Deck 7: Water and Electrolytes

Question 1

In addition to beverages and food, another source of water for the body is ____.

A)aerobic metabolism
B)anaerobic metabolism
C)osmosis
D)hydrostatic pressure

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is insensible water loss?

A)Loss of water as a result of sweating but not cooling in humid conditions
B)Large losses of water due to excessive sweating
C)Loss of water from the body that is not noticeable
D)Excessive loss of water through urine

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What is the primary source of sodium in the average American diet?

A)Using a salt shaker to add sodium to food
B)Consuming food and fluid that naturally contain sodium
C)Consuming processed food
D)Consuming foods such as milk, vegetables, and grains

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following has a high potassium content?

A)Banana
B)Snack foods
C)Soy sauce
D)Sports beverages

Question 5

A condition that results from consuming excess fluids is called ____.

A)hypohydration
B)euhydration
C)hyperhydration
D)dehydration

Question 6

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sodium excretion?

A)Urinary sodium excretion is precisely controlled by the kidneys.
B)If sodium intake is high, most of the excess sodium is excreted via sweat.
C)If sodium intake is high, most of the excess sodium is excreted via the feces.
D)Excess sodium intake is difficult to excrete and any excess is stored in the liver.

Question 7

On average, an adult's body contains approximately ____ % water (by weight):

A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of water shifting due to hydrostatic pressure?

A)Loss of plasma volume due to heavy sweating
B)Swelling of the feet and ankles when standing for a long period of time
C)Swelling of cells due to high intracellular sodium concentrations
D)Passive movement from areas of high solute concentration to areas of low solute concentration

Question 9

Which accounts for the largest amount of water loss in an athlete exercising in the heat?

A)Feces
B)Lungs
C)Perspiration
D)Urine

Question 10

Which of the following is a true statement regarding extracellular (ECF)and intracellular (ICF)fluids under normal conditions?

A)The total concentrations of all solutes of the ECF and the ICF are the same.
B)The ionic composition of the ECF and the ICF are the same.
C)The osmolarity of the ECF is greater than that of the ICF.
D)The osmolarity of the ICF is greater than that of the ECF.

Question 11

If the osmolarity of intracellular fluid (ICF)is higher than that of extracellular fluid (ECF), what is the tonicity of the blood?

A)The blood is isotonic to the ICF.
B)The blood is hypotonic to the ICF.
C)The blood is hypertonic to the ICF.
D)The blood is hypertonic to the ECF.

Question 12

What is the primary cation in extracellular fluid?

A)Sodium
B)Potassium
C)Calcium
D)Chloride

Question 13

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)for sodium is 1,500 mg daily, however, these recommendations do NOT apply to ____.

A)men and women under the age of 50
B)sedentary individuals
C)lightly active individuals
D)highly active individuals who sweat heavily

Question 14

What is interstitial fluid?

A)Fluid surrounding the cells
B)Any fluid associated with the cardiovascular system
C)Any fluid that does not contain cations
D)Plasma portion of the extracellular fluid compartment

Question 15

If the osmolarity of intracellular fluid is higher than that of extracellular fluid, what is the effect on water movement?

A)Water will flow out of the cell.
B)Water will flow into the cell.
C)More water will be absorbed from food.
D)More sweat will be produced.

Question 16

The major component of extracellular fluid is ____.

A)blood plasma
B)interstitial fluid
C)lymphatic fluid
D)transcellular fluid

Question 17

Which accounts for the largest amount of water loss in a sedentary individual?

A)Feces
B)Lungs
C)Perspiration
D)Urine

Question 18

_____ is the primary cation in intracellular fluid.

A)Sodium
B)Potassium
C)Calcium
D)Chloride

Question 19

In which compartment is the largest amount of body fluid stored?

A)Blood plasma
B)Interstitial fluid
C)Extracellular fluid
D)Intracellular fluid

Question 20

When body fluids have a solute concentration that is greater than the concentration of solutes in the cells, they are referred to as ____.

A)hypotonic
B)isotonic
C)hypertonic
D)in equilibrium

Question 21

Heat cramps (total body cramping when exercising in the heat)in athletes who are "salty sweaters" appear to be caused by ____.

A)dehydration
B)sodium depletion
C)large losses of fluid and sodium
D)non-nutritional factors

Question 22

The least accurate but most practical method of monitoring hydration status in athletes is ____.

A)24-hour urine volume
B)urine color
C)plasma osmolarity
D)isotope dilution

Question 23

The term voluntary dehydration refers to athletes engaged in exercise who are ____.

A)assigned to the control group in research studies examining fluid intake
B)not within five pounds of their pre-exercise weight
C)testing the precision of their thirst mechanism
D)unable or unwilling to consume sufficient fluid to offset fluid loss

Question 24

Wearing uniforms and protective gear while exercising in the heat typically ____.

A)keeps the sun off the skin and prevents body temperature from rising
B)restricts the evaporation of sweat and results in body temperature rising
C)has little effect on body temperature
D)reduces fluid loss through sweat

Question 25

An athlete's pre-exercise weight is 163 pounds. His post-exercise weight is 161 pounds. What does this two (2)pound weight loss represent?

A)Fat loss
B)Loss of muscle mass
C)Fluid loss
D)Lean body mass

Question 26

One liter of water weighs approximately ____.

A)one pound
B)one kilogram
C)two pounds
D)two kilograms

Question 27

Athletes participating in which sport need to be the most concerned about consuming fluids that contain sodium to offset the amount being lost in sweat?

A)Sprint running
B)Field events (e.g., shot putting, high jumping)
C)10 km running
D)Marathon running

Question 28

As a rule of thumb, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends a fluid intake at least four (4)hours prior to exercise of approximately ____.

A)240 ml
B)500 ml
C)5-7 ml\kg
D)10-15 ml\kg

Question 29

The current American College of Sports Medicine recommendation for fluid intake during exercise is ____.

A)50-150 ml every 15 to 20 minutes
B)5-10 ml\kg each hour
C)to drink as frequently and as much as possible
D)to develop a customized fluid plan that considers sweat rate

Question 30

The cardiovascular system adjusts to the demands of exercise and oxygen delivery resulting in ____.

A)fluid being transferred from interstitial space into the plasma
B)fluid being transferred from the plasma to the interstitial space
C)water leaking out of the ECF
D)water leaking into the ECF

Question 31

To avoid a moderate potassium deficiency, it is recommended that individuals, including athletes, should ____.

A)use a salt substitute (potassium chloride)daily
B)avoid exercising in the heat
C)consume a variety of fruits and vegetables daily
D)consume snack foods such as popcorn

Question 32

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sweat in trained athletes?

A)They typically have lower sweat rates than sedentary individuals.
B)They typically have higher sweat rates than sedentary individuals.
C)They typically start sweating later than sedentary individuals.
D)They seldom differ in sweating between healthy, sedentary individuals.

Question 33

When environmental conditions are more humid, sweating is ____.

A)a more effective means of regulating body temperature
B)a less effective means of regulating body temperature
C)not affected by the change
D)dangerous to an active individual

Question 34

The compound present in the largest amount in sweat is ____.

A)ammonia
B)sodium
C)calcium
D)lactate

Question 35

As a rule of thumb, athletes who sweat heavily and lose large amounts of sodium should consume approximately _____ g of sodium per hour.

A)0.25
B)0.5
C)1
D)1.5

Question 36

When an athlete is hypohydrated, ____.

A)core temperature during exercise is lower than when euhydrated
B)blood volume is lower than when euhydrated
C)endurance exercise performance is higher than when euhydrated
D)the amount of water present easily meets the amount required for physiological functions

Question 37

Scientific studies of exercise-associated muscle cramping (EAMC)have concluded that this condition is ____.

A)almost always a result of dehydration
B)almost always a result of electrolyte imbalance
C)almost always a result of a combination of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
D)not typically a result of dehydration or electrolyte imbalance

Question 38

It would be inappropriate to use scale weight to monitor exercise-related fluid loss and subsequent rehydration with which of the following athletes?

A)Endurance athlete exercising in the heat
B)Endurance athlete exercising in humid conditions
C)Strength athlete
D)Athlete struggling with body image

Question 39

Approximately how much sweat can an athlete lose each hour when exercising in a hot and humid environment?

A)1 milliliter per hour
B)1 liter per hour
C)1 gallon per hour
D)25 cups per hour

Question 40

When comparing urine to a color chart, it is recommended that athletes use urine obtained from ____.

A)the first void (urination)of the day
B)the second void (urination)of the day
C)the last void (urination)before going to bed for the night
D)any void (urination)during the day

Question 41

The immediate feeling of "energy" produced by energy drinks is most likely due to ____.

A)kilocalories
B)carbohydrate
C)caffeine
D)electrolytes

Question 42

The extracellular fluid (ECF)is referred to as the "gateway" because water must pass through the ECF to reach cells.

Question 43

Under normal conditions, sodium is actively pumped out of cells while potassium is simultaneously pumped into cells.

Question 44

Two factors that may be associated with hyponatremia are ____.

A)large losses of sodium in sweat and low water intake
B)large losses of sodium in sweat and excessive water intake
C)intake of salt tablets and low water intake
D)intake of salt tablets and excessive water intake

Question 45

Adding small amounts of sodium to a beverage is advantageous because it ____.

A)makes the drink more palatable
B)decreases voluntary fluid consumption
C)inhibits thirst
D)decreases body water retention

Question 46

The two best strategies to aid performance and prevent hyponatremia in ultraendurance athletes are ____.

A)replenishment of sodium and prevention of overdrinking
B)replenishment of sodium and voluntary dehydration
C)replenishment of sodium and intake of a large amount of potassium
D)intake of salt tablets and excessive water intake

Question 47

Which athlete is most likely to suffer from hyponatremia?

A)A team athlete such as a football player
B)A strength athlete such as a body builder
C)A slow marathon runner
D)A soccer player

Question 48

Dehydration and hypohydration can be used interchangeably because they both refer to the process of losing water.

Question 49

Assuming that it can be tolerated, which athlete may find a beverage containing a carbohydrate concentration greater than 10% to be beneficial during exercise?

A)800 m runner
B)10,000 m (10 K)runner
C)Ultraendurance runner
D)A team sport athlete

Question 50

As a rule of thumb for athletes, experts recommend a post-exercise fluid intake as soon after exercise as practical of approximately ____.

A)0.5 L of fluid per kg body weight lost
B)1.0 L of fluid per kg body weight lost
C)1.5 L of fluid per kg body weight lost
D)1 pint of fluid for each pound of weight lost

Question 51

All body tissues contain approximately 75% water.

Question 52

Heavy sweating results in a loss of plasma water and a decrease in plasma sodium concentration.

Question 53

Plasma serves as the fluid transportation medium to transport substances such as red blood cells, gases, and nutrients, throughout the body.

Question 54

The condition of euhydration is when there is an insufficient amount of water in the body to meet physiological demands.

Question 55

The water found in the ICF and the ECF remains static.

Question 56

Why do some athletes ingest glycerol prior to exercise?

A)It repels water and acts as a mild diuretic.
B)It attracts water and results in fluid retention.
C)It is a readily available source of glucose during exercise.
D)It directly offsets the rise in body temperature that occurs during exercise.

Question 57

What effect would glycerol loading have on an athlete's body weight?

A)No effect on body weight
B)Quick decrease in body weight
C)Slow decrease in body weight
D)Increase in body weight

Question 58

Plasma and interstitial fluid, have nearly identical composition and distribution of electrolytes.

Question 59

Through osmosis, water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.

Question 60

A beverage containing a carbohydrate concentration greater than 10% may be detrimental to an athlete during exercise because ____.

A)gastric emptying is slowed
B)gastric emptying is accelerated
C)volume of urine is increased
D)concentration of urine is increased

Question 61

It is easy for athletes who train in the heat to dehydrate because the rate of water absorption from the stomach and intestine is usually slower than the rate of loss from sweat.

Question 62

Athletes who train and perform in the water, such as swimmers and water polo players, rarely sweat while in the water.

Question 63

When hypohydration occurs in the ECF, the osmolarity of the ECF increases and water shifts from the cells to the ECF.

Question 64

A moderate potassium deficiency can result in increased blood pressure and increased urinary calcium excretion.

Question 65

The use of "endurance formula" sports drinks is not an effective strategy for replacing sodium lost during prolonged exercise.

Question 66

All fluids can have a diuretic effect.

Question 67

Glycerol is an osmotically active, water-retaining molecule.

Question 68

Glycerol loading results in a gain in body weight.

Question 69

When conditions are more humid, sweating is a less effective means of regulating body temperature.

Question 70

The addition of water to the body is primarily accomplished through metabolism.

Question 71

When the extracellular fluid is hypertonic to the intracellular fluid, there will be a net water movement out of the cell.

Question 72

The main electrolyte lost in sweat during exercise is potassium.

Question 73

It is unsafe to make a blanket recommendation for fluid intake during exercise for all members of the same team.

Question 74

In the U.S., the amount of caffeine contained in an energy beverage must be stated on the label.

Question 75

A simple and practical hydration assessment tool to monitor hydration status is to evaluate daily weight loss, urine color, and thirst.

Question 76

Exertional heat cramps may be the result of rapid and large losses of fluid and sodium.

Question 77

Hyponatremia is defined as a plasma sodium concentration below 135 mmol\L.

Question 78

A decrease in plasma volume occurs within the first few minutes after exercise begins.

Question 79

Good advice to athletes who exercise in hot, humid conditions is to drink as much as possible before and during exercise.

Question 80

It is recommended that athletes avoid caffeine-containing beverages because of the negative effect these beverages have on fluid and electrolyte balance.