Deck 9: Experimental Designs Within Subjects Design.

Question 1

When one treatment condition has a lasting effect on individuals and influences their scores in future treatments,the study is confounded by ____.

A)​history
B)​instrumentation
C)carry-over effects
D)​progressive error

Answer 1

C

Question 2

For an experiment comparing two treatment conditions,there will be ____ score(s)for each participant if a within-subjects design is used and there will be ____ score(s)for each participant if a between-subjects design is used.

A)​one; one
B)​one; two
C)two; one
D)​two; two

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What is a time-related threat to internal validity for a within-subjects experiment?

A)​carry-over
B)​instrumentation
C)progressive error
D)​assignment bias

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When one treatment condition has a lasting effect on the participants and influences their scores in later treatments,the study is confounded by ____.

A)​history effects
B)​instrumentation
C)carryover effects
D)​progressive error

Question 5

For a within-subjects experiment,one of the primary threats to internal validity is ____.

A)​individual differences that may exist within treatment conditions
B)​individual differences that may exist between treatment conditions
C)the risk that participation in one treatment condition may influence scores in other treatment conditions
D)​the risk that one (or more) of the treatment conditions will have no influence on the participants' scores

Question 6

The tendency for individuals who have extreme scores (high or low)on one measurement and to have less extreme scores on a second measurement is called ____.

A)​history
B)​instrumentation
C)maturation
D)​regression toward the mean

Question 7

Which effects occur when environmental events other than the treatment influence the participants' scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment?

A)​subject selection bias
B)​volunteerism
C)fatigue
D)​history

Question 8

When a group of individuals is tested in a series of treatment conditions over time,which factor can cause progressive improvement in performance from treatment to treatment and thus provide an alternative explanation for the results?

A)​history
B)​selection bias
C)practice
D)​fatigue

Question 9

In a within-subjects research study,factors that change over time,such as history and maturation,can be threats to ____.

A)​internal validity only
B)​external validity only
C)both internal and external validity
D)​neither internal nor external validity

Question 10

Which research design involves measuring the same group of participants in two different treatment conditions?

A)​between-subjects
B)​within-subjects
C)matched subjects
D)​a combined, two-factor design

Question 11

In a study with a group of individuals being tested in a series of treatment conditions that extends over a relatively long time,it is possible that there will be systematic changes in the participants' physiology or psychology that occur during the time of the study.When these changes influence the participants' scores,causing scores at the end of the study to be different from scores at the beginning,the effect is called ____.

A)​history
B)​instrumentation
C)maturation
D)​regression toward the mean

Question 12

In studies with a group of individuals being tested in a series of treatment conditions,factors such as history,instrumentation,and maturation threaten ____.

A)​internal validity only
B)​external validity only
C)both internal and external validity
D)​neither internal nor external validity

Question 13

How many participants would be needed for a within-subjects experiment comparing four different treatment conditions with a total of 20 scores in each treatment?

A)​20
B)​40
C)80
D)​anywhere from 20 to 80

Question 14

In a within-subjects design,the term "participant attrition" refers to the possibility that ____.

A)​the scores may differ from one treatment to another because of outside events
B)the scores may differ from one treatment to another because of changes in the?measuring instrument
C)the scores may differ from one treatment to another because the participants gain?experience in each treatment
D)​some of the individuals in the study may leave without completing all of the treatment
Conditions

Question 15

What is the effect of increasing the time between treatment conditions in a within-subjects experiment?

A)​an increase in the threat of time-related history effect
B)​a decrease in the threat of the order effect fatigue
C)a decrease in the threat of a time-related maturation effect
D)​an increase in the threat of regression to the mean

Question 16

In a within-subjects study that extends over a relatively long time,it is possible that there will be systematic changes in the participants' skills or knowledge during the time of the study.When these changes influence the participants' scores,causing scores at the end of the study to be different from scores at the beginning,the effect is called ____.

A)​history effects
B)​instrumentation
C)maturation
D)​regression toward the mean

Question 17

During the first treatment condition of a within-subjects experiment,the participants learn a new skill that helps improve their performance in later treatment conditions.For this study,the internal validity is threatened by ____.

A)​history effects
B)​instrumentation
C)order effects
D)​regression toward the mean

Question 18

Order effects include ____.

A)​history and instrumentation effects
B)​carryover and progressive error effects
C)maturation and regression effects
D)​assignment bias and selection bias

Question 19

A researcher is evaluating the changes in performance that occur during a six-week training program.Participants are observed at the beginning and at the end of the program and the researcher rates each individual's level of performance.When the researcher's standards for rating performance change from the first observation to the last,then the internal validity of the study is threatened by ____.

A)​history
B)​instrumentation
C)maturation
D)​statistical regression

Question 20

Order effects can become a confounding variable because ____.

A)​all the treatment conditions are affected equally
B)​earlier conditions affect outcomes under later conditions
C)other time-related threats such as history become indistinguishable
D)​individual differences between treatment conditions are created

Question 21

A way to control for order effects in a within-subjects experiment is to use ____.

A)​matching
B)​randomization
C)holding order constant
D)​counterbalancing

Question 22

What is the effect of counterbalancing?

A)​It eliminates order effects.
B)​It spreads order effects evenly across the treatment conditions.
C)It eliminates individual differences.
D)​It spreads individual differences evenly across treatment conditions.

Question 23

In a completely counterbalanced within-subjects experiment,____.

A)​each group receives a different treatment
B)​each participant receives each treatment in the same order
C)a series of treatments is presented in every possible sequence
D)​participants receive a random order of treatment conditions

Question 24

Within-subjects designs are most useful when individual differences are ____.

A)​large and there are many participants available
B)​large and there are relatively few participants available
C)small and there are many participants available
D)​small and there are relatively few participants available

Question 25

Which manipulation of the time period between treatment conditions reduces the chances of history influencing the results of a within-subjects experiment?

A)​shortening
B)​lengthening
C)shortening and then lengthening
D)​randomly varying the period

Question 26

A matched-subjects design attempts to eliminate the problems associated with ____ that are a concern for between-subjects designs and also eliminate the problems associated with ____ that are a concern for within-subjects designs.

A)​order effects; order effects
B)​order effects; individual differences
C)individual differences; individual differences
D)​individual differences; order effects

Question 27

At a minimum,how many participants would be needed for a matched-subjects design comparing three different treatment conditions with 20 scores in each treatment?

A)​20
B)​60
C)90
D)​120

Question 28

A Latin square design is used to determine the order of treatments that will be used in a within-subjects experiment comparing five treatments labeled A,B,C,D,and E.How many groups of participants will receive treatment E as the first treatment?

A)​0
B)​1
C)5
D)​cannot answer without more information

Question 29

The most appropriate hypothesis test for a within-subjects design that compares three treatment conditions is a(n)____.

A)​an independent-measures t test
B)​a repeated-measures t test
C)a repeated-measures analysis of variance
D)​a chi-square test for independence

Question 30

In a within-subjects experiment comparing two treatments,the researcher is concerned that the results may be confounded by outside events that occur between the first and second treatments.One way to reduce the likelihood that internal validity will be influenced by an outside event is to ____.

A)​switch to a between-subjects design
B)​increase the amount of time between the two treatments
C)switch the order of treatments
D)​decrease the intensity of the treatment

Question 31

For an experiment that compares two treatment conditions with ten scores in each treatment,which design would require the smallest number of participants?

A)​between participants
B)​within participants
C)matched subjects
D)​all designs would require the same number of participants

Question 32

Which best describes counterbalancing?

A)​matching the treatment conditions with respect to time
B)​holding the order of the treatment conditions constant
C)randomizing the order of the treatment conditions
D)​switching treatment conditions at random

Question 33

In comparison to a multiple-treatment design,a two-treatment,within subjects design has ____.

A)​reduced risk of participant attrition
B)​increased risk that time-related factors will influence the data
C)more challenges with counterbalancing
D)​more analytic complexities

Question 34

For a within-subjects study comparing two treatments,A and B,a researcher expects that practice in the first treatment will improve the participants' scores in the second treatment.If the order of treatments is counterbalanced,then the practice will ____.

A)​influence scores in treatment A, but not in treatment B
B)​influence scores in treatment B, but not in treatment A
C)influence scores in treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants
D)​not influence the scores in either treatment condition because the treatments are counterbalanced

Question 35

In a Latin square,____.

A)​each participant receives each treatment in the same order
B)​each treatment is administered first in the series for one group of participants
C)each participant receives a different treatment
D)​every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used

Question 36

What is an advantage of the between-subjects design versus the within-subjects design?

A)​It generally requires fewer participants.
B)​It usually is a more sensitive test (more likely to detect a treatment effect).
C)It eliminates the risk of order effects.
D)​It eliminates potential problems that may be caused by individual differences.

Question 37

A researcher would like to conduct an experiment,but is concerned about strong order effects.One solution is to use a ____.

A)​within-subjects design
B)​between-subjects design
C)correlational design
D)​descriptive strategy

Question 38

A Latin square is used with _____.

A)​partial counterbalancing
B)​complete counterbalancing
C)matched-subjects designs
D)​all within-subjects designs

Question 39

How many groups of participants would be needed to partially counterbalance four treatment conditions?

A)​4
B)​8
C)16
D)​24

Question 40

Compared to a between-subjects design,the variance in a within-subjects design is greatly reduced because the ____ are measured and statistically removed.

A)​individual differences
B)​carry over effects
C)progressive error effects
D)​instrumentation effects

Question 41

Partial counterbalancing for four treatments would require four groups of participants.

Question 42

For a within-subjects experiment,one disadvantage of a multiple-treatment design compared to a two-treatment design is that the likelihood of participant attrition increases as the number of treatments increases.

Question 43

A within-subjects design would be appropriate for a research study that compares problem solving ability for participants with three different levels of self-esteem (high self-esteem,medium self-esteem,and low self-esteem).

Question 44

The larger the number of treatment conditions,the easier it is to completely counterbalance them.

Question 45

If the measurement device changes during the course of a within-subjects study so that the participants' scores are influenced,internal validity is threatened by statistical regression.

Question 46

One general concern for within-subjects research is that participation in one treatment condition may influence an individual's scores in a later treatment condition.This creates a threat to internal validity known as order effects.

Question 47

The tendency for extremely high scores on one measurement to be followed by lower scores on a second measurement is called statistical regression.

Question 48

Using a Latin square to counterbalance a within-subjects experiment ensures that every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used.

Question 49

A matched-subjects design attempts to gain the advantages of a within-subjects design,although it actually compares different groups of participants.

Question 50

Just as random assignment is routinely used to protect the internal validity of between-subjects research,counterbalancing is routinely used to protect the internal validity of within-subjects research.
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Question 51

Counterbalancing involves having different groups of participants move through the series of treatments in different orders.

Question 52

It is impossible to have order effects with a between‑subjects design.

Question 53

Randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions is not a part of within-subjects experiments.

Question 54

One advantage of within-subjects designs is that they completely eliminate the possibility that individual differences can become confounding variables.

Question 55

The effect of counterbalancing is to eliminate order effects.

Question 56

One disadvantage of within-subject designs is that they tend to require more participants than are needed for between-subject designs.

Question 57

If one or more of the treatments in an experiment is expected to have a large and long-lasting effect that could influence the participants' scores in later treatments,the best strategy is to use a between-subjects design.

Question 58

The goal of counterbalancing is to limit the possibility that order effects become a confounding variable.

Question 59

For a within-subjects experiment,one advantage of a two-treatment design compared to a multiple-treatment design is that it is easier to counterbalance.

Question 60

Random assignment is used to control order effects in a within-subjects experiment.

Question 61

Describe a matched-subjects design and explain how this design attempts to avoid the major problems that exist with a between-subject design and a within-subjects design.

Question 62

Describe the limitations or problems that can occur with counterbalancing.

Question 63

Describe the process of counterbalancing and explain how this process reduces the risk of problems from order effects.​

Question 64

Identify two time-related factors that can threaten the internal validity of a within-subjects research study.In each case,explain how the factor could be a confounding variable.

Question 65

Outline the major advantages and disadvantages of between-subjects designs and within-subjects designs.

Question 66

Provide an example of order effects in a within-subjects research study and explain why order effects are a concern for researchers.

Question 67

Under what circumstances is a within-subjects design not a good choice for a research study?