Deck 2: Preconception Nutrition

Question 1

Weight gain is the recommended first-line treatment for amenorrhea related to low body weight.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The desire of couples planning for pregnancy to have a healthy newborn makes the preconceptional period too stressful to address any psychosocial needs.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The hypothalamus is responsible for temperature regulation and sleep.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Which of the following factors is related to altered fertility in women?

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Inadequate zinc status
C) Exposure to lead
D) High intake of soy foods
E) Halogen exposure

Question 5

Obese women tend to have higher levels of estrogen, androgens, and leptin than nonobese women.

Question 6

The two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle are _____.

A) follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone
B) progesterone and estrogen
C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
D) luteinizing hormone and progesterone
E) luteinizing hormone and estrogen

Question 7

In Indonesia, a couple applying for a marriage license have to receive advice on iron status from those dispensing the license.

Question 8

During the preconception period, factors such as weight statu s; folic acid, iron, and antioxidant intake; and dietary supplement use would be addressed as part of the nutrition care process.

Question 9

Nutrient requirements for both men and women should be met through dietary supplements rather than foods.

Question 10

The most common known cause of miscarriage for women is _____.

A) a structural abnormality in the uterus
B) the presence of a severe defect in the fetus
C) maternal infection
D) an endocrine disorder
E) physical trauma to the mother

Question 11

Ovulation results from a surge in the _____ hormone.

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) luteinizing
D) follicle-stimulating
E) gonadotropin-releasing

Question 12

The first half of the menstrual cycle is called the _____ phase.

A) follicular
B) luteal
C) estrogen
D) primordial
E) menses

Question 13

The subfertility of one partner can be compensated by the reproductive capacity of the other partner.

Question 14

The protein secreted by fat cells that, by binding to specific receptor sites in the hypothalamus, decreases appetite, increases energy expenditure, and stimulates gonadotropin secretion is called _____.

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) collagen
D) leptin
E) testosterone

Question 15

Prost ate gland is an endocrine gland that contributes fluid to the semen.

Question 16

Fertility usually resumes immediately after discontinuing the use of contraceptives.

Question 17

The _____ phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.

A) follicular
B) luteal
C) estrogen
D) primordial
E) menstruation

Question 18

Infertility is generally defined as the lack of conception after _____ of unprotected intercourse.

A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 9 months
D) 1 year
E) 1.5 year

Question 19

Fertility refers to the _____.

A) biological capacity to bear children
B) desire to bear children
C) actual production of children
D) number of births per 1000 miscarriages
E) number of births per 1000 women of childbearing age

Question 20

It is easier and more efficient to build up iron stores before pregnancy than during pregnancy.

Question 21

After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes _____, which _____.

A) progesterone and estrogen; stimulate the ovulation of a second egg
B) progesterone and estrogen; stimulate development of the endometrium
C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone; stimulate development of the endometrium
D) luteinizing hormone and estrogen; facilitate fertilization of the egg
E) luteinizing hormone and estrogen; stimulate ovulation of a second egg

Question 22

Which of the following can be defined as an alteration in the normal sequence of a gene?

A) allele
B) gene variant
C) functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
D) gene splicing
E) endometriosis

Question 23

Which factor would be more likely to affect female fertility than male fertility?

A) inadequate body fat
B) poor iron stores
C) high alcohol intake
D) excessive body fat
E) excessive exercise

Question 24

Exposure to high levels of _____ is related to decreased sperm production and abnormal sperm motility and shape.

A) zinc
B) iron
C) lead
D) iodine
E) selenium

Question 25

The leading diagnoses related to infertility are _____.

A) endocrine abnormalities that modify hormonal regulation of fertility
B) unknown causes
C) environmental contaminants such as lead and mercury
D) overweight and obesity in men
E) sexually transmitted diseases

Question 26

Endometriosis is defined as _____.

A) scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes
B) the condition in which endometrial tissue becomes embedded within other body tissues
C) a modification of pregnancy hormones that results in infertility
D) an infection of the cervix
E) the inability to get pregnant

Question 27

An anovulatory cycle is _____.

A) the absence of a menstrual cycle
B) a menstrual cycle in which ovulation does not occur
C) an abnormally short menstrual cycle
D) an abnormally long menstrual cycle
E) a menstrual cycle in which more than one egg is ovulated

Question 28

Which factor has been linked to impaired fertility in males but not females?

A) high sperm count
B) oxidative stress
C) exercise
D) excessive heat to the gonads
E) Poor iron stores

Question 29

Obesity is generally indicated by body mass index values over _____ kg/m².

A) 20
B) 29
C) 25.5
D) 40
E) 30

Question 30

Cramps and other side effects of menstruation can be traced to the production of _____ by the uterus.

A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) prostaglandins
D) luteinizing hormone
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 31

The _____ releases _____, stimulating the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.

A) ovary; estrogen
B) ovary; progesterone
C) uterus; progesterone
D) hypothalamus; estrogen
E) hypothalamus; gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 32

In a typical 28-day cycle, when would levels of luteinizing hormone most likely be the highest?

A) day 1
B) day 7
C) day 10
D) day 14
E) day 28

Question 33

Which statement related to male and female fertility is true?

A) During a female's fertile years, approximately 1000 ova will mature and be released for possible fertilization.
B) For males, sperm numbers and viability decrease somewhat after age 30.
C) For both males and females, the quality of eggs and sperm decrease somewhat with age.
D) Females are born with mature eggs.
E) Males produce sperm from birth until death.

Question 34

Which dietary component can protect cells of the reproductive system from damage by free radicals?

A) sodium
B) calcium
C) iron
D) iodine
E) antioxidants

Question 35

A menstrual flow results from _____.

A) the implantation of a fertilized ovum in the endometrium
B) a decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels
C) the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus
D) the production of prostaglandins by the uterus
E) the release of progesterone and estrogen by the corpus luteum

Question 36

Which hormone(s) trigger(s) the production of testosterone by the testes?

A) follicle-stimulating hormone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) progesterone
D) luteinizing hormone and progesterone
E) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 37

In males, mature sperm are stored in the _____.

A) testes
B) vas deferens
C) prostate gland
D) seminal vesicles
E) epididymis

Question 38

A body mass index (BMI) greater than _____ kg/m ² is typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women.

A) 17
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30
E) 35

Question 39

Folic acid is a synthetic form of which vitamin?

A) A
B) C
C) B
D) E
E) D

Question 40

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can _____.

A) cause less estrogen to be secreted, thus blocking ovulation
B) lead to scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes
C) cause sperm to become less viable in males
D) increase the lining of the endometrium
E) decrease zinc absorption

Question 42

The re gular consumption of which of the following is recommended to improve iron deficiency?

A) sweet snacks
B) apricot
C) lean meat
D) egg
E) rice

Question 43

The risk of early delivery is increased by _____.

A) excessive vitamin A intake
B) iron deficiency
C) iodine deficiency
D) high levels of lead in the maternal blood
E) diabetes

Question 44

What nutritional and health advice would a doctor likely give to a preconceptional woman?

A) The woman's physical activity should be limited to less than 30 minutes per day.
B) The woman should eat mostly dark green vegetables.
C) At least half of the woman's grain intake should be from refined grains.
D) The woman's vitamin intake should be at least 10,000 IU of vitamin A per day.
E) The woman should consume 400 mcg of folic acid in addition to dietary folate.

Question 45

Which statement correctly describes preconception health care?

A) Preconception health care is concerned with the health and nutrition status of females only.
B) The psychological needs of pregnant females are not addressed as part of the preconception health care.
C) Fetal health and development is not a concern of preconception health care.
D) Preconception health care may include topics such as vaccinations, weight status, and dietary intake.
E) Preconception health care advises couples about the most effective contraceptive methods to use.

Question 46

Describe the sources of disruption s in fertility in males and females.

Question 47

A woman would likely be advised to switch from a progestin-only hormonal contraceptive to a combination hormonal contraceptive because of _____.

A) weight gain
B) irritability
C) fatigue
D) headache
E) abdominal pain

Question 48

Women taking oral contraceptive pills are cautioned against _____.

A) consuming large amounts of animal products
B) consuming large amounts of carbohydrates
C) eating more than half a cup of peanut butter weekly
D) smoking
E) ingesting too much of vitamin B

Question 49

Refined grain products are often fortified with _____ to decrease rates of _____.

A) folic acid; neural tube defects
B) iron; neural tube defects
C) iodine; late delivery
D) folic acid; late delivery
E) vitamin B; fetal heart abnormalities

Question 50

The development of facial and heart abnormalities in the fetus has been linked to _____ by the mother.

A) excessive vitamin A intake
B) decreased intake of iodine
C) excessive protein intake
D) increased energy expenditure
E) a decreased folate intake

Question 51

Which of the following is an antioxidant?

A) vitamin E
B) vitamin B
C) iron
D) magnesium
E) glycol

Question 52

_____ is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain.

A) Hypothalamus
B) Pituitary gland
C) Clitoris
D) Testes
E) Epididymis

Question 53

Combination hormonal contraceptives are least likely to be associated with _____.

A) weight gain
B) decreased blood levels of HDL cholesterol
C) increased risk of blood clots
D) increased levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol
E) increased blood glucose and insulin

Question 54

Which of the following glands secretes hormones?

A) seminal vesicle
B) bulbourethral gland
C) epididymis
D) oviduct
E) ovary

Question 55

Spina bifida is an example of a _____.

A) neural tube defect
B) DNA modification
C) gene variant
D) nutritional deficiency
E) metabolic programming mechanism

Question 56

In a study done in California, women who received WIC services through to a subsequent pregnancy had  _____ than women who received WIC services only during their first pregnancy.

A) newborns with higher birth weights
B) greater risk of gestational diabetes
C) newborns with lower birth weights
D) newborns with lower birth lengths
E) higher blood glucose levels

Question 57

Contraceptives may contain _____.

A) estradiol only
B) luteinizing hormone only
C) estradiol only or progestin only
D) progestin only or a combination of estradiol and progestin
E) a combination of luteinizing hormone and progestin

Question 58

DNA methylation _____.

A) modifies gene function in the fetus during late pregnancy
B) activates gene expression
C) is an abnormal part of development
D) is needed for cellular differentiation
E) is unaffected by nutritional intake

Question 59

In a study conducted in Vietnam, the offspring of women given multivitamin supplements before conception were less likely to be stunted and had better fine motor skills at age 2 than women who received only _____ supplements.

A) iron
B) zinc
C) folic acid
D) retinoic acid
E) iodine

Question 60

The National Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has developed a set of standards called _____ to serve as guidelines for the delivery of nutrition services.

A) the Nutrition Care Process
B) Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
C) the preconception health services
D) the pregnancy health standards
E) the preconception nutrition guidelines

Question 61

Define pelvic inflammatory disease and explain its cause.

Question 62

Explain the mechanism of how contraceptive pills containing estradiol and progestin prevent pregnancy.

Question 63

What types of services are offered as part of preconceptional care?

Question 64

Discuss the relationship between fertility, body weight, and body fat in females. Identify the possible implications related to both inadequate and excessive body fat.

Question 65

The Healthy People 2020 objectives related to infant health include reductions in preterm birth rates, incidence of spina bifida, and neural tube defects. Define neural tube defects and describe the time frame for their development after conception. Also, discuss any recommended behavioral or nutritional interventions important for women considering pregnancy.

Question 66

List the four steps of the Nutrition Care Process.

Question 67

Discuss the gene variant associated with folate status and its importance to periconceptional women.

Question 68

A couple trying to become pregnant for six months without success is seeking medical care. The man has a body mass index of 28, and the woman has recently had irregular menses. During their medical visit, the woman mentioned that she had recently lost 10 pounds in a short time because she was worried about gaining too much weight during a future pregnancy. What types of dietary or lifestyle behaviors would be important to discuss?

Question 69

How might male reproductive health suffer because of inadequate intake of antioxidant nutrients?

Question 70

Describe the three types of individuals who would be considered subfertile.