Deck 4: Infancy

Question 1

Craig and his friend Jose are playing. Craig grabs Jose's truck and runs away yelling, "Truck." Jose turns to his mother, cries, and says, "Truck!" Craig's mother retrieves the truck and gives it back to Jose. Jose smiles and says, "Truck." These babies are demonstrating

A)a lack of social skills.
B)holophrastic speech.
C)overextension.
D)telegraphic speech.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Mikey has a pet cat that he refers to as kitty. He visits a friend's house where they have a rabbit. Mikey points to the rabbit and says, "Kitty." Mikey is demonstrating

A)holophrastic speech.
B)telegraphic speech.
C)poor expressive language.
D)overextension.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Infant mental health

A)involves therapy.
B)has never been studied.
C)refers to the infant's emotional, social, and cognitive functioning.
D)focuses on the infant's feeding behaviors.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute as a barrier to father-infant interactions in an unmarried, non-cohabitated situation?

A)Negative relationship with the mother's family
B)Poverty
C)Maternal depression
D)Father's occupation

Question 5

The pattern of myelinization of a baby's nerve cells gives a baby control over its body

A)beginning from the feet up.
B)ending with control over the head.
C)beginning with the fingers.
D)ending with the feet.

Question 6

Which of the following has NOT been associated with an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome?

A)Exposure to tobacco smoke
B)Placing the infant on his stomach to sleep
C)Placing the infant in the caregiver's bed to sleep
D)Prematurity

Question 7

Skyler is chasing his cat Tater. He catches Tater and pulls its tail. Tater turns around and scratches Skyler. Skyler runs to his mother and cries, "Mommy, kitty, ouch, no!" Skyler is demonstrating

A)telegraphic speech.
B)holophrastic speech.
C)comprehensive language.
D)infant-directed speech.

Question 8

Kyle learned to bat at objects with his fist, then open his hand and grasp them, then pick up small objects between his thumb and forefinger. This is an example of

A)gross motor development.
B)cephalocaudal development.
C)proximodistal development.
D)fine motor development.

Question 9

Researchers can determine how babies process information by measuring how long it takes a baby to stop paying attention to the same stimulus. This is called

A)habituation.
B)dishabituation.
C)categorization.
D)boredom.

Question 10

According to Erikson, infancy is the stage of

A)rapid growth and development.
B)obtaining object permanence.
C)attachment.
D)trust vs. mistrust.

Question 11

The ability to transfer information gained from one sense to another sense is referred to as

A)cross-modal transfer.
B)sensory transfer.
C)categorization.
D)All of the above.

Question 12

All of the following might place a baby at risk for attachment failure EXCEPT

A)prematurity.
B)maternal depression.
C)high levels of environmental stress.
D)substance abuse by parents.

Question 13

Which of the following scenarios is an example of goal-directed behavior?

A)Deborah sees her favorite toy on the counter top out of her reach. Her mother put it there when she was cleaning up the kitchen. Deborah pushes a chair over to the counter, climbs up, and retrieves her toy.
B)Mark enjoys watching a dog play in the grass. The dog walks behind a row of bushes and Mark turns to watch a bird instead. The dog walks back out from behind the bushes and Mark is surprised.
C)Angela's mother touches her cheek with her finger. Angela turns her head and begins sucking her mother's finger.
D)Allen accidentally puts his finger in his mouth and begins sucking. He finds this behavior soothing and accidentally repeats the movement later, developing a pattern of behavior.

Question 14

To encourage a baby to play, it is important to

A)forcibly encourage interaction.
B)ignore the baby when it gets agitated.
C)present lots of toys at the same time.
D)swaddle the baby if it needs soothing.

Question 15

The following statements about breastfeeding are true EXCEPT

A)it is recommended that infants be breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months of life.
B)a mother passes her antibodies through her breastmilk to the baby.
C)long-term benefits of breastfeeding include reducing type I and type II diabetes.
D)breastfeeding should stop after 6 months of age.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is FALSE about infant communication?

A)Babies need to hear speech from birth or they will not begin to babble at the appropriate age.
B)Although all babies eventually develop all forms of speech, babies from different racial and cultural backgrounds develop these forms of speech in different sequences.
C)By the end of the first year, a baby's expressive language is better than its receptive language.
D)Babies prefer adult speech to baby talk.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is FALSE about research in information processing?

A)Research suggests that parents should schedule structured teaching sessions with their infants to facilitate learning and enhance infant/parent interactions.
B)Research suggests that babies may achieve object permanence earlier than Piaget suggested.
C)Research suggests that babies have an innate core of knowledge of the world.
D)Research suggests that information processing may be used to identify children at risk of developing learning problems.

Question 18

Seth's mother is playing a game with him. She hides his favorite bear under a couch pillow. Seth pushes the pillow aside and picks up his bear. Seth is displaying

A)problem solving.
B)object permanence.
C)memory.
D)primary circular reactions.

Question 19

Lethargy, crying, and vomiting are visible signs of

A)too much sleep.
B)increased blood pressure.
C)poor diet.
D)shaken infant syndrome.

Question 20

Seth's mom hides the bear under a shoe box and then puts the box under a cloth while Seth watches. She then takes the box off the bear and sets the box beside the cloth. Seth can see the bear through the cloth and picks up the cloth to get the bear. Seth now understands

A)problem solving.
B)secondary circular reactions.
C)invisible displacements.
D)goal directed behavior.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is TRUE about attachment theory?

A)The caregiver and the infant seem to both be biologically programmed to form an attachment.
B)The infant forms an attachment with the caregiver because that person fulfills the infant's need for food.
C)Adults do not instinctively know how to talk to a baby; they have to be instructed in the proper method.
D)The primitive infant reflexes of grasping, sucking, and rooting are not appealing to parents, so these reflexes disappear quickly or they will interfere with attachment.

Question 22

Which of the following behaviors would NOT be a possible indicator of attachment problems?

A)Running up to hug strangers
B)Running away from the caregiver in a crowd
C)Yelling at and hitting the caregiver
D)Clinging to the caregiver when approached by a stranger

Question 23

Research by Lewis indicates that most babies display a sense of self by

A)8 months.
B)13 months.
C)18 months.
D)24 months.

Question 24

Ron and Sue had a baby in the hopes of saving their marriage. The baby, however, is fussy and demanding. Lack of sleep has intensified the tension between the couple. The more they fight, the more demanding the baby becomes. The more the baby demands, the more the couple argues. This is an example of

A)marital problems.
B)the transactional family pattern.
C)circular family influences.
D)infant responsiveness.

Question 25

When David cries, he cries out loud. His mother has always had a hard time taking him anywhere. Crowds upset him. He hates changes in his routine. He spits out new foods. His mother has a hard time planning her day because she never knows when she will be able to get him down for his nap. He is so vigorous and demanding, she needs the nap more than he does. Which temperament type does David most likely have?

A)Slow to warm up
B)Active
C)Disorganized
D)Difficult

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate treatment for failure to thrive?

A)Helping the mother identify which of her behaviors has contributed to the infant's growth and nutrition problem.
B)Helping the parents understand and cope with a difficult infant.
C)Helping the parents develop positive, rewarding feeding experiences for the child.
D)Helping the family get on food stamps.

Question 27

Alan and Nancy have taken their child to the pediatrician for a check-up. They discuss a behavioral concern they have about the baby in her new play group. She seems fearful and clingy whenever they try to leave her to play with the other children. The doctor suggests they stay near the baby when they first go to the play group until she begins to venture away from them on her own. When she feels comfortable and is having fun they can go visit with the other parents. What type of temperament does this baby probably have?

A)Easy
B)Slow to warm up
C)Difficult
D)Quiet

Question 28

Kerry has always been a happy, friendly baby. At six months of age though she all of a sudden turns her head away and hides her face in her mother's shoulder when someone approaches her in public. Kerry is exhibiting

A)separation anxiety.
B)stranger anxiety.
C)transitional anxiety.
D)agoraphobia.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is TRUE about separation and loss in infancy?

A)Infants may have several caregivers but can only form an attachment to one primary figure.
B)Young babies do not need to be told of a separation in advance since they lack the necessary language skills to understand and would only become fearful and confused.
C)The effects of early separation and loss are so devastating to an infant that they last a lifetime regardless of the subsequent care given to the child.
D)With good, loving care, children may be able to overcome the effects of early deprivation.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is TRUE about failure to thrive infants?

A)Failure to thrive is usually associated with maternal deprivation.
B)Usually failure to thrive cases can be divided into those with identifiable organic and nonorganic causes.
C)Failure to thrive is often an interaction between biologic and environmental factors.
D)Failure to thrive infants start life at a low birth weight.

Question 31

At the age of 18 months, Cody seems to prefer his dad. His mother was in graduate school when he was born. His dad would get him up in the mornings and take him to day care and pick him up in the evenings. Since his mom was often studying after dinner, Cody's dad usually gave him a bath and read him a bedtime story. Now he runs to his dad when hurt or afraid. If his mother tries to get him up in the mornings, he cries for his dad. He cries for his dad to read him his bedtime story. Which statement is most TRUE about Cody?

A)Cody is at risk of attachment failure since he has not bonded with his mother.
B)Since fathers play more physically with their babies, Cody is suffering by not receiving adequate nurturing.
C)Cody's father is his primary caregiver, and Cody has formed an appropriate attachment with him.
D)Cody is insecurely attached.

Question 32

Attachment theory is most closely identified with

A)Bowlby.
B)Harlow.
C)Belsky.
D)Skinner.

Question 33

One-year-old Donnie is at the fair with his mother. A clown approaches and asks if she can make a balloon animal for Donnie. Donnie looks at the clown and frowns, and then looks at his mother. His mother smiles and nods, and Donnie turns to the clown and smiles. Donnie is exhibiting

A)social regulation.
B)stranger anxiety.
C)fear of clowns.
D)social referencing.

Question 34

Jessie is being evaluated in the strange situation procedure. Jessie's mom places him on the floor of the play room and he crawls away from her. He does not look back or seek her attention the whole time he is in the play room. When his mother leaves the play room he does not notice she is gone and when she returns he does not want her to pick him up. He cries and stiffens his back when she tries to sit him in her lap. According to Ainsworth, what type or attachment might this baby be displaying?

A)Insecure attachment
B)Avoidant attachment
C)Anxious attachment
D)Disorganized attachment

Question 35

Which of the following scenarios is an example of separation anxiety?

A)Tommy hits his 10-month-old brother, John. Now, whenever John sees Tommy in the room, John begins to cry.
B)Kerry has been in day care since she was three months old. She has always seemed happy there. But now she is 10 months old and has started to cry every morning as soon as she sees the door to the day care center.
C)Andrea is laying in her crib, about to fall asleep. A car backfires outside her window and Andrea begins to cry.
D)Adrian's mother walks into a crowded store, holding Adrian in her arms. Adrian looks at the strangers in the room and pushes away from his mother's arms.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is TRUE about separation and loss in infancy?

A)The most profound responses occur if the separation takes place before 6 months.
B)Babies who suffer a loss of the primary caregiver will not suffer any developmental delays.
C)There appear to be more problems for children who fail to form an attachment than for those who lose their primary caregiver.
D)There are more behavior problems from stable homes in which the mother has died than from homes with family problems that caused a breakup.

Question 37

The strange situation procedure for measuring attachment was developed by

A)Bowlby.
B)Zeaneh.
C)Ainsworth.
D)Main and Solomon.

Question 38

Goodness of fit refers to

A)the fact that babies grow up before their Carter's wear out.
B)the fact that personality characteristics persist over time.
C)the fact that temperament is to an extent genetically determined but is also affected by the environment.
D)how well the demands of the environment match the child's temperament style.

Question 39

Now Kerry wants to take her blanket to day care with her every morning. She calms faster and seems happier when allowed to keep her blanket after her mother leaves. The blanket serves as

A)a comfort object.
B)a substitute caregiver.
C)a transference object.
D)a transitional object.

Question 40

Thomas and Chess identified three temperament types. Which of the following is NOT one of those types?

A)Slow to warm up
B)Easy
C)Disorganized
D)Difficult

Question 41

Referring to the information on home environment in the text, which of the following would NOT necessarily be a component of a quality home environment for an infant?

A)Caregivers who regularly talk to the infant
B)Toys
C)A play pen to keep the baby in a small, safe area
D)Warm, responsive caregivers

Question 42

Which of the following statements is FALSE about infants from poor households?

A)Poverty adds stress for the caregiver and makes caring for an infant more difficult.
B)Poor infants are more likely to be placed in foster care.
C)Poverty does not increase the risk for infant abuse; abuse occurs equally across all socio-economic levels.
D)Poor infants have more health problems.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is FALSE about quality day care?

A)The child-to-adult ratio is high.
B)Caregivers have less authoritarian beliefs about child rearing.
C)The provision of stimulating physical facilities
D)The quality of caregiving is typically higher among in-home caregivers compared to caregiving in childcare centers.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is FALSE about trans-racial adoptions?

A)The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 makes trans-racial adoptions more difficult.
B)The National Association of Black Social Workers recommends trans-racial adoptions as a last resort.
C)Prospective adoptive parents need to be more aware of racial and cross-cultural issues.
D)Efforts need to be made to increase the number of prospective foster and adoptive parents from all races and cultures.

Question 45

Nine-week-old Beth was brought to the emergency room of the hospital unresponsive.  There were no obvious injuries on her body.  A CAT scan of her head showed bleeding and bruising of the brain.  Beth might be a victim of

A)Munchausen's syndrome by proxy.
B)apnea.
C)lead poisoning.
D)shaken infant syndrome.

Question 46

Some states have established a putative father registry to

A)find men who may have fathered a child and make them pay child support.
B)protect women who are victims of domestic violence.
C)notify men of potential offspring so they can assert their rights as birth fathers in the event of adoption proceedings.
D)provide men with birth rights for a child the mother chooses to abort.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is FALSE about Native American adoptions?

A)Adoptions involving Native American children require a release from the birth parents and the tribe.
B)In order to reduce time in foster care for Native American children, Congress passed the Indian Child Welfare Act, which prohibits adoption decisions based solely on race, color, or national origin.
C)In order to preserve cultural heritage, Native American tribes feel that Native American children need to be raised by Native American families.
D)In the 50s and 60s, many Native American children were removed from their families and were deprived of their culture and heritage.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is FALSE about minority infants?

A)Developmental norms were developed to account for different cultural developmental milestones.
B)Minority infants experience different family contexts from majority infants.
C)Parental care methods of different cultures may affect infant neuromotor performance.
D)Minority families often face socioeconomic disadvantage, inadequate access to health care, and substandard housing.

Question 49

Depression can interfere with parenting an infant in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A)the depressed parent is less responsive to the infant.
B)the depressed parent is less inclined to play with the infant.
C)the depressed parent is less likely to change the infant's diapers.
D)the depressed parent makes less eye contact when feeding the infant.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is FALSE about parents with a history of developmental delay?

A)They may lack judgment about what is safe handling of an infant.
B)They may lack the capacity to love an infant.
C)They may lack the ability to be flexible and adapt their responses to the changing needs of a growing child.
D)They may be unable to budget and plan finances adequately or access resources in a crisis.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is FALSE about adoptive families?

A)Openly adopted children who maintain contact with their birth mothers are not confused about their parents' identity.
B)Families can decide together how much contact they want birth parents to have as part of their adoption plan.
C)Open adoption has the best outcomes for children.
D)Adopted and non-adopted children have the same rates of clinical intervention required for severe behavioral problems.

Question 52

Which of the following statements about birth mothers is TRUE?

A)Birth mothers are often ignored and feel invisible.
B)The decisions to voluntarily relinquish your child is not hard if it's the right thing to do.
C)Birth mothers do not require counseling and support if it was the right decision.
D)Birth mothers typically choose adoption because they do not love their child.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is FALSE about open adoptions?

A)The birth mother participates in choosing a family for her baby.
B)The birth mother may stay in contact with the child.
C)Visits between the birth mother and the child may be arranged.
D)More problems are associated with open adoptions.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is TRUE about gender in infants?

A)Boys and girls basically display similar behaviors at birth.
B)Parents respond to their infants more on the basis of temperament and very little on the basis of gender.
C)Children do not show toy preferences based on their gender until they go to preschool and are exposed to peers.
D)Children tend to label themselves as boys or girls when they are 2.5 - 3 years old.

Question 55

Fahlbery (1991)offered the following guidelines for children placed in foster care EXCEPT

A)children should participate in their own placement decision.
B)siblings should be placed in the same foster home whenever possible.
C)caregivers should continue visiting the child in foster care.
D)the child's previous caregivers should participate in the placement decision.