Deck 4: Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is the intended meaning of the marketing term "low-impact carbs"?

A)Carbohydrate foods that are burned for energy rather than stored as fat.
B)Carbohydrate foods with fewer kilocalories than similar products.
C)Carbohydrate foods that result in a slow rise in blood glucose and insulin.
D)Carbohydrate foods that contain both simple and complex carbohydrates.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Digestion begins in the ____.

A)stomach
B)mouth
C)small intestine
D)large intestine

Answer 2

B

Question 3

An example of a disaccharide is ____.

A)glucose
B)lactose
C)cellulose
D)starch

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Fructose is a ____.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)polysaccharide
D)sugar alcohol

Question 5

An example of a polysaccharide is ____.

A)glucose
B)sucrose
C)muscle glycogen
D)galactose

Question 6

Cellulose is a ____.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)polysaccharide
D)sugar alcohol

Question 7

Xylitol is a ____.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)polysaccharide
D)sugar alcohol

Question 8

What is an end product of carbohydrate digestion?

A)Sucrose
B)Glucose
C)Lactose
D)Maltose

Question 9

Sucrose is also known as ____.

A)table sugar
B)milk sugar
C)blood sugar
D)honey

Question 10

Glycerol is a ____.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)polysaccharide
D)sugar alcohol

Question 11

Starch is a ____.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)polysaccharide
D)sugar alcohol

Question 12

Why is the caloric value of some sugar alcohols less than 4 kcal\g?

A)They are not completely absorbed.
B)They are not completely metabolized by cells for energy.
C)They cannot be transported into the mitochondria.
D)None remains in the digestive tract.

Question 13

An example of a monosaccharide is ____.

A)glucose
B)starch
C)cellulose
D)lactose

Question 14

What is the composition of sucrose?

A)Two fructose units
B)One glucose and one fructose unit
C)One glucose and one galactose unit
D)One galactose and one fructose unit

Question 15

Why are many people unable to digest milk sugar?

A)They lack pancreatic amylase.
B)They lack the proper intestinal bacteria.
C)They were not breast-fed.
D)They have a lactase deficiency.

Question 16

Fiber is a ____.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)polysaccharide
D)sugar alcohol

Question 17

What is the composition of maltose?

A)Two glucose units
B)One glucose and one fructose unit
C)One glucose and one galactose unit
D)One galactose and one fructose unit

Question 18

What is the composition of lactose?

A)Two fructose units
B)One glucose and one fructose unit
C)One glucose and one galactose unit
D)One galactose and one fructose unit

Question 19

Fructose does not appear in the blood after absorption because it is ____.

A)used immediately by the intestinal cells for energy
B)transported via the lymphatic system and taken up by cells immediately
C)immediately trapped by the liver and converted to glucose
D)absorbed by epithelial cells and remains there

Question 20

Which of the following is considered a functional fiber?

A)Cellulose
B)Glycogen
C)Glucose
D)Maltose

Question 21

Under normal circumstances, ____ is used to restore fallen blood glucose levels.

A)muscle glycogen
B)liver glycogen
C)glucose provided by the oxidation of fat
D)glucose provided by the oxidation of muscle protein

Question 22

What is gluconeogenesis?

A)The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
B)The oxidation of glucose under anaerobic conditions.
C)The maximum amount of glycogen that can be stored.
D)The use of ketone bodies for glucose by the brain.

Question 23

How is carbohydrate consumed in excess converted to fat?

A)Directly, by incorporating the glucose into the triglyceride
B)Directly, by converting glucose to fatty acid molecules
C)Indirectly, by converting glucose to acetyl CoA
D)Indirectly, as a by-product of gluconeogenesis

Question 24

One gram of carbohydrate yields approximately how many kcal?

A)4
B)5
C)7
D)9

Question 25

What hormone is responsible for stimulating the breakdown of liver glycogen and its release as glucose?

A)Glucagon
B)Insulin
C)Thyroid-stimulating hormone
D)Pancreatic lipase

Question 26

A food that has a high glycemic index (GI)produces a ____.

A)rapid rise in blood glucose and a slow insulin response
B)rapid rise in both blood glucose and insulin concentrations
C)slow rise in both blood glucose and insulin concentrations
D)slow rise in blood glucose and a rapid rise in insulin

Question 27

Which pre-competition goal is not directly associated with carbohydrate intake?

A)Avoiding hunger
B)Delaying fatigue
C)Minimizing gastrointestinal distress
D)Preventing hypohydration

Question 28

How do epinephrine and norepinephrine raise blood glucose concentration?

A)They stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
B)They stimulate amino acid transport to the liver.
C)They mobilize fat stores.
D)They stimulate the conversion of glucose to glycogen.

Question 29

How do fructose and glucose absorption and uptake differ?

A)The carrier is the same but absorption is slower when loaded with fructose.
B)Glucose appears in the blood rapidly but fructose appears in the blood slowly.
C)Fructose absorption depends on a concentration gradient while glucose absorption requires active transport.
D)There are no differences between fructose and glucose absorption.

Question 30

Which of the following will metabolize glucose exclusively or preferentially via anaerobic glycolysis?

A)Mitochondria
B)Fast-twitch muscle fibers
C)Slow-twitch muscle fibers
D)Heart muscle cells

Question 31

The recommended amount of daily carbohydrate for athletes engaged in high-intensity, short-duration exercise is ____.

A)5 g\kg of body weight
B)5-7 g\kg of body weight
C)6-8 g\kg of body weight
D)8+ g\kg of body weight

Question 32

Exercising muscle prefers to use carbohydrate from ____.

A)blood glucose
B)liver glycogen
C)muscle glycogen
D)any carbohydrate source available (no preference)

Question 33

What is the primary benefit to consuming a high-carbohydrate meal three hours prior to competition?

A)Enhanced liver glycogen
B)Enhanced muscle glycogen
C)Enhanced fat oxidation
D)Enhanced fat mobilization

Question 34

Blood glucose of 80 mg\dl is considered ____.

A)hypoglycemia
B)hyperglycemia
C)within the normal range
D)counterregulatory

Question 35

An example of a food that has a high glycemic index (GI)is ____.

A)a fructose-sweetened sports beverage
B)beans and legumes
C)white bread
D)unsweetened applesauce

Question 36

Regular aerobic exercise training affects carbohydrate (CHO)usage by ____.

A)increasing the enzymatic activity associated with glycolysis
B)increasing the number and size of mitochondria
C)decreasing liver glycogen storage so more CHO is stored as muscle glycogen
D)decreasing the oxidative capacity of muscle

Question 37

The largest amount of glycogen is stored in ____.

A)skeletal muscle
B)nonskeletal muscle (heart, kidneys)
C)the liver
D)the brain and neurological tissues

Question 38

Which organ controls blood glucose by secreting insulin and glucagon?

A)Pancreas
B)Liver
C)Kidney
D)Adrenal gland

Question 39

The physiological response to hyperglycemia resulting from the consumption of carbohydrate-containing foods involves the stimulation of ____.

A)alpha cells in the pancreas and secretion of insulin
B)beta cells in the pancreas and the secretion of insulin
C)alpha cells in the pancreas and secretion of glucagon
D)beta cells in the pancreas and secretion of glucagon

Question 40

What does the glycemic index (GI)measure?

A)Degree of sweetness
B)Potential for oxidation as a fuel source
C)Level of gastrointestinal distress
D)Extent of blood glucose elevation

Question 41

The recommended carbohydrate concentration in a beverage consumed during exercise is approximately ____.

A)6 to 8%
B)12 to 14%
C)14 to 16%
D)20 to 22%

Question 42

Scientific study of the intake of a low-glycemic index food prior to endurance exercise suggests that this strategy is ____.

A)detrimental to performance
B)beneficial to nearly all endurance athletes
C)beneficial to some endurance athletes
D)not beneficial or detrimental to any endurance athletes

Question 43

Which of the following best describes the carbohydrate (CHO)loading protocol currently used by nearly all endurance athletes?

A)Severe depletion stage (protein\fat diet)for 3 days followed by a very high-CHO diet (10 g\kg\day)for 3 days
B)Severe depletion stage (3 g CHO\kg\day)for 3 days followed by a very high-CHO diet (10 g\kg\day)for 3 days
C)Reduced-CHO diet for 3 days (5 g\kg\day)followed by a high-CHO diet (10 g\kg\day)
D)High CHO intake (6-8 g\kg\day)for the week before competition

Question 44

Which of the following is a true statement regarding fructose intolerance?

A)The symptoms are different from lactose intolerance.
B)Sugar-free foods with sorbitol are an alternative.
C)Soft drinks and fruit juice are fine to consume.
D)Bloating results because unabsorbed fructose draws water into the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 45

What is the advantage of consuming a drink with glucose polymers during endurance exercise?

A)It provides electrolytes as well as carbohydrate.
B)It provides a slow, steady supply of glucose into the blood.
C)It provides glucose to the blood more rapidly than other carbohydrates.
D)It provides more kcal\g than other carbohydrates.

Question 46

What two factors are needed to optimize muscle glycogen resynthesis after exercise?

A)Carbohydrate and excessive caloric intake
B)Carbohydrate and lactate
C)Carbohydrate and protein
D)Carbohydrate and insulin

Question 47

What is the recommended carbohydrate intake for good health for adults in the U.S.?

A)30 to 40 percent of total energy intake
B)45 to 65 percent of total energy intake
C)50 to 70 percent of total energy intake
D)70 percent or more of total energy intake

Question 48

How much carbohydrate should an athlete consume after exercise?

A)150 g within the first hour
B)1 g\kg 1 hour after, 2 g\kg 2 hours after, 3 g\kg 3 hours after exercise
C)0.75-1.5 g\kg\hour beginning immediately after exercise
D)0.75-1.5 g\kg\hour beginning 1 to 2 hours after exercise

Question 49

Which of the following is a true statement regarding diabetes?

A)Being diagnosed does not stop one from excelling in athletics.
B)There is no difference in insulin secretion between type 1 and type 2.
C)Individuals with diabetes should increase their intake of high-glycemic index foods..
D)Diabetes does not involve insulin resistance.

Question 50

Polysaccharides are chains of glucose and include starchy foods and muscle glycogen.

Question 51

Individuals who maldigest lactose ____.

A)have very low activity of the enzyme lipase
B)typically cannot digest fermented milk products
C)can experience gas, bloating, or abdominal pain
D)are lactose tolerant

Question 52

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.

Question 53

Hypoglycemia ____.

A)refers to high blood glucose concentration
B)symptoms include hunger, shakiness, light-headedness, and loss of concentration
C)is only associated with diabetes
D)can be treated by consuming large meals

Question 54

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are disaccharides.

Question 55

Which of the following is a true statement regarding artificial sweeteners?

A)Their use has had a substantial effect on preventing weight gain in adults.
B)Diet quality and nutrient intake is improved with their use.
C)There is a large amount of evidence that they are unsafe.
D)Americans report that they use them to reduce caloric intake.

Question 56

As a "rule of thumb," which of the following best describes pre-event carbohydrate recommendations?

A)100 g 2 hours prior
B)1 g\kg 1 hour prior, 2 g\kg 2 hours prior, 3 g\kg 3 hours prior
C)50% of the athlete's usual carbohydrate intake
D)No "rule of thumb" as pre-event carbohydrate intake must be calculated precisely

Question 57

The recommendation for athletes engaged in prolonged exercise is to consume ____ of carbohydrate each hour.

A)10 to 30 g
B)30 to 60 g
C)60 to 90 g
D)100 g

Question 58

In the original carbohydrate loading protocol, why does the athlete reduce carbohydrate intake and engage in exhaustive exercise?

A)To deplete muscle glycogen stores as much as possible
B)To be mentally challenged before the race
C)To force the body to use more fat during the race
D)To reduce body fat prior to competition

Question 59

The expected outcome if too high a carbohydrate concentration is consumed during endurance exercise is ____.

A)gastrointestinal distress
B)lightheadedness
C)a substantial decline in blood glucose
D)gluconeogenesis

Question 60

Which of the following is a true statement regarding vegetarian diets?

A)Some vegetarians consume milk or yogurt.
B)Obtaining an adequate amount of carbohydrates is difficult.
C)It is also know as a vegan diet.
D)It does not meet sports nutrition recommendations.

Question 61

It is recommended that endurance athletes consume 30-60 g of carbohydrate per hour during exercise.

Question 62

Sugar does not contain dietary fiber.

Question 63

Vegans consume milk and yogurt.

Question 64

Beta cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon.

Question 65

The usual carbohydrate recommendation for most athletes is 70% of his or her total caloric intake.

Question 66

All starches are eventually broken down to their basic component-glucose.

Question 67

Most athletes consume a sufficient amount of dietary fiber.

Question 68

Exercise is not encouraged for individuals with type 2 diabetes..

Question 69

The two predominant glucose-regulating hormones are glucagon and insulin.

Question 70

To optimize glycogen replenishment after exercise, carbohydrate and insulin are needed.

Question 71

Reactive hypoglycemia refers to low blood glucose concentration that follows food intake.

Question 72

The term "quality carbohydrates" typically refers to a carbohydrate-containing food that is not highly processed.

Question 73

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for moderate- to high-intensity exercise.

Question 74

Glycemic response describes the effect that carbohydrate-containing foods have on blood glucose and insulin concentrations.

Question 75

Glycerol is a sugar alcohol.

Question 76

A blood glucose concentration of 140 mg\dl falls within the normal range.

Question 77

Starches are referred to as complex carbohydrates.

Question 78

In most humans, lactase activity begins to decline at about age 2.

Question 79

Because of the way it is absorbed and metabolized, fructose will be converted to glucose rapidly.

Question 80

Assuming that both muscle glycogen and blood glucose concentrations are adequate, exercising muscle cells prefer to use blood glucose rather than muscle glycogen.