Deck 9: Water and the Minerals

Question 1

According to the DRI Committee,

A)beverages that contain caffeine do not count toward meetings one's fluid needs.
B)a person should not consume more than three cups of caffeine-containing beverages a day.
C)caffeinated beverages contribute to daily total water intake similar to that contributed by non-caffeinated beverages.
D)caffeine causes a net deficit of fluid in the body; therefore, caffeine-containing beverages should be avoided by athletes.
E)caffeine actually helps your body synthesize water internally and so is "hyper-hydrating".

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to the DRI Committee, the adequate intake for total water for women is:

A)2 cups per day.
B)2.7 L per day.
C)3.7 L per day.
D)24 ounces per day.
E)4.0 L per day.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Thirst and satiety are the two factors that govern water intake in healthy people.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Parasitic infections of the GI tract can lead to iron-deficiency anemia due to blood loss.

Question 5

Electrolytes in the body function to:

A)maintain fluid balance.
B)stimulate enzyme action
C)synthesize protein
D)maintain the health of cell membranes
E)synthesize glycogen

Question 6

Children with a mild iodine deficiency typically perform poorly in school.

Question 7

A person must have water in his or her diet:

A)because the kidneys exert no control over the amount of water excreted in the urine.
B)to prevent vitamin imbalances in the body.
C)because the kidneys must excrete a minimum amount of water as urine to rid the body of wastes.
D)in order to prevent water intoxication.
E)because the kidneys are composed of a higher percentage of water than other organs.

Question 8

What is the minimum amount of urine the body must excrete each day to remove waste products?

A)500 mL
B)700 mL
C)2300 mL
D)3000 mL
E)3500 mL

Question 9

Water is involved in:

A)causing kidney stones.
B)acting as a lubricant around joints.
C)serving as a precipitate of minerals and vitamins.
D)causing gallstones.
E)converting lipids to amino acids.

Question 10

People who eat mostly processed and fast foods have the highest sodium intakes.

Question 11

Which organ/organ system plays the primary role in maintaining acid-base balance?

A)lungs
B)skin
C)GI tract
D)kidneys
E)liver

Question 12

Potassium deficiency is characterized by a decrease in blood pressure, salt sensitivity, kidney stones, and bone turnover.

Question 13

Absorption of iron increases as intake increases.

Question 14

Water constitutes up to 95 percent of the volume of most fruits and vegetables.

Question 15

Adequate calcium intake is important between the ages of 12 and 30 because this is the time when bones grow thicker and denser.

Question 16

The hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb, rather than excrete, water is:

A)thyroxine.
B)ADH.
C)cortisone.
D)epinephrine.
E)cortisol.

Question 17

Water comprises _____ percent of an adult's body weight.

A)30
B)40
C)60
D)70
E)80

Question 18

Body sodium levels are largely regulated through:

A)changes in intestinal absorption, depending on need.
B)changes in fecal excretion.
C)storage of excess sodium in the liver.
D)excretion of excess sodium by the kidneys.
E)excretion of excess sodium by sweating.

Question 19

Mustard greens, kale, parsley, watercress, and broccoli are good sources of available calcium.

Question 20

Pale yellow urine is representative of dehydration.

Question 21

Low potassium and high sodium intakes can:

A)contribute to weight loss.
B)block reabsorption of water.
C)raise blood pressure.
D)raise blood sugar.
E)inhibit energy metabolism.

Question 22

Potassium:

A)is directly necessary for protein synthesis in cells.
B)protects bone structure against degeneration.
C)is the body's principal electrolyte inside the cells.
D)is necessary for wound healing.
E)is necessary for blood coagulation.

Question 23

Which mineral is classified as a trace mineral?

A)iron
B)sulfur
C)calcium
D)potassium
E)sodium

Question 24

From the list below, choose the richest source of potassium.

A)fresh fruits and vegetables
B)milk and dairy products
C)meats and meat substitutes
D)bread and cereals
E)coffee and cream

Question 25

Almost all (99%)of the calcium in the body is used to:

A)provide energy for cells.
B)provide rigidity for the bones.
C)regulate the transmission of nerve impulses.
D)regulate muscle contraction.
E)up-regulate coenzyme factors.

Question 26

The largest percentage of sodium in people's diets comes from:

A)salt added during cooking.
B)salt added to foods by manufacturers.
C)salt added at the table.
D)the natural salt content of foods.
E)drinking carbonated beverages.

Question 27

Which group of people would have the lowest sodium intake?

A)those who avoid adding salt to their food
B)those who exercise strenuously on a regular basis
C)those who eat mostly processed foods
D)those who eat mostly whole, unprocessed foods
E)those who eat mostly soup and cheese

Question 28

Bones continuously gain and lose minerals through an ongoing process called:

A)reorganization.
B)remodeling.
C)reorienting.
D)redesigning.
E)reassignment.

Question 29

The major negative ion of the extracellular fluid is:

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)chloride.
D)calcium.
E)fluoride.

Question 30

Which food is low in sodium?

A)pickles
B)fresh carrots
C)processed cheese
D)bologna
E)pizza

Question 31

The UL for sodium intake for adults is set at:

A)1200 mg.
B)1500 mg.
C)2300 mg.
D)3000 mg.
E)3200 mg.

Question 32

The primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume is:

A)chlorine.
B)sodium.
C)magnesium.
D)potassium.
E)zinc.

Question 33

An irregular heartbeat related to potassium loss may occur:

A)with diets low in fresh fruits and vegetables.
B)as a result of severe diarrhea.
C)in persons with diabetes.
D)as a result of an excessive intake of protein.
E)as a result of an excessive intake of bananas.

Question 34

People who regularly take prescription drugs, such as steroids and diuretics, are at risk for a deficiency of:

A)potassium.
B)chloride.
C)iodine.
D)selenium.
E)magnesium.

Question 35

An important function of chloride in the body is to:

A)maintain fluid balance.
B)regulate metabolism.
C)develop bone cells.
D)control blood glucose levels.
E)strengthen bones and teeth.

Question 36

Which mechanism raises blood calcium levels when they fall too low?

A)increased calcium absorption in the small intestine
B)mobilization of calcium stores in the spleen
C)insulin secretion by the pancreas
D)secretion of calcitonin
E)increased calcium absorption in the stomach

Question 37

Which body process is dependent upon the presence of calcium in the body fluids?

A)tear production
B)blood plasma production
C)hair growth, especially on the face
D)transmission of nerve impulses
E)transportation of oxygen in the bloodstream

Question 38

The typical American diet, which is _____, provides _____ the recommended intake of potassium.

A)high in meat; more than
B)high in fruits and vegetables; more than
C)low in fruits and vegetables; less than
D)high in milk products; more than
E)low in meat; less than

Question 39

Most of the body's calcium is stored in the:

A)bones.
B)liver.
C)kidneys.
D)blood.
E)brain.

Question 40

The most reliable food source(s)of chloride is(are):

A)meats and whole-grain cereals.
B)salt.
C)dark green vegetables.
D)drinking water.
E)citrus fruits.

Question 41

Of the foods listed, the best source of phosphorus is:

A)tofu.
B)chicken.
C)noodles.
D)cheese.
E)spinach.

Question 42

The mineral that is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet is:

A)calcium.
B)phosphorus.
C)iron.
D)iodine.
E)magnesium.

Question 43

Who is most at risk for iron deficiency?

A)infants under 6 months of age
B)alcoholic
C)elderly women
D)women of reproductive age
E)toddlers

Question 44

The best food sources of magnesium include:

A)legumes, whole grains, and chocolate.
B)milk, rice, and apples.
C)oranges, beef, and cheese.
D)oils, bananas, and pork.
E)fruits, fish, and rice.

Question 45

Which food is a good source of bioavailable calcium?

A)coffee
B)bananas
C)Swiss chard
D)cheddar cheese
E)spinach

Question 46

The hallucinations commonly experienced during withdrawal from alcohol intoxication are believed to be due to a deficiency of:

A)magnesium.
B)phosphorus.
C)iron.
D)calcium.
E)selenium.

Question 47

Calcium is most abundant in:

A)dark green vegetables.
B)milk.
C)meats.
D)cereal grains.
E)fish.

Question 48

Osteoporosis is most common in _____ because _____.

A)young women; they have porous and thin bones
B)older women; they have large bones
C)older women; they have porous, thin, and fragile bones
D)young children; they have bowed legs
E)older men; they have large bones

Question 49

One of magnesium's major functions in the body is its involvement in:

A)producing platelets in the blood.
B)up-regulation of coenzyme factors.
C)allowing muscles to stay contracted.
D)synthesis of protein in the soft tissues.
E)regulation of body temperature.

Question 50

A person who is severely lacking in dietary _____ may experience a sulfur deficiency.

A)carbohydrate
B)fatty acids
C)protein
D)vitamins
E)water

Question 51

Which protein carries iron to tissues throughout the body?

A)hemoglobin
B)ferritin
C)myoglobin
D)transferrin
E)hepcidin

Question 52

Which statement describes the function of phosphorus in the body?

A)It does not participates in the transfer of energy during cellular metabolism.
B)It is not necessary for growth.
C)It is needed in the stomach for hydrochloric acid production.
D)It is found with calcium in bones and teeth.
E)It aids in blood glucose regulation.

Question 53

Iron is a component of the protein _____, which functions to _____.

A)myoglobin; protect against free radicals
B)transferrin; transport oxygen in the blood
C)hemosiderin; help blood clotting
D)hemoglobin; transport oxygen in the bloodstream
E)hemostatin; excrete excess iron

Question 54

Amino acids containing the mineral _____ help to form the shape of proteins.

A)sulfur
B)sodium
C)phosphorous
D)selenium
E)magnesium

Question 55

How can blood calcium levels be increased?

A)decreased absorption of calcium in the intestines
B)increased release of calcium from the spleen
C)release of calcium from the kidneys
D)release of calcium from the bones
E)manufacture of calcium from albumin

Question 56

Which substance enhances calcium absorption from the GI tract?

A)vitamin D
B)vitamin C
C)protein
D)linoleic acid
E)vitamin A

Question 57

The percentage of dietary iron normally absorbed is about:

A)10-15%.
B)20-25%.
C)25-40%.
D)45-65%.
E)70-80%.

Question 58

Osteoporosis is more prevalent in women because:

A)women consume more calcium.
B)women's bodies don't utilize calcium as readily.
C)women have larger bodies.
D)women have lower bone mass.
E)bone loss begins later in women versus men.

Question 59

Which mineral is a principal component of cell membranes?

A)iron
B)phosphorous
C)potassium
D)iodine
E)chloride

Question 60

Magnesium deficiency may occur as a result of:

A)too much crying.
B)drinking too little orange juice.
C)diarrhea.
D)consuming too little dairy.
E)constipation.

Question 61

In which circumstance should nutrient supplements in amounts consistent with the RDA be taken?

A)when energy intake is high
B)when more than one gallon of water is consumed per day
C)when an illness improves your appetite
D)when a vegan diet is followed
E)when food is obtained primarily at grocery-stores

Question 62

Which supplement preparations should be avoided?

A)those containing taurine
B)those claiming to be "low-potency"
C)those claiming to be "organic" or "natural" preparations with added substances
D)those claiming to be "tried and true" and "tested by generations of moms"
E)those containing a balance of vitamins and minerals

Question 63

A good food source of iodine is:

A)bananas.
B)seafood.
C)broccoli.
D)pork.
E)grapefruit.

Question 64

Supplements containing _____ should be kept out of children's reach to prevent accidental poisonings, which can be potentially fatal.

A)iron
B)vitamin D
C)zinc
D)niacin
E)thiamin

Question 65

Fluoride seems to be helpful in preventing:

A)cancer.
B)diabetes.
C)dental decay.
D)heart disease.
E)goiter.

Question 66

In the U.S., low iron intake is often associated with:

A)high sugar and high fat intakes.
B)high protein intake.
C)low carbohydrate intake.
D)low intake of fruits and vegetables.
E)high carbohydrate intake.

Question 67

Supplement users are more likely to have excessive intake of:

A)the B vitamins.
B)iron, zinc, vitamin A, and folate.
C)vitamins A, D, E, and K.
D)calcium, iron, vitamin C, and thiamin.
E)selenium, chromium, and magnesium.

Question 68

Which food, food component, or nutrient contributes to iron deficiency?

A)legumes
B)clams
C)MFP factor
D)tannins
E)vitamin C

Question 69

When selecting a vitamin-mineral supplement, choose one in which the nutrient levels are:

A)at or very close to the RDA.
B)all the same.
C)at least 200 percent of the RDA.
D)at least 300 percent of the RDA.
E)at least 500 percent of the RDA.

Question 70

Iodine deficiency is associated with:

A)hair loss.
B)arthritis.
C)goiter.
D)jaundice.
E)weight loss.

Question 71

Pica is a behavior seen in some people who are deficient in:

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)chromium.
D)iron.
E)selenium.

Question 72

Keshan disease is related to a deficiency of:

A)fluoride.
B)iodine.
C)selenium.
D)iron.
E)zinc.

Question 73

The best way to ensure an adequate intake of trace minerals is to:

A)eat foods containing the major minerals.
B)make sure your diet is sufficient in vitamins.
C)consume a variety of foods.
D)practice dietary adequacy.
E)take supplements.

Question 74

In order to increase the amount of iron absorbed from a meal, you should:

A)consume tea as a beverage with the meal.
B)eat a calcium-rich food with the meal.
C)consume orange juice as a beverage with a meal.
D)avoid eating foods rich in vitamin C with the meal.
E)drink as much coffee as possible.

Question 75

Zinc is highest in foods with high _____ content.

A)alcohol
B)protein
C)carbohydrate
D)fat
E)water

Question 76

Which mineral is essential for wound healing?

A)potassium
B)sulfate
C)zinc
D)iodine
E)sulfur

Question 77

Which food is a poor source of iron?

A)dried fruits
B)enriched cereals
C)legumes
D)cheese
E)dark green, leafy vegetables

Question 78

A diabetes-like condition may develop when _____ is lacking in the diet.

A)iron
B)zinc
C)chromium
D)molybdenum
E)copper

Question 79

Worldwide, the most common nutrient deficiency is:

A)zinc.
B)selenium.
C)iron.
D)iodine.
E)magnesium.

Question 80

High intake of _____ interfere with copper absorption and can lead to a deficiency.

A)zinc
B)iron
C)chromium
D)manganese
E)selenium