Deck 1: Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method.

Question 1

A person who buys a lottery ticket because s/he just feels lucky is using the method of ____.

A)​empiricism
B)​faith
C)tenacity
D)​intuition

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When your doctor asks you whether you have been sleeping well at night,the doctor is gathering information by using the ____.

A)​method of authority
B)​rational method
C)empirical method
D)​method of intuition

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A restaurant chef tries replacing rice with pasta in one of her recipes to see what will happen.Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using?

A)​method of empiricism
B)​rational method
C)method of authority
D)​scientific method

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A patient who demands a second opinion before agreeing to surgery is double checking information obtained by the ____.

A)​method of authority
B)​rational method
C)empirical method
D)​method of intuition

Question 5

When your doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to your heart,the doctor is gathering information by using the ____.

A)​method of authority
B)​rational method
C)empirical method
D)​method of intuition

Question 6

The mode of inquiry that is called the method of faith is a variant of which other method of inquiry?

A)​empiricism
B)​rationalism
C)the method of authority
D)​the scientific method

Question 7

An explanation is rational if it is based on ____.

A)​widely held beliefs
B)​logical deductions
C)evidence of the senses
D)​respect for the source of the explanation

Question 8

Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used by a person who says "I'll believe it when I see it?"

A)​method of empiricism
B)​rational method
C)method of authority
D)​scientific method

Question 9

Last year Tomas and his friend Jamie were both too short to ride the rollercoaster.Jamie went to the park this year and was tall enough to ride.Because Tomas is taller than Jamie,he thinks that he will be able to ride the rollercoaster as well.Tomas is using the ____ to answer his question.

A)​method of empiricism
B)​rational method
C)method of authority
D)​scientific method

Question 10

An explanation is empirical if it is based on ____.

A)​widely held beliefs
B)​logical deductions
C)evidence of the senses
D)​respect for the source

Question 11

Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used when people accept information as true because it has been believed for a very long time or is supported by superstition?

A)​intuition
B)​rationalism
C)tenacity
D)​authority

Question 12

Which potential problem can occur the rational method is used?

A)​People are not necessarily very good at logical reasoning.
B)​While useful for minor issues, this method is inadequate for important matters.
C)There is no mechanism for testing the accuracy of the claims.
D)​This method typically requires preconceived assumptions.

Question 13

A limitation of using the method of empiricism is that ____.

A)​people are generally not very good at reasoning
B)​while perception is typically accurate, sensation is not
C)the process can be time consuming and often risky
D)​there is no mechanism for validating conclusions

Question 14

When you "know" that you do not want to eat fried worms,even when everyone around you says that they taste great,your decision is based on the method of ____.

A)​empiricism
B)​faith
C)tenacity
D)​authority

Question 15

Finding the address and phone number of a restaurant by Googling the name of the restaurant is an example of using the ____.

A)​empirical method
B)​rational method
C)method of authority
D)​scientific method

Question 16

Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used by students who are learning from teachers and textbooks?

A)​empiricism
B)​rationalism
C)method of authority
D)​scientific method

Question 17

Visual illusions,such as the vertical/horizontal illusion,provide a demonstration of one problem with the ____ method of knowing or acquiring knowledge.

A)​rational
B)​authority
C)empirical
D)​scientific

Question 18

A student who believes that his or her performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat is using the method of ____.

A)​empiricism
B)​faith
C)tenacity
D)​authority

Question 19

What is a potential problem with the method of authority?

A)​A person may claim to be an expert when he or she really is not.
B)​An "expert" answer may be only a personal, subjective opinion.
C)An expert may be giving answers outside his or her area of expertise.
D)​The other three choices are all potential problems.

Question 20

Magazine advertisements that use celebrities to sell makeup employ which method of acquiring knowledge?

A)​tenacity
B)​authority
C)empiricism
D)​rationalism

Question 21

Based on observations of his own children,Jean Piaget formed a theory about the cognitive development of all children.This is an example of ____ reasoning.

A)​inductive
B)​deductive
C)practical
D)​predictive

Question 22

A good research hypothesis should be ____.

A)​attention grabbing
B)​unique in the literature
C)testable and refutable
D)​consistent with prevailing theories

Question 23

What kind of reasoning uses a general statement to make conclusions about specific examples?

A)​inductive
B)​deductive
C)scientific
D)​predictive

Question 24

Tiffany is researching methods used to treat autism spectrum disorders and begins by searching on the Internet.Which statement should make her suspicious that she is on a site rooted in pseudoscience?

A)​The entire website is plastered with testimonials from family members that describe seemingly miraculous cures.
B)The site contains links to research published in peer-reviewed journals that evaluate the treatment method.
C)The treatment methods described on the site are clearly defined, as are the expected outcomes.
D)​The site provides clear explanations of how the treatment methods are tied to existing theories of the causes of autism.

Question 25

What is meant by the saying,"science is empirical?"

A)​Scientific answers are based on direct observation.
B)​Scientific answers are based on deductive reasoning.
C)Scientific answers are based on inductive reasoning.
D)​Scientific answers are made available for evaluation by others.

Question 26

Using observations of a small number of humans to make a statement about human behavior in general is an example of ____ reasoning.

A)​inductive
B)​deductive
C)practical
D)​predictive

Question 27

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested.In the study,the students are called ____.

A)​associates
B)​cohorts
C)participants
D)​subjects

Question 28

The phrase "science is objective" means that scientific answers are ____.

A)​based on direct observation
B)​based on logical reasoning
C)not influenced by researcher bias
D)​made available for evaluation by others

Question 29

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 rats are assigned to different treatments and tested.In the study,the rats are called research ____.

A)​associates
B)​cohorts
C)participants
D)​subjects

Question 30

In a chemistry class,a group of students try mixing two chemicals together to see what will happen.These students are using the ____ method to gather information.

A)​empirical
B)​rational 
C)intuitive
D)​scientific

Question 31

Which of the following is the best description of the scientific method?

A)​a circular process that leads to a final answer
B)​a linear process that moves directly to a final answer
C)a circular process that leads to a tentative answer
D)​a linear process that leads to a tentative answer

Question 32

A hypothesis is a ____ statement and a prediction is a ____ statement.

A)​specific; general
B)​specific; specific
C)general; specific
D)​general; general

Question 33

Pseudoscience is based on ____.

A)​testable hypotheses
B)​objective evidence
C)subjective evidence
D)​refutable hypotheses

Question 34

In the scientific method,a prediction is evaluated by ____.​

A)​making systematic, planned observations
B)​determining the hypothesis of best fit
C)logically evaluating the implications
D)​using it to explain established phenomena

Question 35

When people make an observation,then form a hypothesis that explains the observation,and then make more observations to test the credibility of the hypothesis,they are using the ____.

A)​empirical method
B)​rational method
C)scientific method
D)​method of authority

Question 36

Lowell is very concerned about his grandmother,who has recently been diagnosed with dementia.He wants to learn more about it,and checks out the jacket quotes on some currently popular books.Which quote should reassure him that the book is based in science rather than pseudoscience?

A)​"This book saved my wife from a lonely death in a nursing home!"
B)​"Big Pharma does not want you to know about curing dementia!"
C)"From laboratory research to clinical trials: evaluating the treatment of dementia."
D)​"Find out what REALLY causes dementia and why health agencies do not care."

Question 37

The third step of the scientific method uses a general hypothesis to develop a testable predication.This step involves the use of ____.

A)​induction
B)​deduction
C)analysis
D)​synthesis

Question 38

A distinction between science and pseudoscience is that ____.

A)​science focuses on the theoretical, not the practical
B)​science is based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable
C)science examines a topic that has never been investigated
D)​science aims to make definite conclusions about a topic

Question 39

Publically repeating a study by copying the methods exactly is referred to as ____.

A)​empiricism
B)​replication
C)control
D)​tenacity

Question 40

What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a statement about a larger possible set of observations?

A)​inductive
B)​deductive
C)scientific
D)​predictive

Question 41

Humans who participate in a research study are properly called research subjects.

Question 42

Clinton is using the empirical method when he decides to eat a handful of berries to see if they are poisonous.

Question 43

To find out whether it really is cold enough to make your tongue stick to a metal flagpole,you press your tongue against a metal flagpole.This is an example of using the empirical method.

Question 44

One critical component of the scientific method is that all answers or explanations must be demonstrated empirically.

Question 45

In the scientific method,the process of forming a hypothesis means that you are trying to find a possible explanation for the phenomenon that you have observed.

Question 46

You have dinner reservations at 7:30 at a restaurant that is 30 minutes away and it is already 7:20,leading you to conclude that you are going to be late.This is an example of using the empirical method.

Question 47

A good hypothesis should make a statement about the existence of a relationship,a difference,or a treatment effect.

Question 48

Pseudoscience is based on objective,empirical evidence.

Question 49

Visual illusions demonstrate one problem with the method of empiricism.

Question 50

The method of tenacity is a nonscientific way of knowing.

Question 51

Using a hypothesis to predict how people will behave demonstrates the use of induction.

Question 52

The first step in the research process is ____.

A)​identifying an idea and searching the literature to form the research question
B)​forming a testable, refutable hypothesis based on current theories
C)deciding which individuals should participate and how they should be recruited
D)​selecting a research and analytic strategy based on what is typically used

Question 53

Part of the scientific method involves using a hypothesis to make predictions.

Question 54

If the scientific method is being used to evaluate a hypothesis predicting a specific relationship between two variables,then it is essential that both variables can be measured.

Question 55

In the scientific method,the actual research study is not done until after the researcher has formed a hypothesis and made a specific prediction.

Question 56

A football player who knows that his performance will be better if he wears his lucky shirt is using the method of faith.

Question 57

Based on a few students whom you know,you decide that art majors wear funky clothes and that physics majors tend to be nerds.This is an example of inductive reasoning.

Question 58

Dallas is using the rational method when,upon seeing that birds eating certain berries do not die,concludes that the berries are not poisonous.

Question 59

An important element of the scientific method is that research results should be made public.

Question 60

Finding information in a textbook is an example of using the rational method of inquiry.

Question 61

Describe a problem that can arise when you are trying to obtain information using only the method of authority.How is this problem avoided in the scientific method?

Question 62

Describe a problem that can arise when you are trying to obtain information using only the rational method.How is this problem avoided in the scientific method?

Question 63

Distinguish between induction and deduction and describe how each is used in the scientific method.

Question 64

Distinguish between science and pseudoscience.

Question 65

Explain what it means to say that the scientific method or the research process can be viewed as a never ending circle or a spiral of steps rather than a linear process that leads to an end.

Question 66

Identify the basic steps in the scientific method and describe how the scientific method is used to answer questions such as,"Why are some marriages successful and others are not?"

Question 67

One difference between a scientific answer and answers gained by other methods is that the scientific answer is more likely to be an absolute or final answer.

Question 68

Describe how the rational method and the method of empiricism are both utilized as parts of the scientific method.