Deck 11: Factorial Designs.

Question 1

How many main effects are there in a 2x3 factorial design?​

A)​two
B)​three
C)six
D)​nine

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In a 2 x 2 between-subjects factorial experiment,there are a total of ____ treatment conditions in the experiment,and each participant serves in ____ condition(s).​

A)​2;1
B)​4;1
C)2;2
D)​4;2

Answer 2

B

Question 3

How many independent variables are there in a 2 x2 x2 factorial design?

A)​two
B)​three 
C)four
D)​eight

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In a factorial design,an interaction between the factors occurs whenever ____.​

A)​the mean differences between the cells are not explained by the main effects
B)​the mean differences between the cells are explained by the main effects
C)there are differences between the overall column means
D)​there are differences between the overall row means

Question 5

The following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment.What pattern of results is shown in the data?
​ A1 A2
​
​
B1
​
M = 20
​
M = 20
​
B2
​
M = 30
​
M = 50

A)​main effects for both factors and an interaction
B)​main effects for both factors and no interaction
C)a main effect for factor A, no main effect for factor B, and no interaction
D)​a main effect for factor A and an interaction but no main effect for factor B

Question 6

The following data show the means for four treatment conditions as well as the overall means for the columns and the rows.For these data,what numbers are compared to assess the main effect of factor A?
​ A1 A2 M = 25 M = 65
​ B1
M = 20
M = 60
M = 40 B2
M = 30
M = 70
M = 50

A)​30; 70
B)​20; 30
C)40; 50
D)​25; 65

Question 7

How many independent variables are there in an experimental two-factor design?​

A)​one
B)​two
C)three
D)​four

Question 8

In an experiment examining the effects of task difficulty (easy/hard)for men and women,the factors are ____.

A)​male and female
B)​easy and hard
C)male, female, easy, and hard
D)​difficulty and gender

Question 9

In order to determine whether factors influence or interact with each other,a researcher must use ____.​

A)​two experiments
B)​a factorial design
C)a between-subjects design
D)​a mixed design

Question 10

A researcher who is examining the effects of temperature and humidity on the eating behavior of rats uses a factorial experiment comparing three different temperatures (70˚,80˚,and 90˚)and two humidity conditions (low and high).How many factors are in the experiment?

A)​one
B)​two
C)three
D)​six

Question 11

How many separate groups of participants would be needed for a between-subjects,two-factor study with three levels of factor A and four levels of factor B?

A)​three
B)​four
C)seven
D)​twelve

Question 12

The following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment.What pattern of results is shown in the data?
​ A1 A2
​
​
B1
​
M = 30
​
M = 20
​
B2
​
M = 40
​
M = 10

A)​main effects for both factors and an interaction
B)​main effects for both factors and no interaction
C)a main effect for factor A, no main effect for factor B, and no interaction
D)​a main effect for factor A, no main effect for factor B, and no interaction

Question 13

In a matrix representing the structure of a factorial design,the mean differences among the columns define ____.

A)​the main effect for one factor
B)​the interaction between the factors
C)the main effect and the interaction between the factors
D)​the significance level

Question 14

When the means for a two-factor study are displayed in a graph and the lines in the graph are perfectly parallel,what can you conclude about the main effects and interaction?

A)​There is no main effect for either of the two factors.
B)​There is a main effect for both of the two factors.
C)There is no interaction between factors.
D)​There are no main effects and no interaction between factors.

Question 15

A researcher who is examining the effects of temperature and humidity on the eating behavior of rats uses a factorial experiment comparing three different temperatures (70˚,80˚,and 90˚)and two humidity conditions (low and high).The experiment has ____ level(s)for the temperature factor and a total of ____ treatment conditions.​

A)​one; three
B)​three; six
C)six; six
D)​three; two

Question 16

In a 2 x 3 between-subjects factorial experiment,there are ____ groups of participants.​

A)​two
B)​three
C)six
D)​eight

Question 17

In a two-factor experiment with two levels of factor A and 2 levels of factor B,three of the treatment means are essentially identical and one is substantially different from the others.What result(s)would be produced by this pattern of treatment means?

A)​a main effect for factor A only
B)​a main effect for factor B only
C)an interaction between A and B
D)​main effects for both A and B, and an interaction

Question 18

The advantage of a two-factor design compared to two single-factor designs is the ability to ____.

A)​save time
B)​evaluate the interaction
C)evaluate the main effects
D)​check the manipulation

Question 19

In a 3x4 factorial design there are ____ main effect(s)and ____ interaction(s)possible.

A)​three; four
B)​two; three
C)two; one
D)​one; two

Question 20

The following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment.What pattern of results is shown in the data?
​ A1 A2
​
​
B1
​
M = 20
​
M = 40
​
B2
​
M = 20
​
M = 40

A)​main effects for both factors and an interaction
B)​main effects for both factors and no interaction
C)a main effect for factor A, no main effect for factor B, and no interaction
D)​a main effect for factor A and an interaction but no main effect for factor B

Question 21

A graph of a two-factor study indicates an interaction when the lines on the graph ____.​

A)​are parallel
B)​cross or converge
C)are steep in slope
D)​have the same slope

Question 22

How can variance be reduced in a between-subjects design?​

A)​Use counterbalancing.
B)​Use a factorial design adding a participant variable (such as age) as a second factor.
C)Use a factorial design with the order of treatments as a second factor
D)​Reduce the strength of the treatment.

Question 23

What is the primary limitation of using only two levels of a factor in a two-factor between-subjects design?​

A)​It is simple to interpret.
B)​It increases the chances of demonstrating a significant mean difference.
C)It tends to reduce the differences between the groups.
D)​It may not provide a complete picture of how the factor affects the dependent variable.

Question 24

What statistical technique should be used to evaluate the results from a pre-post control group design?

A)​a two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA
B)​a two-factor independent-measures ANOVA
C)a two-factor mixed design
D)​a t-test

Question 25

How can order effects be measured and evaluated?

A)​Use counterbalancing.
B)​Use a factorial design adding a participant variable (such as age) as a second factor.
C)Use a factorial design with the order of treatments as a second factor
D)​Randomize the order of the treatments.

Question 26

The following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment.Note that one mean is not given.What value for the missing mean would result in no A ´ B interaction? B1 B2
​
A1
​
20
​
30
​
A2
​
10
​
​

A)​10
B)​20
C)30
D)​40

Question 27

Which statement accurately describes a two-factor analysis of variance?​

A)It conducts one hypothesis test and produces one F-ratio.
B)​It conducts two separate hypothesis tests and produces two F-ratios.
C)It conducts three separate hypothesis tests and produces three F-ratios.
D)It conducts three separate hypothesis tests with the number of F-ratios produced depending on the number of levels.

Question 28

A factorial study compares the effectiveness of two allergy medications by measuring symptoms immediately before taking the medication,30 minutes after the medication,and 3 hours after the medication.Half of the participants take one of the medications and the rest take the second medication.Which statement accurately describes this study?

A)It is a between-subjects design that uses both the experimental and non-experimental strategies.
B)​It is a between-subjects experiment.
C)It is a non-experimental between-subjects design.
D)It combines between- and within-subjects designs and uses both the experimental and non-experimental strategies.

Question 29

A researcher conducts a two-factor study to evaluate the effect of a medication for males and for females.If the results of the study show a 10-point main effect for the medication (participants taking the medicine average 10 points lower than those in the no-medication condition)and also show a significant interaction between medication and gender,then what can the researcher conclude about the effect of the medication?

A)​The medication lowers scores by around 10 points and the effect is the same for males and females.
B)​Although the average effect of the medication is to lower scores by 10 points, the    exact effect depends on the gender of the participant.
C)Because there is an interaction, you cannot conclude that the medication has any    effect.
D)​Additional information is needed to come to a conclusion.

Question 30

Which outcome is possible in a 2x2 factorial design?

A)​two main effects and two interactions
B)​a main effect for one factor, no main effect for the other factor, and two interactions
C)no main effect for either factor and one interaction
D)​a four-way interaction

Question 31

A two-factor study with two levels of factor A and three levels of factor B uses a separate group of n = 5 participants in each treatment condition.How many participants are needed for the entire study?

A)​5
B)​10
C)25
D)​30

Question 32

What is the relationship between main effects and interactions? ____.

A)​At least one of the factors involved in the interaction must have a main effect.
B)​None of the factors in the interaction can have a main effect.
C)All of the factors involved in the interaction must have main effects.
D)​The existence of an interaction is independent of the main effects.

Question 33

The following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment.Note that one mean is not given.What value would result in no interaction between factors B B2
A1 ​A2
20 50
60

A)​60
B)​70
C)80
D)​90

Question 34

Which outcome is possible in a 2x2 factorial design?​

A)​four main effects
B)​no main effects
C)two interactions
D)​four interactions

Question 35

The results from a two-factor ANOVA show no main effect for factor A but a significant interaction.What can you conclude based on this pattern of results?

A)​Factor A has no effect on the participants' scores.
B)​Factor A may have an effect but, if so, it depends on the levels of factor B.
C)Because the interaction is significant, factor A must also have an effect.
D)​The effect of factor A is constant across all levels of factor B.

Question 36

Which outcome is possible in a 2x2 factorial design?​

A)​four main effects and no interaction
B)​four main effects and no interaction
C)no main effect for either factor but an interaction
D)​four interactions

Question 37

A clinician claims that the effectiveness of a new treatment varies depending on the gender of the client.Specifically,the new treatment has been shown to be very effective for females,but the treatment has little or no effect for males.In this example,____.

A)​there is an interaction between the treatment and client's gender
B)​there is no interaction between the treatment and client's gender
C)there is no main effect of treatment
D)​there is no main effect of gender

Question 38

A factorial study measures allergy symptoms before and after taking medication for a group taking the real medication and a control group taking a placebo.What kind of design is being used?

A)​between-subjects design
B)​within-subjects design
C)repeated measures design
D)​mixed design

Question 39

The following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment.Note that one mean is not given.What value for the missing mean would result in no main effect for factor B? B1 B2
​
A1
​
20
​
10
​
A2
​
40
​
​

A)​20
B)​30
C)40
D)​50

Question 40

The students in one gym class receive a self-esteem program as part of their sports training.To evaluate the program,a researcher measures self-esteem for the students before and after the program and compares their scores with those from another class that did not receive the program but was measured at the same two times.What kind of design is being used?

A)​between-subjects design
B)​within-subjects design
C)repeated measures design
D)​mixed design

Question 41

There are three treatment conditions in a 2x2x2 factorial design.

Question 42

If the AxB interaction is significant,then at least one of the two main effects also must be significant.

Question 43

A two-factor study compares two levels of factor A and three levels of factor B with a separate sample of 5 participants in each treatment condition.This study will use a total of 25 participants.

Question 44

In a matrix representing the structure of a factorial design,the mean differences between the rows define the interaction between the factors.​

Question 45

A two-factor study compares three different treatment conditions (factor 1)for males and females (factor 2).In this study,the main effect for gender is determined by comparing the overall mean score for the males (averaged over the three treatments)and the corresponding overall mean score for the females (averaged over the three treatments).​

Question 46

A two-factor experimental design evaluates two main effects and one interaction.

Question 47

A two-factor study comparing task performance for males versus females (factor 1)for three different levels of task difficulty (factor 2)would be described as a 2x3 design.​

Question 48

A two-factor study compares the effectiveness of two different treatments (factor 1)by measuring performance before treatment,immediately after treatment,and 3 months after treatment (factor 2)for each participant.Half of the participants are randomly assigned to treatment A and half to treatment B.The results from this study should be evaluated with an independent-measures two-factor analysis of variance.​

Question 49

In a two-factor design,an interaction means that the effect of one factor depends on the levels of the second factor.​

Question 50

A doctor suspects that the effectiveness of a new cholesterol medication depends on the age of the patient.If the doctor is correct,the results from a two-factor study comparing medication versus no-medication for young versus old patients should produce an interaction.​

Question 51

In a two-factor study,it is possible to have one between-subjects factor and one within-subjects factor.​

Question 52

It is often possible to reduce the variance in a between-subjects design by using a participant variable such as age or gender as a second factor.

Question 53

In a two-factor study,it is possible to have one experimental factor and one nonexperimental factor.​

Question 54

A two-factor study compares two different treatment conditions (factor 1)for males and females (factor 2).In this study,the males have an average score of 20 in the first treatment and an average of 25 in the second.The females average 35 in the first treatment and 45 in the second.For this study,there is no interaction.​

Question 55

In a two-factor experiment,an interaction can distort the main effects of either or both factors.​

Question 56

In a two-factor design,there are two separate interactions.

Question 57

In a factorial experimental design,independent variables are commonly called factors.

Question 58

A two-factor experimental design must involve at least four different treatment conditions.

Question 59

There are four levels of the second factor in a 3x4x4 factorial design.​

Question 60

It is possible for the results of a two-factor study to show an interaction even though there is no main effect for either factor.

Question 61

Describe two situations in which factorial designs are commonly used.​

Question 62

Explain what it means to say that main effects and interactions are all independent.​

Question 63

If the means from a two-factor study are displayed in a graph,how can you determine whether there is an interaction between factors?​

Question 64

For a two-factor design,describe what is meant by a "main effect" and an "interaction"?

Question 65

Describe how a second factor can be used to reduce the variance in a between-subjects experiment.

Question 66

Describe what it means to say that order effects are "symmetrical" or "asymmetrical."​

Question 67

Explain why the existence of an interaction limits the interpretation of the main effects in a two-factor study.​