Deck 7: Early School Age 4 to 6 Years

Question 1

The establishment of a gender preference depends on three factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) The match between one's strength and competence and the expectations of the gender-role standards
B) How much one likes the parent of the same sex
C) Understanding that gender is constant and stable
D) Cues from the culture valuing one sex over the other

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How does the knowledge of gender role standards influence a child's behavior?

A) It influences how much they love their parents.
B) It influences their food preferences and tastes.
C) It influences their preferences for certain toys and games.
D) It influences whether they will go to preschool.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following dimensions is an aspect of gender role identification?

A) Establishing a gender role preference
B) Developing an understanding of gender
C) Identifying with the opposite-sex parent
D) Acquiring gender role standards

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Yolanda and Leon have a son and a daughter. Both parents believe that their son should be assertive and that their daughter should try to please others. This is an example of

A) a gender label.
B) a gender-role preference.
C) a gender-role stereotype.

Question 5

Moral development in the early-school-age years involves growth in three domains:

A) emotions, knowledge, and action.
B) internalization, repression, and self-regulation.
C) cognitive, physical, and emotional.
D) internal motivation, external motivation, and ambition.

Question 6

Cultural cues that one sex is valued more than the other contributes to which of the following?

A) Forming a gender preference
B) Using gender labels
C) Learning gender-role standards
D) Understanding of gender constancy

Question 7

Which of the following is the earliest component of gender role identification to be achieved?

A) Sex-role preference
B) Correct use of gender labels
C) Sex-role standards
D) Understanding that gender is constant

Question 8

What are gender-role standards?

A) Cultural expectations about appropriate behavior for boys and girls, men and women
B) Knowing that gender is stable, i.e. girls become women, boys become men
C) Wanting to do the things that members of your sex are expected to do
D) Wanting to grow up to be like your same-sex parent

Question 9

Jeremy tends to incorporate the values and beliefs of another's into his own outlook and personality. Which of the following BEST explains this?

A) Heteronomous morality
B) Sex-role preference
C) Status
D) Identification

Question 10

Walter's view of gender differences is that there should be an emphasis on the role of socially agreed-upon norms for particular types of interaction. Walter's view is most closely aligned with the________ perspective.

A) constructivist
B) psychoanalytic
C) individual differences
D) cognitive developmental

Question 11

Terms such as boy, girl, mommy, daddy, aunt, and uncle are examples of

A) sex-role stereotypes.
B) gender bias.
C) sex-role standards.
D) gender labels.

Question 12

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents tend to have

A) homosexual gender preferences.
B) gender preferences that are similar to children raised in heterosexual homes.
C) a higher likelihood of becoming a homosexual.
D) none of these issues.

Question 13

The cognitive underpinning of one's gender role identification is referred to as a gender

A) label.
B) scheme.
C) constant.
D) preference.

Question 14

In a staff meeting at Acme Corporation, the men speak first and the women listen, waiting until they have something new or different to offer. How might the individual differences perspective on gender roles interpret this behavior?

A) Women are naturally more cautious and passive than men.
B) Women defer to men out of respect for their power and authority.
C) Women have a less well-developed problem-solving capacity than men.
D) All of these fit with an essential differences perspective.

Question 15

Which of the following terms refers to the integrated cognitive, social, and emotional schemes associated with being male or female?

A) Sex
B) Sexual orientation
C) Gender
D) Gender constancy

Question 16

You hear a 5-year-old girl say, "I love my mommy. When I grow up I want to be just like her." This is an example of which of the following?

A) Understanding gender labels
B) Identifying with the same-sex parent
C) Knowledge of gender-role standards
D) None of these

Question 17

According to learning theories, internalization is a result of

A) identification.
B) empathy.
C) rewards and punishments.
D) cognitive judgments.

Question 18

Jeannie likes to play football with her brothers. When they tease her about not acting like a girl, she responds, "Even when I play football like a boy, I'm still a girl." Jeannie is demonstrating an understanding of

A) genital identification.
B) sexual stereotypes.
C) gender constancy.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 19

For the early school age child, moral development involves a process of learning the family's moral code and then using it to guide behavior. This is called

A) avoidance conditioning.
B) internalization.
C) gender-role preference.
D) induction.

Question 20

What is an example of the idea that the family environment is gendered?

A) Fathers are more assertive than mothers in their interactions with children.
B) Fathers and mothers are both employed outside the home.
C) Families can be categorized by the sex of the head of household.
D) Children have less power in families than adults.

Question 21

Martin Luther King, Jr., who fought for civil rights of minorities and underrepresented groups, displayed what level of morality according to Kohlberg's theory?

A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Unconventional

Question 22

Kohlberg expanded on Piaget's theory by developing a theory of stages of moral judgment. Children of the early- school-age period (4 to 6 years of age) are most likely to be at which level?

A) Conventional
B) Preconventional
C) Postconventional
D) Unconventional

Question 23

The object relations theoretical perspective on moral development has revised Freud's original thinking in what way?

A) Morality is now considered primarily a new series of defense mechanisms against anxiety.
B) Moral development is viewed as almost entirely cognitive; the role of emotion is much less than Freud thought.
C) Moral development is seen as emerging earlier than Freud thought, in the context of the first close, emotional bonds with a caregiver.
D) Morality is seen as developing after latency, during the reawakening of Oedipal and Electra fantasies that accompany puberty.

Question 24

Six-year-old Francene sees rules as a product of cooperative agreements. Because of this, Francene is said to have achieved a level of ____________ morality.

A) schematic
B) heteronomous
C) autonomous
D) overt

Question 25

Research with early-school-age children suggests that their moral reasoning focuses on

A) upholding a social contract.
B) consequences of their behavior.
C) universal ethical principles.
D) conforming to the opinions of legitimate authorities.

Question 26

According to psychoanalytic theory, morality (superego) results from

A) empathy.
B) parental identification.
C) strong id impulses.
D) defense mechanisms.

Question 27

When a person decides whether something is morally right or wrong based on how individuals in positions of authority view it, the person is said to be at which level of moral reasoning?

A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Unconventional

Question 28

Samantha, who is 5 years old, is watching TV and sees a boy lie to his mother but suffer no consequence. According to social learning theory, she is likely to conclude that

A) lying is morally wrong.
B) lying is acceptable.
C) lying is a violation of one's social contract.
D) lying is okay for boys but not for girls.

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of a social convention transgression as compared to a moral transgression?

A) Using another child's hat and gloves
B) Telling a lie
C) Stealing from another student
D) Destroying another child's toy

Question 30

Several of Freud's ideas about moral development have been shown to be incorrect. Which idea below is an incorrect assumption of Freud's?

A) Males would have a weaker superego than females.
B) Identification with the mother has a greater role to play in moral development than identification with the father.
C) Girls' superego is weaker than boys' and girls are less able to resist temptation.
D) The superego develops in infancy.

Question 31

Alexis, a 6-year old, really wants to eat a cookie out of the cookie jar. However, she remembers how mad her mother got at her when she ate a cookie right before dinner last week and she starts to feel anxiety. In the end, Alexis decides not to eat the cookie because she knows it is wrong. This is an example of ________ conditioning.

A) anxiety
B) operant
C) reward
D) avoidance

Question 32

The most effective way to sustain internalization is through

A) avoidance conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) reward conditioning.
D) punishment.

Question 33

According to cognitive developmental theory, advances in moral reasoning occur when a child has to reconcile new views about basic moral concepts with existing views about what is right or wrong. This process is called

A) social convention.
B) empathy.
C) conventional morality.
D) equilibration.

Question 34

Every day Joseph watches Molly get in trouble when she rides her bike further than their mother allows them to go. Joseph really wants to go around the corner when riding his bike but he knows his mother will be angry and that he will get in trouble, so he stops at the corner and turns back toward their house on his bike. This is an example of

A) observation of models.
B) cognitive schemes.
C) help giving behaviors.
D) punishment.

Question 35

Piaget described the major transition in moral development from heteronomous to    ________morality.

A) sensitive
B) representational
C) egocentric
D) autonomous

Question 36

According to object relations theory, morality has its basis in which of the following?

A) Behaviors that are rewarded or punished
B) Behaviors that strengthen or threaten the bonds between the self and valued others
C) Behaviors that create cognitive disequilibrium
D) Behaviors that make it easy to delay gratification

Question 37

According to cognitive developmental theory, an important aspect of heteronomous moral behavior is

A) whether one believes the behavior would be observed and punished.
B) one's identification with a loving parent.
C) whether one understands that morality is a product of a social contract.
D) whether one has been punished by spanking or loss of privileges.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about stage 6 moral reasoning in Kohlberg's model is most accurate?

A) Stage 6 reasoning requires the development of a set of universal ethical principles that apply across time and culture.
B) Most adults function at stage 6 reasoning.
C) At stage 6, decisions about justice are based on whether the behavior upholds or violates the laws of society.
D) At stage 6, judgments about behavior are based on whether authorities approve or disapprove.

Question 39

What type of early childhood educational environment can promote more autonomous, flexible moral reasoning in young children?

A) Make sure rules are clearly stated at the beginning of the school year.
B) Punish children quickly and not overly severely when they break rules.
C) Involve children in rule making and teach them strategies to help resolve conflicts.
D) Make sure parents and teachers agree about what behaviors are wrong and how to correct these behaviors.

Question 40

According to social learning theory, learning the moral code occurs largely through which of the following?

A) Guilt and shame
B) Cognitive schemes
C) Help giving behaviors
D) Observation and imitation

Question 41

When televised heroes' violent actions are rewarded or viewed as successful, children are likely to imitate these actions. Which theory best accounts for this?

A) Object relations theory
B) Kohlberg's cognitive theory of moral development
C) Learning theory
D) Evolutionary theory

Question 42

James differentiated the "I" and the "me" as the components of the self. What is the "me"?

A) The self as knower
B) The self that imitates behavior
C) The self that reflects upon its own qualities
D) The self as an object that can be described by others

Question 43

The complexity and logic of the self theory changes as a result of

A) maturation of cognitive functions.
B) id impulses.
C) defense mechanisms.
D) gender labels.

Question 44

According to Damon and Hart, the organizing principle that integrates aspects of the self-concept during middle and later childhood is

A) beliefs and plans.
B) interpersonal goals.
C) comparative assessments.
D) categorical identifications.

Question 45

Five-year-old Gilbert is able to experience the emotion that he perceives someone else is experiencing. This means Gilbert is which of the following?

A) Egocentric
B) Guilty
C) Able to internalize
D) Empathetic

Question 46

The text treats " __________ " as a theory that links a person's understanding about the nature of the world, the nature of the self, and the meaning of interactions between the self and the environment.

A) superego
B) self-concept
C) gender preference
D) reward structure

Question 47

Of the various approaches to understanding moral development discussed in the text, which one makes the greatest contribution to understanding how children develop the emotions of guilt and remorse associated with morality?

A) Learning theory
B) Cognitive theory
C) Research on perspective taking
D) Psychoanalytic theory

Question 48

Selman's analysis of levels of social perspective taking suggests that children aged 4 to 6 years are likely to approach social conflicts in which way?

A) They assume all participants view the situation as they do.
B) They know that another's gain will be their loss.
C) They realize that people must take each other's point of view into account before acting.
D) They see all conflicts in terms of the consequences of their behavior for others.

Question 49

Perspective taking differs from empathy in which way?

A) They are both social skills.
B) Perspective taking does not occur at the early-school-age period.
C) Perspective taking involves recognizing someone's point of view, which may differ from one's own.
D) Perspective taking reduces a child's egocentrism.

Question 50

According to research, one of the most serious problems associated with televised violence is that

A) the violence is punished by violence.
B) the violence is glamorized and goes unpunished.
C) the violence is not easily understood by children.
D) only bad characters perform violent actions.

Question 51

Which of the following is a potential benefit of TV viewing in early childhood?

A) Children can learn to challenge social stereotypes from certain TV programming.
B) Children are quiet and calm while watching TV.
C) Childrn can avoid negative peer interactions in which differences of opinion can arise.
D) Children who watch a lot of televised violence see the world as a more dangerous place.

Question 52

Which of the following is the primary characteristic of the self theory that emerges in infancy?

A) Self as an independent, separate being
B) Self-criticism
C) The self as a blank slate
D) Self as responsive to others

Question 53

George has just realized the capacity for empathy. How old is George MOST LIKELY to be?

A) An infant
B) A toddler
C) Early school age
D) Middle school age

Question 54

The natural way that children between 4 and 6 years of age become more aware that people have different points of view is detailed in the theory of

A) thought.
B) morality.
C) cognition.
D) mind.

Question 55

In James's conceptualization of the self, what is one of the fundamental features of the "I"?

A) The self that one can describe
B) A sense of agency as one who initiates behavior
C) One's social roles
D) A sense that one's life is based on discrete, moment-to-moment experiences that do not show continuity

Question 56

Talia is a very young child. She is, however, able to recognize emotions in others. Which of the following provides Talia the basis for this?

A) Guilt
B) Sarcasm
C) Increased heart rate and blood pressure
D) Facial expressions

Question 57

Gloria and Dan have a policy at their home about their young children and television viewing. Which of the following MUST be their policy if it also agrees with the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics about television viewing for young children?

A) They let their children have televisions in their bedrooms.
B) They encourage TV viewing before bed.
C) They discourage all television viewing for any of their children under age 2.
D) They restrict television viewing to non-fictional programming only.

Question 58

What type of empathy is it when you recognize distress in another person and react in the same way you would if the distress were your own?

A) Empathy for another's life conditions
B) Empathy for another's feelings
C) Egocentric empathy
D) Global empathy

Question 59

How is temperament related to the effectiveness of discipline techniques?

A) Children who are slow to warm up never need to be disciplined.
B) Children who are fearful and inhibited need to experience love withdrawal as a discipline strategy.
C) Children who are active and insensitive to disapproval need more focused, directive discipline.
D) Children who are sociable and outgoing need to be disciplined using power assertion.

Question 60

Which of the following features characterizes self theory during the early and middle school years?

A) A preoccupation with an integration of past, present, and future selves
B) A new level of concern about comparative assessments
C) The beginning of self-awareness
D) The lack of self-evaluation content

Question 61

People with low self-esteem will see any failure as evidence of their

A) contextual dissonance.
B) lack of worth.
C) sense of efficacy.
D) subjective self-concept.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true about friendships during early school age?

A) Children of this age prefer mixed-sex play groups.
B) Children tend to evaluate each other on the basis of intentions which are usually seen as positive
C) Children like to let adults "sit in" on peer play sessions so that they can benefit from the adult's advanced play and problem solving.
D) Children tend to have a rather rigid approach to issues of social responsibility, so that peer play is frequently disrupted by quarrels, "tattling," and hard feelings about injustices.

Question 63

People who have high self-esteem

A) have strong positive evaluations of all of their abilities.
B) derive this sense of self-worth primarily through pretend activities.
C) find that failure increases their feelings of doubt about their basic worth.
D) use a variety of strategies to minimize the importance of negative feedback.

Question 64

What is one implication of the fact that girls and boys tend to form same-sex friendship groups?

A) Girls never experience leadership among friends.
B) Girls and boys develop distinct peer-communication strategies.
C) Boys learn to be better listeners and acquire valued skills for building group consensus.
D) Girls and boys lack gender identity so there are no same-sex friendships formed.

Question 65

The emotion that accompanies 6-year-old Samantha's sense that she has been responsible for an unacceptable thought, fantasy, or action is

A) depression.
B) fear.
C) guilt.
D) mistrust.

Question 66

David is 6 years old. He had a tooth pulled this afternoon. His mother just tucked him into bed promising him that the tooth fairy would be coming for the tooth while he sleeps. David puts pillows under his blanket and moves into the closet so he can see the tooth fairy take his tooth. This is an example of

A) mistrust.
B) initiative.
C) contextual dissonance.
D) parental identification.

Question 67

Young children often ask questions about why things are as they are, how things began, and what will happen in the future. This is a sign of

A) initiative.
B) trust.
C) autonomy.
D) creativity.

Question 68

What is the psychosocial crisis of early school age?

A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) Industry versus inferiority
D) Initiative versus guilt

Question 69

Suggesting a new game to play, trying to get other kids to play with you, or bragging to friends about something special are all examples of

A) play frustration.
B) initiative.
C) autonomy.
D) social referencing.

Question 70

Charlie and Zoey tend to use different strategies to achieve _________ in their same-sex friendship groups.

A) dominance
B) self-efficacy
C) continuity
D) sensorimotor equilibrium

Question 71

Why is hopscotch so popular with early-school-age children in many cultures?

A) The game has no fantasy element so children can focus on reality.
B) The game symbolizes perils of childhood and the need for balance while providing opportunities for mastery.
C) The game provides a sense of safety and security.
D) The game is easy, with few opportunities for failure.

Question 72

Mary does not feel like anyone likes her and she feels ignored, rejected, and scorned. Mary suffers from low

A) self-esteem.
B) creativity.
C) empathy.
D) persistence.

Question 73

Why are children likely to seek others of the same sex as play companions?

A) Because they believe these children will be kinder to them
B) Because parents guide them into same-sex play groups
C) Because they believe these other children will have the same play preferences they have
D) Because they believe these children will provide diverse mental representations of possible activities

Question 74

Which statement about self-esteem among early-school-age children is correct?

A) Early-school-age boys are more critical of their abilities than early-school-age girls.
B) Early-school-age children are exposed to low levels of peer criticism that challenge self-esteem.
C) Early-school-age children feel less guilty about violating rules and norms than younger children.
D) Early-school-age children are likely to experience feelings of depression and worthlessness that may crystallize into a scheme for low self-esteem.

Question 75

Ring-Around-the-Rosie, London Bridge, and Farmer-in-the-Dell are examples of

A) sensorimotor play.
B) group games.
C) team sports.
D) social pretend play.

Question 76

Group games permit children to shift roles. This contributes to which of the following?

A) Emotional regulation
B) Fantasy
C) Perspective-taking abilities
D) Self-esteem

Question 77

Which of the following is true about the groups girls and boys prefer during early school age?

A) Boys prefer mixed-sex groups while girls prefer same-sex groups.
B) Boys prefer two-person groups, while girls prefer larger groups.
C) Girls prefer two-person groups, while boys prefer larger groups.
D) Girls prefer mixed-sex groups while boys prefer same-sex groups.

Question 78

The ability to appreciate that what you know or believe to be true is different from what others know and believe to be true is a salient feature of

A) jealousy.
B) empathy.
C) self-awareness.
D) cognition.

Question 79

Six-year-old David's evaluation about his own worthiness is called

A) dissonance.
B) egocentrism.
C) self-esteem.
D) self theory.

Question 80

When Billy meets Jenny, he notices that she's wearing a Batman t-shirt. He says to her, "I like comic books, too!" Which strategy for initiating interaction is Billy utilizing?

A) Establishing common ground
B) Engaging in a critical interchange
C) Showing evidence of negative, irritable behavior
D) Making a weak demand