creativity and the cognitive process that underlie it.

Question 22

Whether a person attributes success or failure to external forces (such as luck)or to personal efforts would be of most interest to a person who works in the area of ________ psychology.

A)social
B)personality
C)biological
D)quantitative

Question 23

Marcella has applied for a job, and as part of the process of getting hired she must take a test that examines her outgoingness and general levels of friendliness. Marcella's test was most likely created by a __________ psychologist.

A)clinical
B)developmental
C)personality
D)cognitive

Question 24

Latoria is interested in the kinds of changes that people go through in old age (sixty-five years or older). This research is most likely to be conducted in the area of ________ psychology.

A)biological
B)cognitive
C)personality
D)developmental

Question 25

As an undergraduate psychology major, Carl has developed a strong desire to study behavior and mental processes, in particular human performance. During an internship at a local business, Carl is intrigued with how a manager's interpersonal style can affect the workers' motivation. The field of __________ psychology would be most applicable to Carl's interests.

A)health
B)industrial and organizational
C)cognitive
D)educational

Question 26

Dr. Cassidy researches how teachers can most effectively teach grammar principles to elementary school students. Dr. Cassidy's research is most appropriate for which subfield of psychology?

A)developmental
B)social
C)school
D)educational

Question 27

Brandi and Dustin are studying how stress and lack of exercise lead to illness. They want to use this information to aid in a campaign for maintaining a balanced lifestyle. Brandi and Dustin are interested in the field of __________ psychology.

A)educational
B)community
C)health
D)cognitive

Question 28

Jada works for the Nokia company designing the next line of cellular telephones to be sold. She focuses on how the phones fit in people's hands, where buttons should be located for easiest access, and what people will be most likely to purchase. Jada is most likely a _________ psychologist.

A)personality
B)human factors
C)social
D)developmental

Question 29

Loretto is conducting research on how psychology can influence the criminal justice system. Specifically, he wants to know what factors might lead a witness to a crime to make an incorrect identification during a suspect lineup. Loretto is interested in the __________ subfield of psychology.

A)Clinical
B)Developmental
C)Forensic
D)Cognitive

Question 30

A creative team wants to design a web site that users can navigate intuitively and that has a logical flow of information that can be easily manipulated by a user. This team would benefit from the expertise of a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)clinical
B)community
C)engineering
D)humanistic

Question 31

The tasks of a(n)__________ psychologist include improving supervisors' leadership skills, creating maximum-efficiency work groups, and suggesting other research-based programs designed to increase efficiency.

A)industrial and organizational
B)clinical
C)experimental
D)developmental

Question 32

As an environmental psychologist, Fred would be most interested in

A)treating psychological disorders.
B)creating a more functional workplace.
C)how social factors affect a child's development.
D)understanding the expression of traits.

Question 33

Automobiles have been made more accessible to those who suffer from physical limitations, such as amputated limbs or body parts that do not function normally. Part of this development has been to redesign the controls of vehicles so that those who have these challenges can access the controls more easily. These changes would most likely be made by a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)Personality
B)Engineering
C)Social
D)Developmental

Question 34

A researcher interested in measuring characteristics such as agreeableness or openness to experience would probably be a __________ psychologist.

A)developmental
B)social
C)clinical
D)personality

Question 35

At the trial, the __________ psychologist testified that the defendant fit the profile for the crime committed.

A)social
B)forensic
C)experimental
D)biological

Question 36

Edward and his team develop architectural designs for university residence halls. The goal of their designs is to promote collaborative learning among students while maintaining a sense of individual privacy and comfort. To ensure his plans will meet his goals, Edward has most likely consulted with a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)personality
B)environmental
C)community
D)industrial and organizational

Question 37

After earning his doctorate, David was hired by an automobile company to examine why there was such a high rate of turnover in employees. His goal is to reduce the rate to help the company trim training costs. David most likely received her degree in __________ psychology.

A)educational
B)quantitative
C)industrial and organizational
D)developmental

Question 38

Dr. McGufficke's research indicates that twenty minutes of exercise done three times a week positively affects people's emotions as well as their overall fitness. Dr. McGufficke is a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)cognitive
B)developmental
C)health
D)industrial and organizational

Question 39

Leon is working with state officials to restructure the curricula in the public school system. His research has suggested certain changes will help to reduce dropout rates while creating a collegial learning environment for students. Leon likely works in the __________ subfield of psychology.

A)engineering
B)personality
C)school
D)educational

Question 40

Dr. Starling works in impoverished neighborhoods arranging for and providing services for indigent and homeless individuals who need help improving their situations. He is probably a(n)________ psychologist.

A)counseling
B)clinical
C)industrial
D)community

Question 41

To attempt to discover why some adolescents begin using drugs and alcohol, a social psychologist would most likely study the

A)effects of peer pressure and the influence of role models, such as rock or movie stars, on adolescents' decision-making processes.
B)internal conflicts and struggles within substance-abusing adolescents.
C)chromosomal pattern of substance abusers, in search of a genetic predisposition to substance abuse.
D)personality profile of adolescents engaged in substance abuse.

Question 42

Julio is working on a Master's degree in psychology. He wants to work with students who have hearing difficulties so that they can stay even with classmates throughout their elementary school grades. Julio's program emphasizes __________ psychology.

A)developmental
B)school
C)educational
D)Cognitive

Question 43

The difference between a school psychologist and an educational psychologist is that a school psychologist

A)is more likely to conduct research on effective curricula.
B)focuses on how community programs are likely to lead to academic achievement.
C)is more directly involved with individual students.
D)has little involvement with students' mental health problems.

Question 44

In which work setting would a psychologist be most likely to expect to work with other professionals (often from other disciplines)in a variety of activities, including conducting research and writing?

A)A private practice
B)A governmental agency
C)A mental health facility
D)A college, university, or professional school

Question 45

Dr. Bogart's research finds a correlation between frequency of kissing between spouses and the overall duration of their marriages. He finds that the less often they kiss, the fewer years they tend to remain married. You would most likely find Dr. Bogart's work reported in a journal that publishes research in __________ psychology.

A)biological
B)developmental
C)personality
D)social

Question 46

Like other sciences, psychology relies on __________ data to test its predictions.

A)introspective
B)empirical
C)mediational
D)hypothetical

Question 47

Zorica studies social influences on consumer behavior. Pat researches the effect of chemical imbalances on the onset of depression. Zorica and Pat study different topics and may use different methods, but like the majority of psychologists, they both use experience and observation as the basis for their conclusions. As such, they both

A)work in more than one subfield.
B)emphasize empirical research.
C)publish articles on their research.
D)engage in speculative research.

Question 48

Approximately one-third of professional psychologists would report that their primary work setting is

A)A mental health facility
B)An educational setting
C)Private practice
D)A non-profit organization

Question 49

Kwong is interested in the effects of age on people's problem-solving skills. He has pulled together data from ten studies in various psychology subfields. By using statistical tools, Kwong intends to determine whether any patterns can be found in the data. Kwong is most likely a __________ psychologist.

A)quantitative
B)clinical
C)social
D)personality

Question 50

Craig works with students at Middlesex High School who are experiencing academic problems. He meets with these students to assess what family and peer factors may be leading to their poor performance. Craig is a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)educational
B)school
C)developmental
D)social

Question 51

As an example of the way in which psychology often links/connects to other disciplines, your text notes that psychologist Daniel Kahneman won a Nobel prize in ________ for his model of decision making even though he was not trained in that particular field.

A)Economics
B)Anthropology
C)Cybernetics
D)Neurology

Question 52

Chandra has gathered data from several studies investigating the relative effects of heredity and environment on an individual's level of well-being. Chandra uses various statistical methods on the data in hopes of finding significant results. Chandra must be a __________ psychologist.

A)quantitative
B)human factors
C)forensic
D)cognitive

Question 53

You are asked to be on a panel of experts investigating the nature of consciousness. While the other experts are content to rely on speculation regarding consciousness, you demand that the evidence be based on experience and observation. Your approach is known as

A)functionalism.
B)empiricism.
C)reductionism.
D)rationalism.

Question 54

Scientific psychology is empirical because it relies on information from

A)experience and observation.
B)deductive reasoning.
C)reflection.
D)mathematical proofs.

Question 55

Although psychology contains diverse subfields and approaches, two factors provide unity. One of these factors is that

A)psychologists' interests, activities, and values are not unified.
B)every psychologist performs research in many subfields of psychology.
C)psychologists in every subfield draw on and contribute to knowledge from other subfields.
D)psychologists use speculative methods instead of empirical methods.

Question 56

Levian has been on a terrible hitting streak during his college baseball games. He feels that he is now trying too hard, and is terribly anxious about getting some hits. Who should the team hire to help him focus his attention?

A)A cognitive psychologist
B)A sport psychologist
C)An environmental psychologist
D)A personality psychologist

Question 57

A psychologist who wants to know what relaxation techniques improve athletic ability is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)experimental
B)biological
C)Personality
D)sport

Question 58

"Group decision making: The role of the leader" would be a likely title for a research paper written by a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)experimental
B)social
C)personality
D)clinical

Question 59

A person whose degree is in the area of quantitative psychology would probably spend quite a bit of their professional time

A)developing statistical methods to overcome the limitations of empiricism.
B)defining the structure of consciousness by its most basic elements.
C)creating a functional analysis of behavior.
D)analyzing data collected by their colleagues.

Question 60

Dr. Shelton is a psychologist who is working with other experts to design an artificial intelligence system that will increase student retention in a variety of classroom settings and disciplines. She would be most likely to collaborate with which type of expert?

A)A mechanical engineer
B)An educational guidance counselor
C)A computer scientist
D)A school psychologist

Question 61

Which statement is the best representation of the impact that Sigmund Freud has had?

A)Freud himself recanted most of his theories shortly before his own death, and the result is that his ideas never advanced beyond his own time.
B)His theories have never gained universal acceptance, but they have had wide-ranging influence in psychology and other fields.
C)Freud's model was seen as too progressive for his time, and had very little influence on psychology or other disciplines.
D)Freud's concepts have the distinction of having the greatest research support of all of psychology's various ideas.

Question 62

As a homework assignment, you choose to research the concept of introspection from your psychology textbook. You would first explain that introspection is the

A)process of observing your own mental processing.
B)scientific study of sensory systems and perceptual processes.
C)philosophical view that holds that we are the product of our experiences.
D)first therapeutic technique developed by Edward Titchener.

Question 63

Which American psychologist is credited with conceptualizing and advancing the perspective of functionalism early in the history of the field?

A)Wundt
B)Titchener
C)Moorehouse
D)James

Question 64

The early psychological model of functionalism, spearheaded by William James, was largely influenced by the earlier theory of ________.

A)The unconscious
B)Empiricism
C)Evolution
D)Eclecticism

Question 65

The first figure in psychology to suggest that all of our processes, from actions to slips of the tongue to dreams, were influenced by psychological factors was

A)Freud
B)Watson
C)Wundt
D)Titchener

Question 66

The group of psychologists who focused on the whole of consciousness rather than its component parts were the

A)structuralists.
B)Gestalt psychologists.
C)behaviorists.
D)functionalists.

Question 67

If you invite friends over for dinner, and in the middle of the meal you ask them to stop and focus carefully on the flavors of the food in their mouths, your question would be most similar to that used by

A)structuralists.
B)functionalists.
C)psychoanalysts.
D)cognitive psychologists.

Question 68

A psychologist blindfolds a subject and then places the subject's hand into a dish of water. The psychologist asks the subject to report whether his hand feels colder or warmer than before being placed in the water. Which of the following psychologists was most likely to have conducted this study?

A)Wilhelm Wundt
B)John B. Watson
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 69

"The whole shape of conscious experience is not the same as the sum of its parts" is a belief proposed by which view of psychology?

A)Gestalt
B)Psychodynamic
C)Behavioral
D)Humanist

Question 70

In a classic song from the 1980s, singer Janet Jackson asked her listeners "what have you done for me lately?" If she applied this question to the purposes of consciousness, she would most likely be classified as a

A)structuralist.
B)functionalist.
C)behaviorist.
D)Gestaltist.

Question 71

Subjects in an experiment are exposed to a stimulus and asked to describe and analyze their experiences. These subjects are engaging in

A)affective processing.
B)client-centered therapy.
C)introspection.
D)free association.

Question 72

Cory is holding a bright purple ball. He is attempting to describe in detail the experience of feeling and seeing the ball, as well as reporting any internal reactions that holding the ball creates. Cory is engaging in

A)prosopagnosia.
B)introspection.
C)cognitive fixation.
D)subliminal perception.

Question 73

Jarrod believes that introspection is the only way to obtain good data. In his research, he is trying to identify the basic components of consciousness. Jarrod's research most closely adheres to the tenets of the __________ school of psychology.

A)structuralist
B)functionalist
C)humanistic
D)gestalt

Question 74

Roger and Amanda are attempting to define consciousness. "What is consciousness? What does consciousness consist of?" asks Roger. Amanda says, "I think it would be more helpful to think about the purpose of consciousness. For example, how does it help us adapt to our environment?" Roger takes a __________ approach to defining consciousness, while Amanda takes a __________ approach.

A)structuralist; behavioral
B)behavioral; structuralist
C)functionalist; structuralist
D)structuralist; functionalist

Question 75

You are marooned on a tropical island with a dangerous criminal. In your suitcase are four books written by psychologists. If you believe that the criminal's behavior was mostly the result of unconscious conflicts within his mind, which author should you choose to best elaborate on this idea?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)William James
C)John Watson
D)Wilhelm Wundt

Question 76

Pavan decided to try introspection as a way to study mental processes. Which approach to the study of consciousness was he following?

A)Behavioral
B)Structuralist
C)Functionalist
D)Biological

Question 77

William James believed the focus of research should be on how mental images, sensations, and memories come together as a function of experience. Before him, Titchener believed it was important to define the

A)process of introspection.
B)unconscious motivations for our actions.
C)general laws of learning.
D)structure of consciousness.

Question 78

The modern age of psychology was "born" when

A)Sigmund Freud first uttered the phrase, "Tell me about your dreams."
B)B. F. Skinner used shaping to teach birds to play ping pong.
C)Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig.
D)Ivan Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate at the tone of a bell.

Question 79

Meghan says to Jamal, "Instead of trying to break down consciousness into little pieces, we should look at it from the whole perspective. Like how people experience a full motion movie from thousands of still pictures. That is what's important to know!" Meghan clearly supports the work of __________ psychologists.

A)human factors
B)Freudian
C)developmental
D)Gestalt

Question 80

This group of psychologists felt that the goal of the field should be to identify the actual purposes of consciousness and to understand how human awareness contributes to our lives.

A)Structuralists
B)Functionalists
C)Psychoanalysts
D)Gestaltists