Deck 15: The Endocrine System

Question 1

The hormones oxytocin and ADH are synthesized in the ____.

A)hypothalamus
B)posterior pituitary
C)anterior pituitary
D)adrenal gland
E)ovaries

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement is characteristic of endocrine glands?

A)They release chemical signals into synapses.
B)They produce chemical signals that are always stimulatory.
C)They are controlled by only negative feedback mechanisms.
D)They secrete chemical signals in small amounts over short periods of time.
E)Their activity is limited to brain tissue.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Hormones are signaling molecules that are carried in the ____.

A)cerebral spinal fluid
B)intracellular fluid
C)extracellular fluid
D)bloodstream
E)synapses

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The term that refers to two hormones working together at a target tissue is ____.

A)opposition
B)permissive interaction
C)priming interaction
D)synergistic interaction
E)commensal interaction

Question 5

Peptide hormones require ____.

A)receptors in the nucleus
B)cholesterol for synthesis
C)synapses for target tissue interaction
D)second messenger systems
E)DNA receptors

Question 6

Which gland produces the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A)pituitary gland
B)pineal gland
C)pancreas
D)hypothalamus
E)ovaries

Question 7

What is the target tissue for ADH?

A)kidney
B)adrenal gland
C)ovaries
D)testes
E)breast tissue

Question 8

The term hormone comes from the Greek word meaning ____.

A)to target
B)to synthesize
C)to excite
D)to inhibit
E)to multiply

Question 9

Which of the following are classified as gonadotropins?

A)FSH and LH
B)TSH and LH
C)ACTH and FSH
D)GH and LH
E)ADH and oxytocin

Question 10

Which molecule is released in tissues and diffuses to the target cell?

A)thyroid hormone
B)insulin
C)adrenalin
D)prostaglandins
E)growth hormone

Question 11

Which gland produces the hormone that raises blood calcium levels?

A)pituitary gland
B)parathyroid gland
C)thyroid gland
D)pineal gland
E)pancreas

Question 12

The receptors for peptide hormones are located ____.

A)in the cytoplasm
B)on the mitochondrial membranes
C)in the synapse
D)on the exterior surface of the cell membrane
E)in the nucleus

Question 13

Which event would trigger the release of ADH?

A)a drop in blood pressure below normal
B)elevated blood glucose levels
C)the process of childbirth
D)stimulation of the anterior pituitary
E)growth promoting factors

Question 14

Which type of hormone interacts with target tissue similarly to steroid hormones?

A)thyroid hormones
B)insulin
C)cAMP
D)growth hormone
E)melatonin

Question 15

Which hormone is found within the posterior pituitary?

A)ACTH
B)TSH
C)GH
D)oxytocin
E)prolactin

Question 16

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates and maintains milk production?

A)FSH
B)LH
C)prolactin
D)ACTH
E)TSH

Question 17

Which of the following is characteristic of steroid hormones?

A)They are derived from peptides or proteins.
B)They influence the activity of DNA.
C)They interact with receptors on the exterior surface of the cell membrane.
D)They utilize second messenger systems to produce target tissue actions.
E)They produce cAMP molecules in target tissue.

Question 18

Steroid hormones include____.

A)thyroid hormones
B)oxytocin
C)insulin and glucagon
D)estrogen and testosterone
E)epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 19

The anterior pituitary receives releasing and inhibiting signals from the ____.

A)hypothalamus
B)posterior pituitary
C)adrenal gland
D)testes and ovaries
E)pancreas

Question 20

Water soluble hormones ____. ​

A)are derived from cholesterol
B)interact with DNA receptors
C)include estrogen and testosterone
D)pass through target cell membranes
E)require second messenger systems

Question 21

Glucocorticoids promote ____.

A)an elevation in blood glucose
B)increased muscle mass
C)decreased fat metabolism
D)decreased liver uptake of amino acids
E)sodium retention

Question 22

An deficiency of growth hormone during childhood results in ____.

A)gigantism
B)pituitary dwarfism
C)osteoporosis
D)osteomalacia
E)acromegaly

Question 23

Which organ is the target for insulin-like growth factors?

A)heart
B)bone marrow
C)gonads
D)most body cells
E)kidney

Question 24

PTH functions by ____.

A)increasing osteoclast cell activity
B)increasing bone formation
C)decreasing vitamin D activity
D)decreasing reabsorption of calcium by kidneys
E)lowering blood calcium

Question 25

Cortisol promotes "glucose sparing" for which organ?

A)liver
B)brain
C)heart
D)lungs
E)kidney

Question 26

Which hormone establishes and maintains normal metabolism?

A)epinephrine
B)aldosterone
C)oxytocin
D)PTH
E)thyroid hormone

Question 27

Which gland secretes melatonin?

A)thyroid
B)pancreas
C)pineal
D)parathyroid
E)liver

Question 28

Vitamin D deficiency in children causes

A)acromegaly
B)rickets
C)elevated blood calcium
D)kidney stones
E)dwarfism

Question 29

Injections of growth hormone can result in four of the following effects. Which is the exception?

A)maintenance of healthy bone
B)maintenance of healthy muscle
C)reduction in body fat
D)low blood pressure
E)potential for diabetes

Question 30

Which gland produces both aldosterone and cortisol?

A)hypothalamus
B)adrenal cortex
C)anterior pituitary
D)thyroid
E)pineal

Question 31

The synthesis of thyroid hormone requires ____.

A)sodium
B)calcium
C)iodide
D)phosphate
E)potassium

Question 32

Triiodothyronine (T ₃ )is secreted by the ____.

A)parathyroid gland
B)thyroid gland
C)pancreas
D)adrenal cortex
E)adrenal medulla

Question 33

An excess of growth hormone during childhood results in ____.

A)gigantism
B)pituitary dwarfism
C)osteoporosis
D)osteomalacia
E)acromegaly

Question 34

The secretion of each of the hormones from the anterior pituitary requires ____.

A)stimulation from the posterior pituitary
B)that they first be secreted from the neurons of the hypothalamus
C)one capillary bed
D)positive feedback mechanisms
E)the action of minute amounts of releasing hormones

Question 35

Which of the following is characteristic of hypothyroidism?

A)Grave's disease
B)elevated heart rate
C)thyroid stimulating antibodies
D)intolerant to cold temperatures
E)heavy sweating

Question 36

In response to growth hormone , which organ produces secondary growth factors?

A)hypothalamus
B)heart
C)liver
D)pineal
E)anterior pituitary

Question 37

Which of the following is the cause of goiter in a patient with hypothyroidism?

A)depressed levels of PTH
B)depressed levels of calcitonin
C)elevated levels of TSH
D)elevated levels of iodine
E)elevated levels of thyroxine

Question 38

Which hormone lowers blood calcium?

A)epinephrine
B)aldosterone
C)calcitonin
D)PTH
E)thyroid hormone

Question 39

An excess of growth hormone in adults results in ____.

A)gigantism
B)pituitary dwarfism
C)osteoporosis
D)osteomalacia
E)acromegaly

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of endocrine signaling?

A)long-term regulation
B)quick, rapid responses
C)controlled by both positive and negative feedback
D)regulates body growth
E)regulates metabolism

Question 41

The adrenal medulla produces ____.

A)mineralcorticoids
B)epinephrine
C)cortisol
D)testosterone
E)glucocorticoids

Question 42

The result of "insulin shock" is ____.

A)no insulin production
B)type 2 diabetes
C)hypoglycemia
D)elevated blood glucose
E)sudden heart failure

Question 43

What is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?

A)geographic location
B)gender
C)high protein diet
D)obesity
E)low blood sugar

Question 44

The production of glucose by liver cells in response to cortisol is called ____ .

A)glycolysis
B)hypoglycemia
C)gluconeogenesis
D)glucocortocoids
E)glucose sparing

Question 45

Which gland is associated with biological clocks or biorhythms?

A)pineal
B)parathyroid
C)hypothalamus
D)pituitary
E)thymus

Question 46

As blood glucose levels fall below normal , ____.

A)insulin secretion stops
B)glucagon secretion increases
C)the Beta cells of the pancreas are stimulated
D)glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver
E)somatostatin levels rise

Question 47

Assuming normal conditions, what happens after a large meal?

A)Pancreatic alpha cells are stimulated .
B)Adipose and muscle cells take up glucose .
C)Insulin levels fall .
D)Glycogen is converted to glucose .
E)The pancreas performs only exocrine functions .

Question 48

A type II diabetic ____.

A)requires insulin injections
B)produces too much glucagon
C)is usually under-weight
D)is insulin resistant
E)usually hypoglycemic

Question 49

In addition to aldosterone and cortisol , the adrenal cortex produces ____.

A)epinephrine
B)androgens
C)sympathetic hormones
D)vasopressin
E)ADH

Question 50

In a normal, healthy individual , at which time would cortisol secretion be highest?

A)early morning
B)late morning
C)mid-day
D)evening
E)middle of the night

Question 51

A prediabetic individual would have a fasting glucose measurement (mg/dL)above ____.

A)20
B)50
C)75
D)100
E)110

Question 52

Which hormone does NOT have reproductive functions?

A)FSH
B)LH
C)Prolactin
D)Oxytocin
E)TSH

Question 53

Which condition can occur due to low production of cortisol?

A)elevated blood pressure
B)decreased urine production
C)elevated blood sugar
D)hypoglycemia
E)low blood calcium

Question 54

Which endocrine gland is an extension of the sympathetic nervous system?

A)adrenal medulla
B)adrenal cortex
C)thyroid gland
D)pancreas
E)anterior pituitary

Question 55

Which pair of hormones influence the urinary system's ability to manage salt retention?

A)ADH and oxytocin
B)aldosterone and cortisol
C)thymosin and thyroxine
D)insulin and glucagon
E)aldosterone and ANP

Question 56

The body's biological clock is associated with the activity of which hormone?

A)melatonin
B)ANP
C)ADH
D)FSH
E)prolactin ​

Question 57

Which hormone acts to decrease sodium retention in response to elevated blood pressure?

A)ANP
B)ADH
C)vasopressin
D)thymosin
E)androgens

Question 58

Which gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A)thyroid
B)adrenal medulla
C)adrenal cortex
D)pancreas
E)gonads

Question 59

Which organ produces hormones that influence immune system activity?

A)brain
B)kidney
C)heart
D)thymus
E)bone

Question 60

A person with untreated type I diabetes may have four of the following symptoms. Which is the exception?

A)excess thirst
B)excess urine production
C)metabolic acidosis
D)no insulin production
E)weight gain

Question 63

Steroid hormones are lipids derived from ___________________.

Question 64

Hormones are a class of signaling molecule carried by the ___________________ to target cells.

Question 66

A patient is hypothyroid. Explain how you could use TSH levels to determine if the patient's problem is with her thyroid gland (primary hypothyroidism)or her hypothalamus (secondary hypothyroidism). Why would only primary hypothyroidism result in goiter?

Question 67

Upon stimulation by a peptide hormone, the target cell converts ATP to the second messenger, ___________________.

Question 68

A cell that has receptors for a hormone is known as a(n)___________________ cell.

Question 69

___________________ are chemical signals released into a synapse between two neurons.

Question 70

The combined action of two or more cooperating hormones is known as a(n)___________________ interaction.

Question 71

Peptide hormones activate ___________________ systems that relay the hormone signal to the inside of a target cell.

Question 72

Hormones derived from modified amino acids are classified as ___________________.

Question 73

Nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors on the target cell's ___________________.

Question 74

Vitamin D and ___________________ are two signaling molecules that interact with a target cell similar to steroids.