Deck 9: Infant Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

Corrected age is the same as chronological age for preterm infants.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Multiple gestation is associated with intrauterine growth retardation.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Intrauterine growth will not always predict postnatal growth for some infants.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The American Academy of Pediatrics  recommends that a premature infant have an energy intake range of _____ kcal/kg.

A) 50-65
B) 70-90
C) 105-130
D) 110-125
E) 250-275

Question 5

Preterm infants have high metabolic rates.

Question 6

What is the postmenstrual age of a 10-week-old infant born at 32 weeks?

A) 20 weeks
B) 2 years
C) 1 year
D) 10 weeks
E) 42 weeks

Question 7

The presence of an excess of bilirubin in the blood is called hypoglycemia.

Question 8

Which statement about fat is inaccurate?

A) Low-fat diets are rarely recommended for infants.
B) Fats are easier for preterm infants to absorb.
C) Compared to children and adults, infants need a higher percentage of their daily calories from fat.
D) Medium-chain triglycerides do not require bile for digestion.
E) Fat provides 45-55 percent of the energy content in human milk.

Question 9

Extremely low-birthweight infants weigh, at maximum, _____ at birth.

A) 700 g
B) 800 g
C) 900 g
D) 1000 g
E) 1100 g

Question 10

Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia often need energy intakes _____ for age.

A) above the EER
B) below the EER
C) equal to the EER
D) above the DRI
E) below the DRI

Question 11

Phenylketonuria is an inherited error in _____.

A) fat metabolism
B) carbohydrate metabolism
C) protein metabolism
D) bone formation
E) fatty acid accumulation

Question 12

For which condition would fewer calories be needed for a child?

A) infections
B) fever
C) difficulty breathing
D) recovery from surgery
E) spina bifida

Question 13

The body composition of preterm infants is the same as that of full term infants.

Question 14

An infant weighing less than 1500 g at birth is referred to as a very low-birthweight infant.

Question 15

Nutrient and energy requirements for high-risk infants with health conditions are based on the recommendations for healthy infants.

Question 16

Breast milk is unlikely to be recommended for a preterm infant.

Question 17

In-depth nutrition assessments make sure that nutrition is not limiting an infant's growth and development. Which infant would be least likely to require these assessments?

A) an infant born between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation
B) an infant born between 34 and 36.5 weeks of gestation
C) an infant born with consequences of abnormal development during pregnancy
D) an infant at risk for chronic health problems
E) an infant born before 34 weeks of gestation

Question 18

Slow growth is always a symptom of inadequate nutrition.

Question 19

Which of the following procedures of feeding requires a tube passing through the mouth and into the stomach?

A) intravenous
B) jejunostomy
C) gastrostomy
D) nasogastric
E) orogastric

Question 20

An infant who is unable to swallow and is having gastrointestinal problems should not be given enteral feedings.

Question 21

Identify a true statement about Fenton preterm infant growth charts.

A) They are based on a sample size of 100 infants.
B) They are gender neutral.
C) They provide only nutrition recommendations for preterm infants.
D) They are reflective of the longitudinal postnatal growth achieved by preterm infants.
E) They reflect cross-sectional birth data.

Question 22

Infants with intrauterine growth retardation are at increased risk for metabolic disturbances related to the metabolism of _____.

A) carbohydrates only
B) proteins
C) fatty acids and proteins
D) fatty acids and glucose
E) fatty acids, proteins, and glucose

Question 23

In an individual, the brain grows most rapidly during _____.

A) the first year
B) the second year
C) the fifth year
D) puberty
E) adulthood

Question 24

Later development of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, coronary heart disease, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes has been associated with birthweight below the _____ percentile.

A) 10th
B) 15th
C) 20th
D) 30th
E) 37th

Question 25

Which nutrient has been implicated in fetal-origin errors?

A) vitamin B ₁₂
B) vitamin A
C) iron
D) selenium
E) vitamin D

Question 26

An example of a  genetic condition that can be picked up by newborn screening before illness presents is  _____.

A) type 2 diabetes
B) failure to thrive
C) cystic fibrosis
D) myopia
E) lactose intolerance

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true of vitamin and mineral requirements of infants?

A) There are no DRI recommendations for vitamins and minerals for infants.
B) Infants with special health care needs need to be fed only vitamin and mineral supplements.
C) Vitamin and mineral requirements for infants remain constant throughout life.
D) Vitamin and mineral requirements may be affected in infants who suffer from gastrointestinal problems.
E) Preterm infants who are formula fed don't require vitamins and minerals in their diet.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) Preterm human milk has less protein content compared to term milk.
B) Term infants achieve mature patterns of sucking within days following birth.
C) Preterm infants begin to display a nutritive suck at approximately 34 weeks.
D) Preterm infants can be breastfed just after birth.
E) Breast milk is the recommended source of nutrition for preterm infants.

Question 29

Which factor is least likely to be a reason for slower growth rates among infants that have the lung condition bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?

A) higher nutritional requirements
B) increased muscle mass
C) changes in endocrine systems
D) changes in pulmonary systems
E) interactions between endocrine and pulmonary systems

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of enteral and/or parenteral feedings?

A) Breastfeeding is an example of enteral feeding.
B) Breastfeeding is an example of parenteral feeding.
C) Enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system, while parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly into the bloodstream.
D) Parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system, while enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly into the bloodstream.
E) Transport of nutrients across the placenta is an example of enteral feeding.

Question 31

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends _____ supplementation for preterm infants who are exclusively breastfed.

A) vitamin B ₁₂
B) vitamin C
C) iron
D) folic acid
E) phenylalanine

Question 32

A routine source of fat in preterm infant formula is _____.

A) long-chain triglycerides
B) medium-chain triglycerides
C) short-chain triglycerides
D) trans fatty acids
E) vegetable oil

Question 33

Accretion of body fat occurs _____.

A) mainly in preterm infants
B) rapidly in preterm infants
C) throughout the period of gestation
D) during the second trimester
E) during the third trimester

Question 34

An infant with _____ requires less energy than their peers.

A) fever
B) infections
C) Down syndrome
D) breathing difficulties
E) PKU

Question 35

Fenton preterm infant growth charts are _____.

A) gender specific
B) outdated
C) used exclusively in the United States
D) reflective of longitudinal postnatal growth
E) used exclusively in European countries

Question 36

To meet the high nutritional needs of preterm infants, a key nutrient in human milk fortifiers is _____.

A) iron
B) vitamin D
C) fat
D) vitamin A
E) protein

Question 37

An adequate and consistent pattern of weight gain of _____ g per day is needed as preterm infants progress toward hospital discharge.

A) 5-10
B) 10-15
C) 15-20
D) 20-30
E) 30-40

Question 38

An infant with spina bifida or Down syndrome requires _____.

A) more calories than a healthy full-term infant
B) fewer calories than a healthy full-term infant
C) the same amount of calories as a healthy full-term infant
D) more calories than a preterm infant
E) the same amount of calories as an adult

Question 39

What is the corrected age for a 9-month-old infant born preterm (32 weeks)?

A) 6 months
B) 6.5 months
C) 7 months
D) 8 months
E) 8.5 months

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of corrected age?

A) It is also called adjusted age.
B) It is always greater than the actual age.
C) It is used for term infants.
D) It is calculated by adding the infant's gestational age at birth and the duration of a full-term pregnancy.
E) It is always equal to the actual age.

Question 41

Which food would be inappropriate for a baby with galactosemia?

A) sugar solution
B) apple juice
C) soybean formula
D) breast milk
E) orange juice

Question 42

Provision of adequate energy and nutrients to a very preterm infant requires _____, followed by slow transition to _____.

A) breastfeeding; parenteral feeding
B) enteral feeding; breastfeeding
C) enteral nutrition support; parenteral feeding
D) parenteral nutrition support; enteral feeding
E) parenteral feeding; breastfeeding

Question 43

The energy content of preterm and term breast milk is comparable at _____ kcal per oz.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 25
E) 30

Question 44

The disadvantage of preterm infant formulas is increased risk of _____.

A) phenylketonuria
B) necrotizing enterocolitis
C) Down syndrome
D) developing obesity later in life
E) diabetes

Question 45

One sign of feeding problems in high-risk infants younger than 6 months is _____.

A) a brief duration of feeding
B) too tight a seal on the mother's nipple
C) a rhythmic sucking pattern
D) shallow breathing after the feeding
E) coughing during the feeding

Question 46

Which program provides financial support and access to health insurance to families of infants with disabling conditions if the family meets income eligibility guidelines?

A) WIC
B) Early Head Start
C) the National Council on Pediatric Affairs (NCPA)
D) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) programs
E) the Supplemental Social Insurance program

Question 47

Preterm infants usually require high calorie feeds that provide _____ kcal per oz.

A) 18-20
B) 22-24
C) 26-28
D) 28-30
E) 34-37

Question 48

Several factors explain why a preterm baby may be hard to feed. An exception is _____.

A) lethargy
B) abdominal distension
C) altered breathing and heart rate
D) disorganized feeding
E) high tolerance of volume

Question 49

Which nutrition concern is least likely to be associated with infants who have Down syndrome?

A) feeding difficulties
B) high rate of motor development
C) gastrointestinal problems
D) slow growth velocity
E) excessive energy intake

Question 50

Which intervention to ensure adequate growth and development of infants  would be least helpful?

A) assessing growth less frequently
B) monitoring the infant's intake of all liquids and foods to ensure enough is being consumed
C) changing the frequency and volume of feedings as needed
D) increasing the nutrient density of foods or fluids
E) adjusting nutrition goals to the infant's development abilities

Question 51

If provision of energy is inadequate, what do preterm infants use to meet their glucose needs?

A) fat and carbohydrate stores in tissue
B) protein and mineral stores in muscle
C) carbohydrate stores in muscle
D) fat stores and protein in tissue and muscle
E) protein and carbohydrate stores in tissue and muscle

Question 52

An example of a central nervous system congenital anomaly is _____.

A) a heart malformation
B) spina bifida
C) cleft lip
D) tracheoesophageal atresia
E) galactosemia

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true of term infants?

A) They have higher incidence of temperature instability than late preterm infants.
B) They are always born with chronic illness.
C) They are born between 34 and 36 weeks gestation.
D) They are born at or after 37 weeks gestation.
E) They have higher incidence of hypoglycemia than late preterm infants.

Question 54

Which statement is true of food safety for preterm infants?

A) Formula powder is sterile and is recommended when nutritionally appropriate.
B) Hospitals limit the duration of hang time of continuous feeds to 4 hours.
C) Hospital policies require that tube feeding assemblies be changed every hour to limit contamination.
D) Liquid concentrates and ready-to-feed formulas are not sterile and are therefore not recommended.
E) Preterm babies are less susceptible to food-borne infections.

Question 55

A gavage feeding is one that provides _____.

A) nutrition directly through the central vein and includes amino acids, dextrose, and a lipid emulsion
B) nutrition through a tube inserted directly into the stomach or small intestine
C) nutrition through tube feedings originating from the mouth to the stomach or from the nose to the stomach
D) oral nutrition that has been pureed thoroughly so that the infant does not choke
E) nutrition through the use of an oral syringe

Question 56

Which feeding choice is recommended for preterm infants?

A) fortified formula to meet their nutritional needs
B) breast milk from a donor bank
C) preterm breast milk from the mother
D) a combination of preterm breast milk from the mother and fortified formula
E) a combination of breast milk from a donor bank and fortified formula

Question 57

Enteral feeding includes _____.

A) only breastfeeding and gastrostomy feedings
B) only gastrostomy and bottle feedings
C) only breastfeeding and gavage feedings
D) gavage, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy feedings
E) gavage, gastrostomy, jejunostomy, and parenteral feedings

Question 58

When enteral nutrition is expected to be needed long term, generally over 3 months, the _____ feeding method is most often used.

A) gavage
B) gavage or gastrostomy
C) parenteral or jejunostomy
D) gavage or jejunostomy
E) gastrostomy or jejunostomy

Question 59

The addition of folic acid as a supplement to grains and flours has helped reduce the incidence of _____.

A) spina bifida
B) galactosemia
C) diaphragmatic hernia
D) tracheoesophageal atresia
E) cleft palate

Question 60

Donor milk is typically _____ than preterm breast milk.

A) higher in fat
B) lower in fat
C) higher in protein
D) lower in protein
E) higher in carbohydrate

Question 61

Case Study: Rebecca, an infant born at 32 weeks, weighs 1200 g (2.6 lb) and is identified as small for gestational age (SGA). Her head circumference is 30 cm (  
What would be the appropriate resource to measure Rebecca's growth velocity?

A) a growth chart specifically made for preterm births
B) a growth chart made for term infants
C) a growth chart specially designed for mature adults
D) a growth chart made for healthy, full-term infants
E) a growth chart made for infants with special health care needs

Question 63

Your friend is worried that her preterm infant may be at nutritional risk. What are some questions you or a physician could ask her to help identify whether there may be a problem?

Question 64

What are some factors that can affect growth rate during and after pregnancy?

Question 65

Explain the fetal programming hypothesis with specific reference to how preterm birth provides supportive evidence.

Question 66

Case Study: Rebecca, an infant born at 32 weeks, weighs 1200 g (2.6 lb) and is identified as small for gestational age (SGA). Her head circumference is 30 cm (  
What will be the corrected age of Rebecca when she will be 3 months old?

A) 2 months
B) 4 months
C) 1 month
D) 5 months
E) 6 months

Question 67

Case Study: Rebecca, an infant born at 32 weeks, weighs 1200 g (2.6 lb) and is identified as small for gestational age (SGA). Her head circumference is 30 cm (  
Following discharge from the hospital, Rebecca shows signs of fatigue during feeding. The dietitian then recommends a higher calorie formula. How many calories/ounce would the new formula most likely contain?

A) 24
B) 30
C) 35
D) 40
E) 45

Question 68

Case Study: Rebecca, an infant born at 32 weeks, weighs 1200 g (2.6 lb) and is identified as small for gestational age (SGA). Her head circumference is 30 cm (  
What daily weight gain goal would the dietitian set for the first 3 months?

A) 10-25 g/day
B) 20-30 g/day
C) 30-40 g/day
D) 40-50 g/day
E) 60 g/day

Question 69

Case Study: Rebecca, an infant born at 32 weeks, weighs 1200 g (2.6 lb) and is identified as small for gestational age (SGA). Her head circumference is 30 cm (  
Three months after Rebecca's birth, her mother returns to the community health care clinic and reports that Rebecca is "not as tired as she used to be when drinking her bottle." What additional information would reinforce the mother's report that the infant's feeding behaviors have improved?

A) The infant's bowel movements have increased since the last visit.
B) The amount of time between feedings has increased since the last visit.
C) The infant is now drinking sugar water.
D) The infant now enjoys a pacifier.
E) The infant appears hungry all the time.