Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Turkey Lurkey corners Henny Penny and demands, "Tell me exactly what purpose you have for running around here and telling us all the sky is falling. Why are you doing this?" Turkey Lurkey is asking Henny Penny to reveal her

A)optimal arousal.
B)well-being.
C)motive.
D)need.

Answer 1

motive.

Question 2

You have written a paper on the topic of motivation for your psychology class. You decide to call the paper, "Motivation" and want to add a tag line to give more emphasis to the title. From the choices below, you decide the most fitting is, "Motivation:

A)Energy, direction, intensity, and persistence."
B)How our feelings affect our thoughts."
C)The potential for action."
D)The neurochemistry of affect."

Answer 2

Energy, direction, intensity, and persistence."

Question 3

Santa Claus stops by your house to drop off presents and is feeling very hungry. He sees two cookies on the mantle and quickly devours them. Afterward, he no longer feels a need to eat. What theory of motivation best describes this situation?

A)Incentive doctrine
B)Arousal
C)Drive reduction
D)Instinct

Answer 3

Drive reduction

Question 4

Jeremy works very hard at school and almost always gets As. According to drive reduction theory, Jeremy's motivation for studying hard is most likely due to a

A)primary reinforcer.
B)reward.
C)primary drive.
D)secondary drive.

Question 5

The fact that some people often ignore their hunger and skip lunch in anticipation of a special dinner is a direct contradiction to the __________ theory of motivation.

A)drive reduction
B)arousal
C)incentive
D)opponent-process

Question 6

People sometimes choose a certain career because they want to please their parents. This is an example of a(n)__________ factor as a motivational source.

A)innate
B)biological
C)social
D)cognitive

Question 7

Which theory of motivation pays least attention to individual differences in behavior?

A)Arousal theory
B)Instinct doctrine
C)Incentive theory
D)Drive reduction theory

Question 8

Sophia is taking off her sweater because she is too warm and does not want to start sweating. Yolanda is taking off her sweatshirt because she notices that everyone else is wearing short sleeves and she feels silly for being the only one wearing a sweatshirt. Sophia is motivated by ________ factors, while Yolanda is motivated by ________ factors.

A)need-based; emotional
B)social; physiological
C)physiological; social
D)emotional; need-based

Question 9

Marcello has been playing racquetball for the past two hours, and got so engrossed in the game that he did not realize how sweaty he has become. He now sits down with a large bottle of water and downs it in just a few seconds before refilling it and drinking more. According to the drive-reduction theory of motivation, Marcello is attempting to satisfy a ________ drive.

A)instinctive
B)acquired
C)primary
D)tertiary

Question 10

Which of the following is not a characteristic of motivation?

A)Ability
B)Initiation
C)Direction
D)Intensity

Question 11

Jessie is a college freshman and she is engaged in a variety of different activities, three of which can be explained by the drive reduction theory of motivation. Which one cannot be explained in this way?

A)Drank juice with breakfast
B)Worked at a local restaurant to earn some extra money
C)Ate a hamburger for dinner
D)Read a book to satisfy her curiosity about how diamonds are formed

Question 12

Josh starts smoking to experience the pleasurable feelings associated with nicotine. This behavior is best explained by the __________ theory of motivation. Eventually, however, Josh becomes physically addicted to nicotine and now he needs the drug to reduce the cravings he feels. Josh's behavior is now best explained by __________ theory.

A)incentive; drive reduction
B)drive reduction; arousal
C)arousal; drive reduction
D)drive reduction; incentive

Question 13

Which of the following is the best example of an action that maintains homeostasis?

A)Starting to salivate when you smell freshly baked cookies
B)Depositing a check in your newly opened checking account
C)Shivering to generate body heat when you are cold
D)Dimming the lights before a romantic encounter

Question 14

Which of the following best illustrates a behavior that is motivated by physiological factors?

A)Turning down an offer from an extremely prestigious university because your parents attended good old State University
B)Adding and removing clothes so as to maintain a comfortable body temperature
C)Fulfilling a request made by your employer in the hope that she will return the favor
D)Donating clothes, canned goods, and money to charitable organizations because you have plenty

Question 15

According to drive reduction theory, an imbalance in homeostasis creates a(n)__________, to which the brain responds by creating a psychological state called a(n)__________.

A)drive; need
B)need; drive
C)instinct; motive
D)motive; instinct

Question 16

Kent and Jebreel both ask Danielle out on a date. Kent is very attractive and a lot of fun to be with, but he is also unemployed. Jebreel is older than Kent, has a secure job, and owns his own home; however, Jebreel is quite unattractive and not very much fun. Danielle chooses to go out with Jebreel instead of Kent. The __________ theory of motivation would best predict Danielle's choice.

A)drive reduction
B)arousal
C)evolutionary
D)humanistic

Question 17

Jordan has been dating Jessica for several months, and he finds out that another boy at school made inappropriate sexual comments to her. Jordan is now furious and is preparing to fight with the other boy after school. Jordan's motivation to behave so aggressively is based on ________ factors.

A)emotional
B)social
C)drive-based
D)cognitive

Question 18

Michael prefers attractive and healthy women half his age who appear to be good candidates for childbearing. Catherine prefers wealthy men twice her age who will be good providers and give her a life of ease and luxury. What theory of motivation best explains their preferences for mate selection?

A)Evolutionary
B)Drive reduction
C)Arousal
D)Opponent-process

Question 19

Imagine you are a male three-spined stickleback (a fish). You come across a nest of unfertilized three-spined stickleback eggs and you can't help but do a particular dance and then go ahead and fertilize the eggs. Which theory of motivation accounts for your behavior?

A)Arousal theory
B)Behavioral doctrine
C)Drive reduction theory
D)Instinct doctrine

Question 20

Which of the following is the best example of behavior that is motivated by cognitive factors?

A)Kathy starts smoking cigarettes because all of her friends have started doing so.
B)Thrupti drinks a large glass of water after a softball game.
C)Norm punches a wall after his girlfriend breaks up with him.
D)Yoon drops out of school because she has doubts about her academic ability.

Question 21

Juan is a CEO of Hoola-Hoops, Inc. He sees his employees as lazy, untrustworthy creatures with no interest in their work. Thus, he offers a highly structured, heavily supervised work environment. Juan assumes that his employees are primarily motivated by __________ rewards.

A)primary
B)intrinsic
C)extrinsic
D)personal

Question 22

Pedro has always been of average weight and build. However, over the past year, his eating habits and his weight have changed drastically. He now seems to eat constantly and has gained over seventy-five pounds. Pedro most likely has damage to his

A)lateral hypothalamus.
B)thalamus.
C)ventromedial nucleus.
D)paraventricular nucleus.

Question 23

Leon is intrinsically motivated spend hours on gardening tasks. He finds these activities very rewarding and relaxing, and as such, he offers to weed his neighbor's garden and trim the hedges. Accordingly, when he is done with the gardening work, he is most likely to ask his neighbor for

A)food.
B)money.
C)nothing.
D)respect.

Question 24

After spending an exciting day running around at Lasertron, Jared decides to stay home and watch television rather than going out dancing. Jared's decision to stay home is most consistent with the __________ theory of motivation.

A)instinct
B)drive reduction
C)arousal
D)incentive

Question 25

You are a space alien who wishes to conquer Earth. You use a special ray gun that makes humans immobile by making them too fat to move. Your ray gun should __________ in the hypothalamus.

A)stimulate the ventromedial nucleus
B)destroy the ventromedial nucleus
C)destroy the lateral hypothalamus
D)stimulate the thalamus

Question 26

Even though Meghan and Rennie are sisters, their bodies have different set points. Their individual set points for maintaining homeostasis are affected by all of the following except

A)activity of the ventromedial nucleus.
B)body weight and food intake.
C)androgen levels.
D)activity of the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 27

Anu has just finished watching a movie about cement mixing that she thought was long and boring. According to the arousal theory of motivation, Anu will most likely __________ next.

A)drink water
B)do something exciting
C)read about cement mixing
D)go to sleep

Question 28

Dr. Luze-Moore is working on a drug that will curb people's appetite for high-fat foods. Based on your reading of the textbook, Dr. Luze-Moore would do best to focus on a way to block the stimulation of what neurotransmitter?

A)Enterostatin
B)Galanin
C)Serotonin
D)Neuropeptide Y

Question 29

Tweety Bird is tired of being chased by Sylvester, the Cat, who wants to eat Tweety for dinner. Tweety could reduce Sylvester's desire to eat by

A)destroying Sylvester's ventromedial nucleus.
B)stimulating Sylvester's lateral hypothalamus.
C)destroying Sylvester's lateral hypothalamus.
D)stimulating Sylvester's ventromedial nucleus.

Question 30

When Lani has an unpleasant task to complete, such as writing a term paper, she sets up rewards for herself. When she completes her outline, she watches TV for one hour. When she completes the rough draft, she spends an evening relaxing with her friends. When she finishes the final draft, she goes to the mall and purchases a CD she has been wanting. The __________ best explains Lani's behavior.

A)instinct doctrine
B)arousal theory
C)drive reduction theory
D)incentive theory

Question 31

Geoff, a basketball player for City High School, sinks thirty straight free throws during practice. However, during the critical game of the season, with the score tied and twenty seconds left to play, Geoff misses three consecutive free throws. Geoff's behavior can be best explained by __________ theory.

A)incentive
B)arousal
C)drive reduction
D)opponent-process

Question 32

Jerry is severely overweight. He asks his doctor whether injections of the hormone called leptin would be an effective treatment for his obesity. His doctor will probably inform him that a leptin injection

A)would not be effective because leptin has no role in regulating body fat.
B)is effective in helping most obese people lose weight and body fat.
C)would reduce his weight but would negatively affect his muscle tissue.
D)is not very effective in reducing weight for most obese individuals.

Question 33

Karl wants to get straight As in school because his parents have promised to buy him a new car if he does so. This is an illustration of the __________ of motivation.

A)incentive theory
B)arousal theory
C)drive reduction theory
D)instinct doctrine

Question 34

One of the theories of motivation discussed in your textbook is the incentive theory. In this model, an incentive is roughly the equivalent of a(n)________.

A)instinct
B)reward
C)drive
D)need

Question 35

The textbook notes that the idea of a hunger "set point" can be thought of as a(n)"__________" that operates in the human body.

A)fat thermostat
B)calorie monitor
C)hydration regulator
D)leptin activation system

Question 36

Rory and Dory are identical twin rats. The lateral area of Rory's hypothalamus was destroyed in a tragic exercise wheel accident. The ventromedial nucleus of Dory's hypothalamus has an electrode implanted in it that is constantly stimulating that part of her brain. This situation has existed for a week now. How does Rory's weight compare to Dory's?

A)Rory weighs much more than Dory.
B)Dory weighs much more than Rory.
C)Dory and Rory are both tremendously overweight.
D)Dory and Rory are both extremely underweight.

Question 37

The hormone leptin is an important chemical in signaling information about satiety (or feeling satisfied when eating)to the brain. Leptin comes from the Greek word for "________."

A)energy
B)cessation
C)thin
D)full

Question 38

Kenny and Stanley have a big English exam coming up soon. To encourage him to study, Kenny's mom promises him he can watch ten minutes of cartoons for every hour he spends studying. Stanley's mom tells him that he can spend ten minutes reading Crime and Punishment for every hour he studies. Both boys study for more than ten hours and get As on the exam. Which of the following theories best explains the fact that both students spent a great deal of time studying in spite of the fact that they were rewarded so differently?

A)Incentive theory
B)Opponent-process theory
C)Drive reduction theory
D)Arousal theory

Question 39

Sabrina is trying to lose weight with a low-carbohydrate diet. She knows this is an effective short-term plan, but she finds herself craving everything that contains carbohydrates. The brain chemical responsible for her cravings is

A)enterostatin.
B)galanin.
C)neuropeptide Y.
D)serotonin.

Question 40

Mario takes a drug for Restless Thumb Syndrome. One side effect of the drug is the stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus of his hypothalamus. As a result, Mario should anticipate that he will

A)eat less than usual.
B)crave foods low in carbohydrates.
C)eat more than usual.
D)crave lots of water.

Question 41

Todd and Hannah are planning the Bat Mitzvah of their daughter, who will be turning twelve next year. They find that 90 percent of the planning revolves around deciding on what meals will be served, how many meals they will provide to guests (lunch only, lunch and dinner, etc.), and what foods will be included in each meal. Todd comments that "this is just how I felt when we were planning our wedding." The fact that celebrations always seem to include meals is an example of

A)celebratory appetite.
B)food culture.
C)nutritional rhythms.
D)sociocultural requirements.

Question 42

The health dangers associated with anorexia nervosa include all of the following except

A)diabetes.
B)fractures due to reduced bone density.
C)death.
D)heart problems.

Question 43

After Taki is diagnosed with cancer of the stomach, the doctors decide to remove his stomach entirely. After the operation, Taki will probably

A)eat much more than before.
B)eat roughly the same amount of food as before.
C)eat much less than before.
D)be unable to regulate his food intake.

Question 44

Devon and Saurabh are discussing their favorite meals. Devon exclaims how much he loves grilling steak and chicken in his backyard. Saurabh recoils, explaining that as part of his Hindu beliefs, animals should be respected and are not to be slaughtered. Such expressions of food culture demonstrate that

A)our environment can change how the hypothalamus functions.
B)eating serves functions beyond nutrition.
C)the drive reduction theory has limitations on explaining motivation.
D)social referencing is a powerful cue for emotion.

Question 45

William and Virginia are discussing the sexual response cycle. William says, "It really isn't fair that women can have orgasm after orgasm after orgasm after orgasm! We men have our orgasms and then have to wait around a while before we can have another one." Virginia says, "That is just the way things are-women don't really have a ________."

A)plateau phase
B)feedback loop
C)refractory period
D)resolution phase

Question 46

Which of the following statements about studies on U.S. sexual behavior is true?

A)Representative samples were not used.
B)Pornography, pedophilia, and fetishism were specifically covered.
C)People in the United States may be rather sexually conservative.
D)Response rates were relatively low for this mail-in survey.

Question 47

Research on obesity has found that obese people

A)eat more of every food offered to them than do normal-weight people.
B)are most often male.
C)may be genetically predisposed to gain weight.
D)have the same set point as normal-weight people.

Question 48

Due to a freak accident involving reindeer games, a sleigh, and some of Santa's elves, Rudolph's lateral hypothalamus was destroyed. As a result, Rudolph will most likely

A)overeat, well past the point of satiation.
B)have intense cravings for his favorite foods.
C)lose the desire to eat, nearly starving himself.
D)become a finicky eater, preferring only foods high in fat

Question 49

The fact that seeing a pizza commercial on television may make you hungry, even though you didn't feel hungry a few minutes ago, seems to indicate that hunger is

A)not stimulated by stress.
B)a secondary drive.
C)partially learned.
D)completely biologically controlled.

Question 50

Laura likes to eat Mexican food, but she always eats way too much. Even though Laura is full, she orders caramel flan (her favorite Mexican dessert)just because she enjoys it. According to the textbook, what is the most likely reason that Laura does this?

A)Food culture
B)Social referencing
C)Appetite
D)Volatile odorants

Question 51

The most effective weight-loss programs available today include components designed to do all of the following except

A)reduce food intake.
B)increase energy expenditure through exercise.
C)alter the brain mechanisms involved in overeating through the use of anti-obesity drugs.
D)change eating habits and attitudes toward food.

Question 52

According to research, __________ is/are a major cause of inactivity in overweight children.

A)hours spent playing video games
B)maladaptive reactions to stress
C)genetic abnormalities
D)not having a parent home after school

Question 53

Which of the following is the primary pattern of sexual response?

A)Orgasm, plateau, resolution, and excitement
B)Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
C)Resolution, plateau, orgasm, and excitement
D)Excitement, orgasm, plateau, and resolution

Question 54

Ashley suffers from the most common eating disorder in the United States. She is an enthusiastic eater and often cannot accurately assess how much she has eaten. Ashley is suffering from

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)obesity.
C)bulimia.
D)pica.

Question 55

You are watching Sex Talk Live on TV when Sue, the host, begins talking to a caller about sex hormones. Though men and women have all the same sex hormones, Sue explains, on average, men have relatively more __________ and women have relatively more __________.

A)progestational hormones; androgens
B)androgens; progestational hormones
C)progestational hormones; estrogens
D)estrogens; androgens

Question 56

Tracie has recently been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Tracie is likely to display all of the following except

A)an overall perfectionistic personality.
B)an obsession with being attractive.
C)seeing her eating habits as problematic.
D)self-punishing personality traits.

Question 57

More recent research has shown that the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus plays an important role in

A)experiencing flavor.
B)increasing specific hungers.
C)receptivity toward a food culture.
D)reducing and increasing food intake.

Question 58

The death rate of young women who suffer from anorexia nervosa is approximately ________ times higher than the death rate for other young women who do not suffer from this dangerous condition.

A)two
B)four to five
C)six to twelve
D)ten to twenty

Question 59

Which of the following statements about the National Health and Social Life Survey conducted by researchers at the University of Chicago is false ?

A)The researchers attempted to obtain a representative sample of the U.S. population.
B)The results indicate that people in committed, one-partner relationships tend to have the most sex.
C)The survey contained controversial questions regarding pornography, pedophilia, and sexual fetishes.
D)About a third of the participants reported having sex only a few times, or not at all, in the preceding year.

Question 60

Deidre is constantly worried about being fat. In addition, a few times a week, she will eat large quantities of food and then force herself to vomit. As a result, she also suffers from nutritional imbalances, intestinal damage, and dental problems. Deidre is most likely suffering from

A)obesity.
B)weight obsession.
C)anorexia nervosa.
D)bulimia.

Question 61

Kris is taking the Thematic Apperception Test. She looks at a picture and says, "The woman in the picture is trying to solve a problem at work. She is thinking hard. She knows if she thinks about it long enough, she'll be able to figure it out." This response reflects __________ motivation.

A)achievement
B)affiliation
C)attachment
D)parenting

Question 62

Myron is a manager. He has noticed that the majority of his employees seem unhappy and unmotivated in their jobs. What would be an effective way for Myron to improve the job satisfaction of his employees?

A)Provide recognition beyond simply pay increases for employees to help them feel valued
B)Increase the amount of supervision given to employees
C)Create the goal of "increased production" for all employees and send it to them in an e-mail
D)Take a more active role in telling his employees how to solve problems

Question 63

Randall is attracted to members of both genders and has had male and female sex partners. Randall most likely identifies himself as

A)homosexual.
B)asexual.
C)heterosexual.
D)bisexual.

Question 64

Dr. Happy Golucky believes that to achieve happiness in life one must develop a sense of well-being. According to experts in the area of positive psychology, Dr. Golucky will identify all of the following as characteristics of well-being except

A)the frequent experience of positive moods.
B)creating a deficiency orientation.
C)adapting to changes by altering expectations and goals.
D)the relatively infrequent experience of negative emotions.

Question 65

Ludwig has high achievement motivation. Which of the following is not true of Ludwig?

A)He will select tasks with clear outcomes.
B)He will prefer a critic who is harsh but competent.
C)He will persist at problem solving.
D)He will seek immediate rewards.

Question 66

According to research, a male's sexual orientation is most likely due to

A)genetic factors.
B)his strict upbringing, which he is reacting against.
C)several factors, including prenatal hormones and learning.
D)the fact that his father is loving but his mother is cold.

Question 67

Whit started playing the saxophone. He wants to get better at it, so he watches the techniques of professional players and practices constantly. Whit does not care how he compares to other saxophone players, nor does he want to seek help from others. Whit appears to have adopted a(n)

A)approach-avoidance conflict.
B)avoidance-avoidance conflict.
C)performance goal.
D)learning goal.

Question 68

Alice allows her kids to do only those things that she knows they can do successfully. Barry severely punishes his kids whenever they fail. Connie believes that rewards and punishments should be internal, so she never comments when her kids succeed or fail. Dwight encourages his kids to attempt challenging, difficult tasks. Who is most likely going to have kids with high achievement motivation?

A)Alice
B)Barry
C)Connie
D)Dwight

Question 69

Fernandez owns a business that employs several hundred people. He would like to increase both the satisfaction and the productivity of his employees. According to research, the least effective way for Fernandez to accomplish this would be to

A)encourage employees to participate in decisions about how their work should be done.
B)give employees problems to solve without being told how to solve them.
C)recognize employees publicly for good performance.
D)increase employees' pay and benefits.

Question 70

Beavis works at Burger World. Beavis's manager wants to motivate Beavis to work harder. According to your textbook, which of the following is least likely to increase Beavis's motivation and job satisfaction?

A)Increased pay and benefits
B)Allowing Beavis to participate in decisions about how the kitchen should operate
C)Training Beavis to work both the drive-thru and the counter, not just one or the other
D)Recognizing excellence with an "employee of the month" award

Question 71

Angela has been practicing the cello for many years, because she has a dream of playing a concerto on stage in New York's Carnegie Hall. She dreams of the standing ovation she will receive if she performs well. For Angela, performing in front of people is a(n)________ goal.

A)performance
B)growth
C)learning
D)approach

Question 72

As a result of an advanced case of testicular cancer, Randolph had to have both of his testes surgically removed, causing a significant decrease in testosterone production in his body. What will be the most likely impact on his sexual functioning?

A)He will have a reduced desire for sex.
B)He will be unable to have sustained erections.
C)He will no longer be able to experience an orgasm or an ejaculation.
D)He will lose sensation in the various erogenous zones of his body.

Question 73

Katrina wants to study the organizing effects of sex hormones on female brain development. To begin, Katrina needs to understand when the organizing effects of sex hormones occur, which is

A)at conception.
B)around the time of birth.
C)in the first year of infancy.
D)in early adulthood.

Question 74

Brain imaging research has found that a part of the brain, the ________, shows differences that may explain certain aspects of sexual identity. Specifically, this part was larger in male-identified men than it was in male-to-female transsexuals.

A)corpus callosum
B)BnST
C)substantia nigra
D)locus coeruleus

Question 75

Based on the research into various factors that influence sexual orientation, which of the following individuals is most likely to identify as homosexual?

A)Javon, who has four older brothers.
B)Leon, who is an only child.
C)Jeremiah, who has one older brother and one younger sister.
D)Marc, who has two older sisters and one younger brother.

Question 76

If genetics is the most important determinant of sexual orientation, which set of brothers will have the greatest likelihood of both having homosexual orientations?

A)Monozygotic twin brothers
B)Dizygotic twin brothers
C)Nontwin brothers
D)Adopted brothers

Question 77

Kareem, who has high achievement motivation, is looking for a job that will satisfy him. Which of the following jobs should he take?

A)Company one: medium pay, lots of responsibility, chances for advancement, and demanding boss
B)Company two: very high pay, easy work, low participation in decision making, and great boss
C)Company three: high pay, little responsibility, rigid job structure, and great boss
D)Company four: low pay, lots of responsibility, lots of job supervision, and mediocre boss

Question 78

Who is displaying high achievement motivation?

A)Joe, who doesn't care about his grade in psychology but does care about his grade in engineering
B)Cora, who wants only immediate positive feedback from a friendly critic
C)Nitaya, who keeps working on a problem that she didn't understand at first
D)Bryan, who chooses to play a piano piece way beyond his skill level

Question 79

Frankie, a basketball player, is extremely competitive and has high achievement motivation. In a psychology experiment, he was asked to throw a ball from anywhere on the court and try to make a basket. Frankie would probably shoot the ball from a __________ distance from the basket.

A)very short
B)short
C)moderate
D)long

Question 80

Sex hormones are said to have an organizational effect on sexuality because they determine

A)whether sexual activity will occur.
B)the pattern of sexual behavior, either male-typical or female-typical patterns.
C)the timing of reproduction.
D)the timing and amount of hormones released from the adrenal cortex.