Deck 8: Vitamins

Question 1

Overconsumption of which vitamin is most likely to result in toxicity?

A)Vitamin A (retinol)
B)Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)
C)Vitamin B₁ (thiamin)
D)Vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin)

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is true regarding athletes and the consumption of an adequate amount of vitamin A from food?

A)Vitamin A is a difficult vitamin to obtain from food.
B)Low vitamin A intake from food is rare.
C)Vitamin A intake generally reflects fruit and vegetable intake.
D)Vitamin A intake generally reflects energy intake.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to the current body of scientific research, what effect does exercise have on an athlete's vitamin requirements?

A)Increases the need substantially, making vitamin supplementation necessary
B)Increases the need substantially, but supplementation not necessary
C)Increases the need slightly, but supplementation not necessary
D)Increases the need slightly, making vitamin supplementation necessary

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following describes the basic function of a coenzyme?

A)Attaches to RNA to assist in the synthesis of an enzyme
B)Attaches to cell membranes to assist in the uptake of an enzyme
C)Attaches to an enzyme and speeds up a reaction
D)Attaches to an enzyme and allows for the transportation of the enzyme

Question 5

At what point do enzymes and coenzymes function at maximum velocity?

A)75% of tissue saturation
B)100% of tissue saturation
C)110% of tissue saturation
D)125% of tissue saturation

Question 6

Wheat germ is an excellent source of which vitamin?

A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin C
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin E

Question 7

The intake of which vitamin is likely to be low in both athletic and sedentary Americans?

A)Thiamin
B)Riboflavin
C)Niacin
D)Vitamin E

Question 8

The athlete who is most likely to manifest a subclinical vitamin deficiency is ____.

A)a body builder
B)a wrestler
C)one with a low percentage of body fat
D)one with a severe eating disorder

Question 9

Ascorbic acid is another name for ____.

A)folic acid
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin K
D)niacin

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding athletes and the consumption of an adequate amount of vitamin C from food?

A)Vitamin C is a difficult vitamin to obtain from food.
B)Low vitamin C intake from food is rare.
C)Vitamin C intake generally reflects fruit and vegetable intake.
D)Vitamin C intake generally reflects energy intake.

Question 11

Which question is best answered by using the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)?

A)How much of a vitamin is too much?
B)Is the amount in this vitamin supplement safe?
C)Is the amount in this vitamin supplement effective?
D)How much of a certain vitamin is needed each day?

Question 12

Which is the best source of vitamin E?

A)Carrots
B)Nuts
C)Milk
D)Orange juice

Question 13

When supplemented at high doses, the vitamin that may be toxic to nervous tissue is ____.

A)thiamin
B)riboflavin
C)niacin
D)vitamin B₆

Question 14

Milk and milk products are excellent sources of ____.

A)vitamin B₁ (thiamin)
B)vitamin B₂ (riboflavin)
C)vitamin B₃ (niacin)
D)vitamin C

Question 15

Night blindness is associated with a clinical deficiency of ____.

A)vitamin E
B)vitamin A
C)thiamin
D)folic acid

Question 16

Beta-carotene is a form of ____.

A)folic acid
B)vitamin A
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin E

Question 17

The main function of vitamin E is to act as a(n)____.

A)coenzyme
B)free radical
C)fat
D)antioxidant

Question 18

In general, how long does it take vitamin toxicities to develop?

A)Several days to a few weeks
B)Several weeks to a few months
C)Several months to a few years
D)Many decades

Question 19

The need for which vitamin increases with age?

A)Vitamin B₁
B)Vitamin B₂
C)Vitamin C
D)Vitamin D

Question 20

Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C?

A)Antiviral agent
B)Antifungal agent
C)Anticancer agent
D)Antioxidant agent

Question 21

The vitamin(s)associated with anemia are ____.

A)thiamin and riboflavin
B)riboflavin and niacin
C)pantothenic acid and biotin
D)vitamin B₁₂ and folic acid

Question 22

The vitamin contained in coenzymes necessary for oxidation-reduction reactions in the production of ATP is ____.

A)thiamin
B)riboflavin
C)vitamin B₆
D)vitamin B₁₂

Question 23

What vitamin is contained in coenzymes necessary for the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain?

A)Thiamin
B)Riboflavin
C)Niacin
D)Vitamin B₆

Question 24

What effect do vitamin B₁₂ injections have in healthy athletes?

A)They increase red blood cell production.
B)They increase oxygen delivery to cells.
C)They delay the onset of fatigue.
D)They have no effect.

Question 25

Some surveys suggest that dietary vitamin E intake is low in endurance athletes because they consume a ____.

A)low-fat diet
B)low-protein diet
C)high percentage of carbohydrates as whole grains
D)diet high in nuts and seeds

Question 26

According to the current body of scientific research, what effect do antioxidant vitamin supplements have on exercise-induced oxidative stress in endurance athletes?

A)Most of the studies showed that oxidative stress was decreased.
B)Most of the studies showed no effect.
C)Most of the studies showed that oxidative stress was increased.
D)Study results are equivocal and it is difficult to make definitive conclusions.

Question 27

The amount of energy (kcal)provided by the B-complex vitamins is ____.

A)4 kcal\g
B)7 kcal\g
C)9 kcal\g
D)0 kcal\g

Question 28

How are vitamin C and vitamin E related?

A)Vitamin C regenerates vitamin E after it has been oxidized.
B)Vitamin E regenerates vitamin C after it has been oxidized.
C)Both are antioxidants involved in reactions in extracellular tissue.
D)Both are antioxidants involved in intracellular reactions.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true about B-complex vitamins?

A)These vitamins contain energy and are directly associated with fatigue.
B)These vitamins are involved in the production of ATP.
C)Studies show that sub-clinical deficiencies typically result in fatigue.
D)Athletes generally improve performance when they take a low-dose supplement.

Question 30

Which vitamins are associated with red blood cell formation?

A)Folic acid and vitamin B₁₂
B)Vitamins D and B₁₂
C)Thiamin, folic acid, and niacin
D)Riboflavin, folic acid, and niacin

Question 31

Which antioxidant vitamin listed depends on vitamin C for regeneration after it has been oxidized?

A)Vitamin A as retinol
B)Vitamin A as carotenoids
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin E

Question 32

What is oxidative stress?

A)Damage that occurs due to the increase in free radical production
B)The additional burden put on the lungs to deliver oxygen during intense exercise
C)A series of oxidation\reduction reactions necessary for the production of ATP
D)The result of a subclinical or clinical B-complex vitamin deficiency

Question 33

The vitamin associated with amino acid metabolism is ____.

A)Vitamin B₁
B)Vitamin B₂
C)Vitamin B₃
D)Vitamin B₆

Question 34

Vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine)is found in coenzymes that are needed to ____.

A)prevent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins
B)release glucose from glycogen stores
C)store glucose as glycogen
D)reduce muscle soreness

Question 35

Why is half of the thiamin (vitamin B₁)found in the body found in skeletal muscle?

A)Thiamin is needed to catalyze reactions involved in ATP production.
B)Thiamin is needed to release glucose from glycogen stores.
C)Thiamin is needed to store glucose as glycogen.
D)Thiamin is needed to transaminate amino acids.

Question 36

The formation of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS)is related to ____.

A)the amount of antioxidants circulating in the blood
B)the amount of antioxidants consumed as supplements
C)exercise intensity and duration
D)lack of cardiovascular fitness

Question 37

Which antioxidant vitamin is most crucial to consume on a daily basis?

A)Vitamin A as retinol
B)Vitamin A as beta-carotene
C)Vitamin C
D)Vitamin E

Question 38

Chicken and pork provide an excellent source of ____.

A)vitamin B₁ (thiamin)
B)vitamin B₂ (riboflavin)
C)vitamin B₃ (niacin)
D)vitamin C

Question 39

The vitamin that is part of NAD and NADP is ____.

A)pantothenic acid
B)vitamin B₁ (thiamin)
C)vitamin B₂ (riboflavin)
D)vitamin B₃ (niacin)

Question 40

Which vitamin forms a part of coenzyme A?

A)Thiamin
B)Riboflavin
C)Folic acid (folate)
D)Pantothenic acid

Question 41

Each vitamin plays specific roles in the body that cannot be replaced or substituted by other vitamins.

Question 42

High bioavailability refers to a compound that ____.

A)is metabolized quickly
B)can be transported without attaching to a protein
C)has a high degree of absorption and utilization
D)is concentrated in food

Question 43

What vitamin(s)is\are only found in foods of animal origin?

A)Vitamin B₁
B)Vitamin B₆
C)Vitamin B₁₂
D)All of the above

Question 44

The amount of a vitamin needed each day may vary based on gender.

Question 45

The athlete who is most likely to manifest a clinical vitamin B₁₂ deficiency is ____.

A)one who is vegetarian
B)one who is lactose intolerant
C)one with no or low exposure to UV light
D)one with hypervitaminosis A

Question 46

Obtaining an adequate amount of vitamins only from foods that naturally contain them ____.

A)is almost always accomplished in a normal American's diet
B)typically requires only the addition of a variety of fruits to be eaten
C)requires a wide variety of nutrient-dense foods to be eaten
D)is nearly impossible, making supplements necessary

Question 47

Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and circulate in the blood without the need for a carrier.

Question 48

Vitamins with anti-oxidant properties can be fat-soluble or water-soluble.

Question 49

There is strong evidence that exercise substantially increases the need for most vitamins.

Question 50

In adults, a deficiency of folic acid will eventually result in ____.

A)neural tube defects
B)renal tube defects
C)megaloblastic anemia
D)iron-deficiency anemia

Question 51

After tissues are saturated with water-soluble vitamins, any excess is excreted and no toxicity symptoms have been reported.

Question 52

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all water soluble.

Question 53

Which meal is lacking in vitamin C?

A)Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and tea
B)Hot dog, cabbage, French fries, and milk
C)Steak, broccoli, baked potato, and coffee
D)Spaghetti with fresh tomato sauce, garlic bread, and red wine

Question 54

An example of a fruit that contains small amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B₆, folate, and vitamin A as well as a substantial amount of vitamin C is a(n)____.

A)banana
B)orange
C)plum
D)watermelon

Question 55

What vitamin needs to be attached to intrinsic factor (IF)to be absorbed?

A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin C
C)Vitamin B₆
D)Vitamin B₁₂

Question 56

There is evidence that vitamin loss is substantially greater in athletes than in the sedentary population.

Question 57

Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins may take several hours, and transport in the blood requires that they be bound to a carrier.

Question 58

A term that is used on food and supplement labels that is an estimate of the amount of a nutrient needed each day is ____.

A)Dietary Reference Intake
B)Daily Value
C)Recommended Amount
D)Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Question 59

Adequate ____ helps athletes maintain optimal performance, but its status in an individual can be low due to the use of sunscreen.

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin D

Question 60

Sedentary individuals can meet the recommended daily intake of vitamins through food alone, but most endurance athletes cannot because exercise accelerates the loss of vitamins.

Question 61

In healthy athletes, an increase in thiamin intake results in an increase in energy production.

Question 62

The well-documented advantages of taking a vitamin supplement are typically related to reversing or preventing vitamin deficiencies that have resulted from a poor dietary intake.

Question 63

If a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)has been established, it must appear on the label of a vitamin supplement.

Question 64

By law, the maximum amount that can be in one vitamin pill or tablet is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).

Question 65

Of the antioxidant vitamins, it is most crucial to consume vitamin C on a daily basis because it is water soluble.

Question 66

Most adults in the U.S. consume an adequate amount of vitamins.

Question 67

Vitamin B₆ is found in both plant and animal sources.

Question 68

Subclinical vitamin deficiencies are well documented for nearly all vitamins.

Question 69

Niacin is very rarely a cofactor in cellular reactions.

Question 70

Pantothenic acid is part of co-enzyme A and large amounts of it increase the rate of energy reactions.

Question 71

The B-complex vitamins provide energy.

Question 72

Vitamin C is an antioxidant that only works in conjunction with Vitamin E.

Question 73

The majority of studies conducted in athletes suggest that vitamin B₁₂ injections boost red blood cell production.

Question 74

The large majority of studies in adults show that vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence and duration of colds.

Question 75

Distance runners often consume a low-fat diet, which is associated with a low vitamin E intake.

Question 76

The amount of vitamin storage in the body can accurately be measured with blood samples.

Question 77

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)are much more likely to react with vitamin E than with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane.

Question 78

Most vitamin toxicities take about one to two weeks to develop.

Question 79

Of the carotenoids, beta-carotene has the most powerful antioxidant properties.

Question 80

Adequate vitamin intake for athletes is generally associated with adequate caloric intake and consuming a variety of foods.