Deck 4: The Period of Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

Question 1

Russ is a geneticist who studies the nitrogen bases in the DNA molecule. Which of these is he studying?

A) Phenylthiocarbamide
B) Alleles
C) Cytosine
D) Proteome

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Why are some genetic characteristics referred to as sex-linked?

A) Because they influence men more than women
B) Because they encourage risky sexual behavior
C) Because they influence women more than men
D) None of these

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Abigail's professor asked her to explain what a gene is. Which of the following would be her BEST response?

A) A chain of DNA molecules
B) An egg or sperm cell
C) The observed characteristics of a trait
D) A portion of DNA that codes for the production of one protein

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Why are sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases important to DNA molecules?

A) Because they are what DNA molecules are composed of
B) Because DNA molecules react to each of these
C) Because, together, these counteract DNA molecule functions
D) Because DNA molecules "feed" on these proteins

Question 5

Emmanuelle has blue eyes. This is a result of which type of allelic relationship?

A) Recessive
B) Codominance
C) Cumulative
D) Crossing over

Question 6

A gene that is heterozygous has which of the following characteristics?

A) Alleles that are the same
B) Alleles that are different
C) Three alleles
D) Two identical pairs of alleles

Question 7

The genetic information about a trait is called the

A) prototype.
B) genotype.
C) phenotype.
D) stereotype.

Question 8

What is the probability that two heterozygous parents will produce a blue-eyed child?

A) .10
B) .25
C) .50
D) 0.0

Question 9

Kevin is a human male. Which of the following pairs reflects his chromosomes?

A) XY
B) YY
C) XX
D) XO

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE of the DNA molecule?

A) It is spherical.
B) It is shaped like a twisted rope ladder.
C) It is conical.
D) It is in the form of a pyramid.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of how genes influence the rate of development?

A) Genes determine eye color.
B) Genes determine blood type.
C) Genes determine sociability.
D) Genes determine the sequence of growth.

Question 12

Which of the following characteristics might Jenna pass on to her daughter through a specific gene pool?

A) Her body structure
B) Her brain weight
C) Her hair color
D) Her ability to walk upright

Question 13

In a dominance relation, if the dominant allele is present, what can be said about its characteristic?

A) It is always masked.
B) It is always sex-linked.
C) It is always combined.
D) It is always observed.

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE of the alternative states of a gene on the chromosome strands in a pair?

A) They destroy DNA.
B) They are anomalies.
C) They are alleles.
D) They form one genotype.

Question 15

What are chromosomes?

A) Cell nuclei
B) Heterozygous gametes
C) Strands of genetic material
D) Chains of alleles

Question 16

Which of the following of Jeremiah's traits are found on only one of his genes?

A) Sociability
B) Intelligence
C) Criminality
D) None of these

Question 17

Why is hemophilia a sex-linked trait?

A) Because it is carried on the 23^rd  chromosome pair
B) Because it is only observed after puberty
C) Because it never occurs in females
D) Because it interferes with normal sexual maturation

Question 18

It is obvious that Dawn's eye color gene is homozygous. If this is true, which of the following is also TRUE?

A) That gene is heterozygous.
B) That gene is a phenotype.
C) The alleles for that gene from both parents are the same.
D) The alleles for that gene from her parents are different.

Question 19

Luis is a 12-year-old boy. If one chromosome from one of his chromosome pairs is identified as having come from his father, from whom does the other chromosome in that pair come?

A) It also comes from his father.
B) It comes from his mother.
C) It comes from Luis himself.
D) There is no way to know.

Question 20

Clarissa knows that she has a different number of chromosomes in each of her cells than does her cat, Leo. How many chromosome pairs are in each of Clarissa's cells?

A) 20
B) 23
C) 25
D) 28

Question 21

How might genetic counseling influence the gene pool?

A) Deciding not to have children decreases the incidence of a disease over time.
B) Counseling increases the risk-taking behaviors of couples who carry a genetic disease.
C) Counseling results in gene transfer therapy.
D) Genetic counseling cannot influence the gene pool.

Question 22

A child's measured intelligence is a product of the child's genotype for intelligence and the quality of the environment in which the child is raised and educated. This is an example of the concept of

A) genetic anomaly.
B) gene therapy.
C) reaction range.
D) delayed reaction.

Question 23

In the comparison study of parents of naturally conceived or adopted children with parents of children conceived through assisted reproduction, the parents who used assisted reproduction

A) showed less warmth to their children than the other parents.
B) showed more warmth to their children than the other parents.
C) showed higher stress than the other parents.
D) showed lower levels of interaction with their children.

Question 24

Wilson is a sixth-grader who was born with a genetic abnormality. If he has one hundred classmates, how many of them, on average, were also born with genetic abnormalities?

A) 3 or 4
B) 15
C) 25
D) 45

Question 25

Sarah is in her first trimester. Which phrase best describes her current stage?

A) Quickening
B) Cognitive maturation
C) Effacement
D) Embryonic period

Question 26

Yolanda's egg is now just ready to receive David's sperm. How long do they have to have intercourse before her egg begins to disintegrate?

A) 1 hour
B) 24 hours
C) 2 days
D) 24 days

Question 27

If David and Yolanda want to increase their chances of conceiving a child, they should have intercourse no more than how long before Yolanda's ovulation period?

A) 1 day
B) 1 hour
C) 5 days
D) 5 hours

Question 28

Pamela recently gave birth. She had a very typical pregnancy. How long was Pamela's pregnancy?

A) 11 months
B) Longer than any other mammal
C) 38 weeks from ovulation
D) 4 trimesters

Question 29

Which of the following uses of genetic technology is LEAST controversial in today's society?

A) Cloning of mammals
B) Using gene therapy to treat a known disease
C) Gene transfer
D) Genetic fingerprinting

Question 30

When a nucleus of an egg cell is removed and replaced with the DNA from an adult cell, which of the following has just occurred?

A) DNA replacement
B) Nuclear replacement
C) Nuclear transplantation
D) Hormonal replacement therapy

Question 31

Which of the following family relationships shows the most similarity in measured intelligence?

A) Siblings
B) Adopted child and siblings
C) Monozygotic twins
D) Dizygotic twins

Question 32

How are gamete cells different from other cells in the body?

A) They have membranes that surround them.
B) They contain genetic information.
C) They disintegrate and die.
D) They each contain 23 chromosomes rather than 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 33

This morning, George and Katrina are at a fertility clinic to have George's sperm artificially inseminated into Katrina. The doctor has told Katrina she will need to take it easy after the procedure until the time that the embryo is implanted into her uterus. For about how long will Katrina need to take it easy?

A) 6 days
B) 1 day
C) 6 hours
D) 6 weeks

Question 34

What is the pregnancy rate for women using Assisted Reproductive Technology? In other words, what percent of cycles result in pregnancies?

A) 60%
B) 40%
C) 30%
D) 20%

Question 35

Matthew has the genetic potential to have an above average IQ. However, he has been placed in a foster home where he is never read to, no one speaks to him, and he is left to play alone much of the day. When he starts first grade, his measured IQ is 85. This is an example of the concept of

A) codominance.
B) norm of reaction.
C) Down syndrome.
D) genetically regulated rate of growth.

Question 36

Harold has the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability in the United States. Which of the following is TRUE of Harold?

A) He has Down syndrome.
B) He was born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
C) He has acquired Tay Sachs disease.
D) He suffers from Turner's syndrome.

Question 37

Sometimes, early in the gestational process, a single fertilized egg divides and separates. Two individuals with exactly the same chromosomal composition begin to form. This results in ________ twins.

A) monozygotic
B) fraternal
C) sibling
D) dizygotic

Question 38

Which scenario illustrates how genetic factors influence a child's environment?

A) Mary and Bill were raised in the country so they want to raise their children in the country.
B) Tina is very sociable and outgoing. She loves to have friends over to the house who also get to play with her baby, Joe.
C) Karen is going to an elementary school where children are grouped by the first letter of their last name for reading instruction.
D) Craig and Alice have decided that they only want one child. Martin is that child.

Question 39

What do Tay Sachs and Thalassemia have in common?

A) They are both unrelated to genetics.
B) They both have the same symptoms.
C) They both affect only African Americans.
D) They are both genetic diseases linked to ancestry.

Question 40

Alexandra has the most commonly known cause of genetically linked anomaly. Which of the following is TRUE of Alexandra?

A) She has a single gene.
B) She has chromosomal damage.
C) She has multiple genes interacting with environmental factors.
D) She has an absence of a chromosome pair.

Question 41

Agents that can produce malformations in the fetus while tissues and organs are forming are called

A) teratogens.
B) zygote perils.
C) amniotics.
D) gestational intercepts.

Question 42

Valerie is pregnant and now at the stage of her pregnancy where her unborn baby is at its most vulnerable period of prenatal development to teratogens. At what stage of her pregnancy is Valerie?

A) Her third trimester
B) Her second trimester
C) 3-9 weeks
D) Her first month

Question 43

In the second trimester, the pregnant woman experiences early fetal movement called

A) neural awakening.
B) fluttering.
C) amniotic waves.
D) quickening.

Question 44

When does the differentiation of the sex organs occur in fetal development?

A) The germinal period
B) The embryonic period
C) The fetal period
D) The third trimester

Question 45

The goal established by the United States Public Health Service regarding childbirth via cesarean delivery is to

A) make cesarean delivery the standard method of childbirth by the year 2012.
B) increase the incidence of cesarean deliveries from 24% to 30% of all births.
C) reduce the rate of cesarean deliveries to 15%.
D) reduce the number of days in the hospital following cesarean deliveries.

Question 46

Why does Celine's uterus contract during her labor and birth process?

A) Because it serves the purposes of dilation and effacement
B) Because it forces the crowning function
C) Because it is necessary for the transition
D) Because it pauses delivery processes for the sake of the mother

Question 47

Ingrid and her sister-in-law Jenna both began labor at the same time this morning. It is Ingrid's first birth and Jenna's third. Which of the following will MOST LIKELY be true of their deliveries?

A) They will happen at about the same time because most women experience very similar lengths of labor.
B) Ingrid's will be shorter because this is her first birth, and it is Jenna's third.
C) Ingrid's will be longer because this is her first birth, and it is Jenna's third.
D) There is no way to tell whose will be shorter or longer because length of labor is highly variable from woman to woman.

Question 48

Elouise is 23 weeks pregnant. At this stage, how will her baby's foot appear?

A) The same as full term but much smaller
B) Malformed but nearly as large as full term
C) Unlike a foot
D) Without five distinct toes

Question 49

Linda's pregnancy is at the end of its second month. About how large is the embryo inside of Linda?

A) 1 millimeter
B) 1 inch
C) 3 inches
D) 5 inches

Question 50

What prevents the fetus from experiencing a sense of smell?

A) The nostrils are plugged with skin cells and then filled with amniotic fluid.
B) The brain is not developed enough to detect odors.
C) There is no sense of smell without a sense of taste.
D) The sense of smell requires cognitive interpretation which does not take place until 6 months of age.

Question 51

April is in the second stage of psychological adaptation to the birth process. How many more stages will she go through?

A) Three
B) Four
C) Five
D) Seven

Question 52

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period associated with pregnancy?

A) The fetus assumes the fetal position.
B) The mother's heartbeat quickens.
C) The placenta is formed.
D) The fetus begins to suck and swallow.

Question 53

Megan, who is 8 weeks pregnant, is passing all of the nutrients she takes in to the embryo inside of her. Through which organ is this occurring?

A) Her placenta
B) Her neural tube
C) Her amniotic sac
D) Her fallopian tube

Question 54

Marla and Audrey just heard their unborn child's heartbeat for the first time. How far along, roughly, is Audrey's pregnancy?

A) 8 months
B) 6 months
C) 3 months
D) 4 weeks

Question 55

How does the text's description of stages of labor differ from the medical model?

A) The text includes a special stage for expulsion of the placenta.
B) The text includes a stage of early signs that labor is approaching.
C) The text includes a stage that focuses on delivery of the baby.
D) The text includes a stage of selecting the obstetrician and hospital where the baby will be born.

Question 56

Which of the following is TRUE of two-thirds of infant deaths?

A) They are the result of SIDS.
B) They are the result of low birth weight.
C) They occur within the first month after birth.
D) They occur after the first 3 months after birth.

Question 57

Juanita is in her second trimester of pregnancy. Which of the following behaviors is the fetus inside her just now experiencing?

A) Preference for a sweet taste
B) Assuming the fetal position
C) Grasp reflex
D) Vocalization

Question 58

A mother who agrees to carry an implanted embryo for her daughter and then gives the birthed baby to her daughter to raise has assisted

A) as a grandmother proxy.
B) with in vitro fertilization.
C) as a surrogate mother.
D) in an illegal procedure.

Question 59

The final psychological adaptation stage of the birth process is

A) the postpartum period.
B) the expulsion of the placenta.
C) the mother's move to a sterile delivery room.
D) calling friends and family.

Question 60

What is known about the effects of cesarean delivery on mothers?

A) Mothers who had a cesarean delivery are less satisfied with their childbirth experiences.
B) The experience of a cesarean delivery is associated with lower confidence in one's ability to parent.
C) The experience of a cesarean delivery increases anxiety and stress at home.
D) Mothers who had a cesarean delivery have less positive interactions with their babies at 4 and 12 months of age.

Question 61

Which factor is most likely to reduce the likelihood that a pregnant woman will experience depression?

A) Reading about birthing options
B) Maternity leave
C) Focusing more on the baby
D) Financial resources

Question 62

What is the impact of a husband's presence on his wife's childbirth experience?

A) The women report that they experience less pain, and they use less medication.
B) The women experience longer deliveries.
C) The women are more self-conscious.
D) The women form a more immediate attachment to their babies.

Question 63

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the influence of a woman's emotional state on her pregnancy and delivery?

A) A mother's anxiety and irritability help speed up labor.
B) Women who are experiencing marital difficulties are likely to have shorter labors.
C) Anxious and irritable women are more likely to experience labor complications.
D) Extreme emotions of joy and elation are just as disruptive as anxiety and depression.

Question 64

Thalidomide, a prescription drug prescribed for morning sickness in the 1960s, was associated with

A) reduced birth weight.
B) premature births.
C) miscarriages.
D) major deformities in baby's limbs.

Question 65

What impact might a father's depression have on a mother during her pregnancy?

A) It makes her more likely to suffer from gestational diabetes.
B) It increases her sense of isolation and depression.
C) It makes her more relaxed during childbirth.
D) None of these impact the mother.

Question 66

Francine drank alcohol heavily during her pregnancy. She delivered a child, Gilbert, with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Which of the following is young Gilbert also likely to experience?

A) Reduced height
B) Central nervous system disorders
C) Blindness
D) Malformations of the joints

Question 67

Which of the following is a risk of smoking during pregnancy?

A) Women who smoke are at greater risk for miscarriages and stillbirths.
B) Women who smoke have longer labor.
C) Women who smoke are more likely to have multiple births (twins, triplets).
D) Babies born to women who smoke are more likely to be born with facial malformations.

Question 68

In Japan, becoming pregnant and giving birth to a child

A) has a negative effect on a woman's social status.
B) is viewed as interfering with productivity at work.
C) is the highest role a woman can play.
D) results in women losing their impact in the community.

Question 69

Taylor is addicted to caffeine. She has never been able to function without at least three cups of strong coffee per day. Now that she has become pregnant, Taylor has asked her doctor how much coffee she can safely consume per day. Which of the following is likely to be her doctor's answer?

A) No more than 100 milligrams
B) No more than 300 milligrams
C) No more than 500 milligrams
D) No more than 1000 milligrams

Question 70

MaryAnne describes her feelings about pregnancy as sometimes anxious or depressed and sometimes excited and hopeful. MaryAnne's feelings are considered

A) signs of bipolar disorder.
B) signs of postpartum depression.
C) signs of a vitamin deficiency.
D) normal.

Question 71

Reducing high levels of caffeine intake during pregnancy is likely to do which of the following?

A) Result in better health of the baby
B) Not have any affect on the health of the baby
C) Prevent fetal alcohol syndrome
D) Increase health risks of the unborn child

Question 72

A newborn infant shows symptoms of irritability, high-pitched cry, muscle spasms, fever, sleep disturbance, and feeding problems. What is one likely diagnosis?

A) The mother is a cigarette smoker.
B) The mother is addicted to.
C) The mother addicted to alcohol.
D) The mother is diabetic.

Question 73

What is the most important factor that contributes to prematurity for babies born to mothers age 16 and younger?

A) The mother's lack of social support
B) The mother's inadequate diet
C) The mother's biological immaturity
D) The mother's anxiety

Question 74

Joanne is expecting her child, but she lives in a low income region of the U.S.. She is currently below the poverty line. Which of these is an income-related regional problem that could affect the survival of Joanne's baby?

A) Age of the mother
B) Adequacy of medical facilities available
C) The mother's attitude about the baby
D) Anti-infant mortality laws

Question 75

Shayna would like to get pregnant because she knows she is within the age range at which she is least likely to experience complications in childbirth. Which of the following age ranges can Shayna NOT be within?

A) Between 20 and 25
B) Between 25 and 35
C) Between 16 and 20
D) Between 36 and 40

Question 76

The consequence to the fetus of exposure to teratogens varies by

A) dosage.
B) doctor.
C) religion.
D) gender.

Question 77

In a longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol, what was one of the findings?

A) By 4 years old, the negative effects of exposure to alcohol were no longer observed.
B) Children who had been exposed to alcohol prenatally were delayed in motor development.
C) A positive family environment could not compensate for the negative effects of alcohol exposure.
D) There were no enduring effects of alcohol for women who consumed 1 to 2 ounces per day.

Question 78

Ursula is 42 years old. Which of the following is TRUE of Ursula, compared to women who are in their 20s and 30s?

A) She will tend to have shorter labor.
B) She will tend to have longer labor.
C) She will be more likely to have a male child.
D) She will be more likely to have a female child.

Question 79

About how many years of potential childbearing are there for healthy women?

A) 35
B) 30
C) 20
D) 10

Question 80

Julia is 43 years old and pregnant for the first time. Which of the following is she at higher risk for than her neighbor, who is also pregnant but only 24 years old?

A) Having a baby with Down syndrome
B) Having an abortion
C) Eating an inadequate diet
D) Getting divorced