Deck 6: Toddlerhood Ages 2 to 4 Years

Question 1

Jamison was born into a Spanish-speaking family. Although he attends a preschool where English is the only language spoken, he is also able to communicate fully in Spanish with his parents and grandparents at home. Which of the following does this BEST represent?

A) Telegraphic speech
B) Communicative competence
C) Grammatical transformation
D) Scaffolding

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which motive primarily accounts for a toddler's enthusiasm for locomotion?

A) The fear of failure
B) The drive for mastery
C) The need for being protected
D) The need for parental discipline

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Children gain which of the following skills as their locomotor skills develop?

A) New ways of remaining close to the object of attachment
B) New ways for investigating the environment
C) New strategies for coping with stressful situations
D) All of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Semiotic thinking refers to the understanding of

A) basic rules for mental manipulation.
B) representations such as symbols or signs.
C) fundamental movement patterns.
D) basic principles of self regulation.

Question 5

Desmond is a healthy 4-year-old. According to Piaget, Desmond is in which of the following periods?

A) Sensorimotor intelligence
B) Oedipal conflict
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Preoperational thought

Question 6

Four-year-old Matthew has not yet mastered any of the rules that guide the combination of the words and phrases he uses, and therefore there is little meaning in what he says. Which of the following has Matthew NOT yet mastered?

A) Grammar
B) Vocabulary
C) Language
D) Symbols

Question 7

Advanced locomotor skills may

A) increase dependence on caregivers.
B) decrease caregiver's safety concerns for the child.
C) increase conflicts with caregivers.
D) decrease new struggles of willfulness between child and caregiver.

Question 8

Mental images, symbolic drawing, and imitation in the absence of a model are examples of which of the following?

A) Concrete thinking
B) Operational schemes
C) Hypothetic-deductive reasoning
D) Representational thinking

Question 9

Physical activity contributes in a fundamental way to

A) a toddler's self-concept.
B) a parent's mental health.
C) gender role development.
D) a father's involvement with a toddler.

Question 10

What is telegraphic speech?

A) One word expressions
B) Whining, cooing, and grunting
C) Short sentences without unnecessary words
D) Vocalization without meaning

Question 11

Communicative gestures occur

A) before production of spoken words.
B) after production of spoken words.
C) same time as production of spoken words.
D) without variability among children.

Question 12

Children begin toddlerhood with relatively uncoordinated, hesitant movement skills and

A) progress only if actively and rigorously trained.
B) remain this way until the next stage of development.
C) make amazing accomplishments in acquiring coordination and complex locomotor skills.
D) frequently backtrack while focusing on language acquisition.

Question 13

When 3-year-old Juliana makes adjustments to the social setting that are necessary to produce and interpret communication, she is using which component of communicative competence?

A) Pragmatics
B) Verbatim accounts
C) Moral judgments
D) Fast mapping

Question 14

Which characteristic is a feature of children's behavior during toddlerhood?

A) Introspection
B) Reading
C) Playing team sports
D) High level of physical activity

Question 15

Through the achievement of communicative competence, children

A) become increasingly integrated into their culture.
B) learn when to speak and when to remain silent.
C) learn how to approach communication with parents, peers, and authority figures.
D) all of these.

Question 16

What is the difference between symbols and signs?

A) Symbols are usually related in some way to the object they stand for; signs are more abstract in that there is no direct relation between the sign and what it stands for.
B) There is no direct relation between a symbol and what it stands for, but there is a direct relation between a sign and what it stands for.
C) Symbols are more powerful mental tools than signs.
D) Symbols are semiotic; signs are sensorimotor.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a representational skill in toddlerhood?

A) Javier zipping his coat
B) Harvinder telling a make-believe story
C) Jennifer sorting blocks by color
D) Kevin designing a scientific experiment

Question 18

The toddler's preoccupation with locomotor activities such as walking, jumping, and running appears to provide the groundwork for

A) basic work style.
B) lifelong movement patterns.
C) school performance patterns.
D) representational thinking.

Question 19

As children acquire representational skills, they gain the ability to

A) make their wishes come true.
B) compare their performance to the performance of others.
C) communicate about the past and create imagined experiences.
D) move more freely in the environment.

Question 20

Pamela's mother has noticed that her 3-year-old daughter is now using many words. These words are, in essence, ________.

A) signs
B) sensorimotor schemes
C) desires
D) preoperational communications

Question 21

As children enter toddlerhood, they begin to imitate parental activities when they are alone. This is the beginning of which of the following?

A) Sensorimotor play
B) Parallel play
C) Group play
D) Symbolic play

Question 22

Franco is three-and-a-half years old. Assuming he is an "average" toddler, he will be ________ before incorporating words into his vocabulary.

A) able to assess the expertise of their language partner
B) unable to assess the expertise of their language partner
C) able to grasp the complete meaning
D) under stress

Question 23

A child's ability to pretend provides insight into his or her

A) temperament.
B) attachment status.
C) theory of mind.
D) environmental resources.

Question 24

In what way(s) does language play a critical role in adolescent and adult psychosocial crises, especially the establishment of group identity, intimacy, and generativity?

A) Attains levels of disclosure that sustain significant personal relationships
B) Serves as a mechanism for resolving conflicts
C) Serves as a mechanism for building a sense of cohesiveness within groups
D) All of these

Question 25

What is a child's language partner's purpose in using expansion and prompting when interacting with a toddler?

A) To show the child that speaking well does not require the use of sentences that are grammatically correct
B) To increase the child's ability to fastmap words
C) To help the child communicate more effectively by expanding on or asking the child to elaborate on something of interest to him/her
D) To model a problem-solving strategy that the child can use when dealing with complex situations

Question 26

Which of the following has been identified as an especially important activity in preparing a child for literacy and for expanding a child's language skills?

A) Reading silently
B) Reading aloud
C) Watching television
D) Drawing with friends

Question 27

Which statement best characterizes early two-word expressions for children across cultures?

A) There is great variation in the types of words and word combinations used within each culture.
B) Children in all cultures say "all gone" or its equivalent as one of their very first two-word sentences.
C) Children rarely make reference to movement or action words.
D) Only English-speaking children use two-word sentences.

Question 28

"All gone Mommy," and "Go Bye Bye" are examples of

A) gestures.
B) telegraphic speech
C) fast mapping.
D) holophrases.

Question 29

Adults in White, middle-class, Western societies tend to use which of the following techniques when speaking to toddlers in order to facilitate the children's language acquisition?

A) They emphasize the future and the past so that the child becomes aware of time in his/her speech.
B) They use long, complex sentences to extend the child's language abilities.
C) They use simplified, redundant utterances that correspond with the child's interests and comprehension levels.
D) They tease their children in order to give them a chance to develop a quick wit.

Question 30

Of the following list, which is the earliest milestone in language development?

A) Vocabulary of more than 75 words
B) Two-word sentences
C) Responding to commands such as "Show me your nose."
D) All phrases appear to be the child's own creation

Question 31

The capacity for pretense requires that children understand the difference between ________ and _________.

A) signs; symbols
B) pretend; real
C) language; thinking
D) fantasy; play

Question 32

Among the choices below, which is the most important factor that caregivers contribute for the cognitive growth of their toddler?

A) Nutritious meals
B) Opportunities for verbal engagement
C) Providing for safety
D) Enrollment in childcare

Question 33

A three-year-old may say, "I runned fast." This is an example of

A) two-word sentences.
B) overregularization.
C) expansion.
D) scaffolding.

Question 34

During the time when Lars was learning to talk, his parents spoke to him a great deal, and Lars and his parents often took turns in their interactions. One of the parents was often in the same room with Lars. When Nick was learning to talk, his parents were mostly silent, waiting for him to say things. Usually they were in a different room and shouted commands such as "Play with your stacker." What would you predict the relationship between Lars and Nick's IQ would be at 3 years of age?

A) There would be no difference in IQ.
B) Nick would have a higher IQ.
C) Lars would have a higher verbal IQ.
D) Lars would have a higher verbal IQ, and Nick would have a higher nonverbal IQ.

Question 35

What are grammatical transformations?

A) Ways of expanding on a young child's language
B) Rules for two-word sentences
C) Rules for polite speech
D) Rules for word order and for adding modifiers or inflections to convey meaning

Question 36

Timmy says: "All gone Daddy," and his mother says: "Yes, Timmy. Daddy has gone to work." This is an example of

A) grammar.
B) lack of match between parent and child.
C) expansion.
D) motherese.

Question 37

Which of the following predicts the level of a child's language development at ages 2 and 3?

A) The child's age at jumping
B) The quality of social games as an infant
C) Conversations between mother and daycare teacher
D) When the child began to babble

Question 38

Marina has a vocabulary of over 300 words and uses two-word phrases. She likes to talk and clearly enjoys participating in social talk. Marina is about ______ months of age.

A) 12
B) 18
C) 24
D) 36

Question 39

Agnes is a 3-year-old growing up in a family that is open to identifying and talking about emotions. Because of this, Agnes is more likely to

A) have mental health problems.
B) show less skill in identifying the feelings of others.
C) show fearful behavior in the family.
D) show sensitivity to others in relationships outside the family.

Question 40

What is the primary effect of bilingualism for a child?

A) It expands access to concepts.
B) It causes the child to be confused.
C) It restricts the child's social network.
D) It reduces a child's mathematical advancement.

Question 41

Which of the following would help toddlers learn how to manage their angry impulses?

A) Sense of humor and motor skills
B) Self-awareness and activity level
C) Model acceptable ways to express angry feelings
D) Temperament and attachment

Question 42

Children learn a great deal about how to control anger by doing which of the following?

A) Watching their parents when they are angry
B) Having a pet
C) Listening to verbal discussions about anger
D) Interacting with angry peers

Question 43

Now that Jason and Susan are raising their third toddler, they are well aware that the immediate goal of ________ is to achieve compliance.

A) communication
B) imitation
C) autonomy
D) discipline

Question 44

According to research, how common is it for children to have imaginary companions?

A) Very rare; less than 3% of all children report having imaginary companions.
B) Only very gifted children have imaginary companions.
C) Only bilingual children have imaginary companions.
D) Almost half of children report having an imaginary companion.

Question 45

Which of the following is a common function of an imaginary companion?

A) Helping the child work out conflicts between right and wrong
B) Helping the child develop categorization skills
C) Promoting the scheme for the permanent object
D) Establishing a sense of secure attachment

Question 46

How does 4-year-old Miguel MOST LIKELY use fantasy play to help him control his emotions?

A) By creating fantasies of being punished for expression of impulses
B) By avoiding situations that are beyond their real-world capabilities to control
C) By intensifying his impulses in fantasies
D) By creating imaginary situations in which disturbing problems can be expressed and resolved

Question 47

Which of the following has been defined as the ability to comply with a request, modify behavior according to the situation, postpone action, and behave in a socially acceptable way?

A) Superego control
B) Self-control
C) Social control
D) Behavioral compliance

Question 48

What social characteristic is associated with well-developed pretending skills?

A) Isolation
B) Stubbornness
C) Empathy
D) Assertiveness

Question 49

In which type of play do children coordinate their pretense by establishing a fantasy structure, taking roles, agreeing on the make-believe meaning of props, and solving pretend problems?

A) Solitary play
B) Social pretend play
C) Social play
D) Sensorimotor play

Question 50

As children become more skillful in their fantasy play, they tend to________   .

A) elaborate on common, daily experiences
B) use real objects as props in their pretense
C) benefit most from adult supervision
D) include others in their play

Question 51

Children who have well-developed pretending skills

A) have advanced abilities to take the point of view of others.
B) are rather solitary and not well-liked by peers.
C) have relatively undeveloped communication skills.
D) have relatively inflexible approaches to problem solving.

Question 52

Which of the following describes the earliest phases of pretend play?

A) The child pretends to do some action he or she has actually done or seen someone do in the past.
B) The child links a sequence of actions together to tell a story.
C) The child uses an imaginary prop to substitute for a real object.
D) The child creates an imaginary companion.

Question 53

Which of the following describes the direction of fantasy play from the beginning of toddlerhood to the end?

A) The play becomes less planned and more associational (one action sparks the rest).
B) The play relies increasingly on real objects.
C) The play is based largely on the imitation of real world characters.
D) The play becomes more organized and play leaders emerge.

Question 54

Marta's son Roberto is very upset and angry. He is overtired from their trip to the zoo, and he just fell down and scraped his knee on the sidewalk. Marta brings Roberto on her lap, and tries to comfort him by talking about all the fun they have had and how tiring the day was. What is she teaching Roberto?

A) She is teaching him that big boys should not cry.
B) She is teaching him how to use language to gain control of intense feelings.
C) She is teaching him that he has no control over his feelings.
D) She is teaching him to feel afraid of her.

Question 55

Which of the following is an important factor in a toddler's ability to control impulses?

A) An increased ability to withstand delays in gratification
B) An increase in sensorimotor intelligence
C) The development of running and jumping ability
D) An increased understanding of the concept of distance

Question 56

What is the goal in the socialization of the expression and control of angry feelings?

A) To let children know that anger is never acceptable
B) To teach children how to find acceptable expressions of anger without hurting themselves or others
C) To teach children that it is acceptable to express anger to those outside the family but not toward family members
D) To make sure that children experience strong feelings of shame and doubt when they get angry

Question 57

Gweneth has recently become increasingly dramatic in her roleplaying, including by taking on the role of other people and creating fantasy situations. Which of the following age groups is Gweneth MOST LIKELY in?

A) 7-9 years
B) 5-7 years
C) 3-5 years
D) 1-3 years

Question 58

According to Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, children in pretend play

A) reveal the areas of competence they are striving to master.
B) show the limits of their patience.
C) play best with the children closest to them physically.
D) often regress in preschool play.

Question 59

How did Erikson view fantasy play?

A) As a mechanism that allows a child to assimilate reality and redefine it
B) As providing insight into the cognitive capacities for children who have some form of language delay
C) A mechanism for dramatizing the psychological conflicts with which children are struggling
D) As activity that enhances complex language use and problem solving

Question 60

What advantage do toddlers who remain in a stable childcare arrangement have over children who move from setting to setting?

A) They have more advanced motor skills.
B) They engage in more complex social pretend play.
C) They adapt more readily to new environments.
D) They form closer attachments to adults.

Question 61

Which of the following will MOST LIKELY lead 4-year-old Quinton to a positive belief that he is someone who can make things happen?

A) Will
B) Hope
C) Care
D) Fidelity to others

Question 62

Four-year-old Suzy is feeling a sense of autonomy. Which of the following MOST LIKELY allowed her to feel this?

A) Hope
B) Caring
C) Imitation
D) Envy

Question 63

The prototype for the conflict between autonomy and social demands for conformity in toddlerhood is

A) answering the telephone.
B) eating with a spoon.
C) wearing lace-up shoes.
D) toilet training.

Question 64

Which of the following is 3-year-old Maxwell MOST LIKELY to be able to exhibit at his young age?

A) Withdrawal and depression
B) Hysteria and phobia
C) Regression and denial
D) Obsessions and compulsions

Question 65

The ability to control impulses and     ________are two components of the developmental task of self-control.

A) imitation in the absence of the model
B) self-esteem
C) cooperation
D) self-regulated goal attainment

Question 66

Which of the following statements is most characteristic of the early part of toddlerhood?

A) I can beat you.
B) I will keep at it until I get it done.
C) I feel great about doing it well.
D) No, no, no!

Question 67

According to Vygotsky's view,        ________plays a key role in helping young children solve problems and attain their goals.

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) egocentric speech
D) parallel play

Question 68

For a toddler, what is one of the consequences of having strong feelings of shame and doubt?

A) Seeking out new information
B) Avoiding new activities
C) Realistic expectations about performance
D) Extreme sensitivity to the feelings of others

Question 69

Which of the following approaches to disciplining a toddler is especially effective in promoting positive child outcomes?

A) The discipline should take place after a few hours so the child has time to think about the misdeed.
B) The discipline should be firm but not overly harsh because harsh punishment is associated with maladaptive consequences.
C) The discipline should be administered at intervals so that the toddler will be reminded of the misdeed.
D) The discipline should occur continuously over a sustained period of time to aid in retention.

Question 70

The ability to delay gratification of impulses varies from toddler to toddler. Which of the following is associated with differences in the ease or difficulty children have in controlling their impulses?

A) Children who are more active and aggressive have better control of their impulses.
B) Children who have a secure attachment with their caregiver are better able to regulate their impulses.
C) Toddlers who can tell time are better able to control their impulses.
D) Children who are indifferent to the distress of others are better able to control their impulses.

Question 71

When Margot disciplines her two toddlers, she expresses disappointment, refuses to communicate, or turns away from them. Which of the following strategies does Margot employ?

A) Ego engagement
B) Induction
C) Power assertion
D) Love withdrawal

Question 72

Three-year-old Noah is feeling shame at the moment. Noah has not, however, failed to live up to anyone's standards. Which of the following, then, is MOST LIKELY the cause of Noah's shame?

A) Social ridicule
B) Too much praise
C) Being overly indulged
D) Spending too much time watching television

Question 73

By the end of toddlerhood, children who have been allowed to experience autonomy will likely

A) be more hyperactive.
B) have a strong foundation of self-confidence.
C) have more anxiety associated with behaving independently.
D) be unusually capable in being able to delay gratification.

Question 74

Austin is motivated to increase her competence through persistent investigation and skillful problem solving. She wants to achieve a sense of

A) affiliation.
B) emotional control.
C) mastery.
D) assertiveness.

Question 75

Sam does not believe in using either power assertion or love withdrawal to discipline his daughter. He does, however, use one of the three major kinds of discipline practice. Which of the following discipline strategies does Sam use?

A) Induction
B) Avoidance
C) Playfulness
D) Imitation

Question 76

In Mischel's research, children who had waited longer in an experimental situation that required self-imposed delay of gratification at age 4 were described by their parents 10 years later as________ than their peers.

A) having more difficulty using and responding to reason
B) more distractible and less able to concentrate
C) more frustrated
D) more verbally fluent and able to plan ahead

Question 77

The primary motivation for imitation in toddlerhood is the drive for

A) affiliation.
B) mastery and competence.
C) power.
D) generativity.

Question 78

Benjamin is trying to put some blocks together to make a tall tower. As he works he says, "Be careful, go slow." This is an example of the use of speech for

A) self-directed goal attainment.
B) self-comforting.
C) self-regulation.
D) self-esteem.

Question 79

Children who can express anger and not lose control make gains in the development of

A) autonomy.
B) trust.
C) imitation.
D) language.

Question 80

Which of the following is the psychosocial crisis of toddlerhood?

A) Initiative versus guilt
B) Imitation versus inferiority
C) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) Peer group membership versus despair