Deck 19: Nutrition and Heart Disease

Question 1

Cholesterol is soluble in fat.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The use of vitamin B12,folic acid,vitamin C,and vitamin E supplements reduces the risk of heart disease.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Overall,the incidence of heart disease is declining in the United States.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A side effect of chronic inflammation is that it damages lipids,cells,and tissues.

Question 5

About one in three individuals are cholesterol hyper-responders.

Question 6

Chest pain is referred to as angina.

Question 7

Heart disease is a progressive disease that may begin in childhood.

Question 8

Deaths from heart disease are distributed equally across the United States.

Question 9

High levels of HDL cholesterol are related to an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis in many people.

Question 10

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans that are issued every five years take into account individual differences in genetic traits that affect diet and health relationships.

Question 11

Diabetes is not a risk factor for heart disease.

Question 12

Heart disease accounts for one out of every four deaths worldwide.

Question 13

Healthy dietary patterns provide polyunsaturated fats as the main types of fat.

Question 14

LDL cholesterol generally carries less cholesterol than does HDL.

Question 15

Arteries leading to the heart are the only ones affected by atherosclerosis.

Question 16

The symptoms associated with heart disease vary somewhat between the sexes.

Question 17

High intake of trans fats increase heart disease risk and remain off the "recommended to consume" list of fats in foods.​

Question 18

Statins are indicated for people with LDL cholesterol levels of 220 mg/dL or higher.

Question 19

Studies have found that saturated fat intake is related to the development of heart disease in most humans.

Question 20

Individuals with diabetes should not take statins.

Question 21

Evidence suggests that lowering LDL cholesterol or raising HDL cholesterol through a low-cholesterol diet decreases the risk of heart disease in most people.

Question 22

Which food contains a high percentage of saturated fat?

A)​fish
B)pasta
C)cheese
D)avocado
E)olive oil

Question 23

HDL cholesterol _____.

A)increases blood pressure
B)is associated with better triglyceride levels
C)is composed primarily of phospholipids
D)helps remove cholesterol from the blood
E)can be oxidized into reactive plaque-forming particles

Question 24

When arteries are narrowed by _____% or more,the shortage of blood to the heart can produce chest pain.

A)20
B)30
C)40
D)50
E)60

Question 25

Obesity,specifically high amounts of visceral fat,is a risk factor for heart disease.

Question 26

LDL cholesterol _____.

A)is composed primarily of protein
B)is composed primarily of triglycerides
C)transports cholesterol in the blood
D)transports cholesterol in the blood to the liver for breakdown
E)is sometimes referred to as "healthy cholesterol"

Question 27

All LDL particles transport the same amount of cholesterol regardless of size.

Question 28

Heart disease begins with _____.

A)formation of cholesterol-rich plaque under the endothelium lining of the artery
B)narrowing of the arteries
C)damage to the lining of the coronary arteries
D)reduced blood flow to the heart
E)hypertension

Question 29

Adam recently received some blood test results and was told he was at an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis.He most likely has low levels of _____.

A)phospholipids
B)triglycerides
C)total cholesterol
D)LDL cholesterol
E)HDL cholesterol

Question 30

Health problems due to atherosclerosis in arteries of the heart,brain,_____,and legs are collectively referred to as cardiovascular disease.

A)neck
B)abdomen
C)arms
D)lungs
E)liver

Question 31

​Heart disease primarily affects _____.

A)​adolescents
B)individuals between the ages of 20 and 30
C)individuals between the ages of 40 and 50
D)individuals over the age of 55
E)​individuals over the age of 75

Question 32

The higher the _____ level,the greater the chances that atherosclerosis will develop and progress into heart disease.

A)vitamin D
B)iron
C)total cholesterol
D)HDL cholesterol
E)LDL cholesterol

Question 33

Healthy dietary patterns are low in _____.

A)​polyunsaturated fat
B)saturated fat
C)monounsaturated fat
D)carbohydrates
E)​protein

Question 34

Decreased death rate from heart disease is primarily attributed to _____.

A)improved treatment
B)risk factor reduction
C)access to health care
D)education
E)diet

Question 35

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee concluded that foods high in saturated fats should be replaced with food sources of _____.

A)essential amino acids
B)carbohydrates
C)trans fats
D)polyunsaturated fats
E)monounsaturated fats

Question 36

Plaque buildup in the arteries of the brain contributes to _____.

A)arthritis
B)stroke
C)osteoporosis
D)angina
E)diverticulitis

Question 37

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee concluded that foods high in saturated fats should be replaced with food sources of _____.

A)essential amino acids
B)carbohydrates
C)trans fats
D)polyunsaturated fats
E)monounsaturated fats

Question 38

HDL speeds repair of the endothelial lining.

Question 39

Heart disease affects more _____ in the United States.

A)African Americans only
B)Hispanic Americans only
C)Caucasians only
D)African Americans and Hispanic Americans
E)Hispanic Americans and Caucasians

Question 40

It is beginning to look like the rising rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes that have occurred in the United States over the past few decades were,to some extent,related to the popularity of low-fat diets.

Question 41

Which food is an example of a refined grain product?

A)oatmeal
B)pizza dough
C)brown rice
D)wild rice
E)whole grain bread

Question 42

Which condition is characterized by elevated levels of serum insulin,glucose,triglycerides,and increased blood pressure?

A)arteriosclerosis
B)arteriosclerosis
C)insulin resistance
D)heart disease
E)cardiovascular disease

Question 43

LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol and two types of _____.

A)triglycerides
B)lipoproteins
C)phospholipids
D)monoglycerides
E)diglycerides

Question 44

A heart attack is triggered _____.

A)when an artery leading to the heart becomes clogged by a piece of plaque released by a ruptured portion of the artery wall or by a blood clot
B)when an artery leading to the brain becomes clogged by a piece of plaque released by a ruptured portion of the artery wall or by a blood clot
C)by a rapid and sudden increase in heart rate
D)by a drop in blood pressure
E)by an increase in blood pressure

Question 45

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee concluded that _____ have "a neutral" effect on heart disease risk.

A)trans fats
B)saturated fats
C)monounsaturated fats
D)polyunsaturated fats
E)added sugars

Question 46

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​added sugars

Question 47

Mike is a 45-year-old male who is concerned about his cardiovascular health.His mother and grandfather both have had heart attacks.His diet consists of a high-sugar granola breakfast cereal with whole milk; ham and American cheese on white bread for lunch; pretzels for snacks; and pepperoni pizza,steak,or cheeseburgers for most dinner meals.He also enjoys drinking beer several times a week,typically consuming five to six beers each time.​
Mike does not exercise regularly but enjoys playing golf,swimming,and weight lifting.His job is moderately active and involves long periods of standing,which worsens his chronic back pain.Recently Mike has been considering making some dietary and lifestyle modifications to improve his cardiovascular health and reduce his cholesterol.Answer the following questions to help Mike make healthy changes and improve his diet and lifestyle.
Mike should keep his sodium intake at or below _____ mg per day to help prevent heart disease.

A)1,000
B)1,600
C)2,000
D)2,400
E)2,700

Question 48

Mike is a 45-year-old male who is concerned about his cardiovascular health.His mother and grandfather both have had heart attacks.His diet consists of a high-sugar granola breakfast cereal with whole milk; ham and American cheese on white bread for lunch; pretzels for snacks; and pepperoni pizza,steak,or cheeseburgers for most dinner meals.He also enjoys drinking beer several times a week,typically consuming five to six beers each time.​
Mike does not exercise regularly but enjoys playing golf,swimming,and weight lifting.His job is moderately active and involves long periods of standing,which worsens his chronic back pain.Recently Mike has been considering making some dietary and lifestyle modifications to improve his cardiovascular health and reduce his cholesterol.Answer the following questions to help Mike make healthy changes and improve his diet and lifestyle.
Which food should Mike choose instead of pepperoni pizza to help prevent heart disease?

A)hot dogs
B)beef
C)pasta
D)beef jerky
E)fish

Question 49

HDL cholesterol_____.​

A)is associated with the development of angina
B)helps prevent inflammation in plaque
C)is associated with the development of diabetes
D)is composed primarily of cholesterol
E)is composed primarily of triglycerides

Question 50

A number of _____ are known to directly affect blood cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease.

A)psychological factors
B)environmental factors
C)genetic disorders and variations in gene types
D)childhood illnesses
E)autoimmune diseases

Question 51

Malnutrition during _____ can change the long-term functional status of certain genes in ways that increase the risk of heart disease later in life.

A)pregnancy
B)infancy
C)childhood
D)adolescents
E)young adulthood

Question 52

Mike is a 45-year-old male who is concerned about his cardiovascular health.His mother and grandfather both have had heart attacks.His diet consists of a high-sugar granola breakfast cereal with whole milk; ham and American cheese on white bread for lunch; pretzels for snacks; and pepperoni pizza,steak,or cheeseburgers for most dinner meals.He also enjoys drinking beer several times a week,typically consuming five to six beers each time.​
Mike does not exercise regularly but enjoys playing golf,swimming,and weight lifting.His job is moderately active and involves long periods of standing,which worsens his chronic back pain.Recently Mike has been considering making some dietary and lifestyle modifications to improve his cardiovascular health and reduce his cholesterol.Answer the following questions to help Mike make healthy changes and improve his diet and lifestyle.
How much physical activity should Mike engage in to help prevent heart disease?

A)40 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity three to four times per week
B)30 minutes of moderate activity five times per week
C)20 minutes of moderate activity each day of the week
D)20 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity five to seven times per week
E)30 minutes of vigorous activity four to five times per week

Question 53

Which drugs lower LDL cholesterol and inflammation?

A)beta blockers
B)statins
C)antidepressants
D)diuretics
E)inotropes

Question 54

Low _____ intake reduces the risk of hypertension in many people.

A)iron
B)magnesium
C)potassium
D)calcium
E)sodium

Question 55

Which measure provides a more accurate assessment of heart disease risk than LDL cholesterol?​

A)blood glucose level
B)blood pressure
C)total cholesterol
D)HDL cholesterol
E)non-HDL cholesterol

Question 56

Mike is a 45-year-old male who is concerned about his cardiovascular health.His mother and grandfather both have had heart attacks.His diet consists of a high-sugar granola breakfast cereal with whole milk; ham and American cheese on white bread for lunch; pretzels for snacks; and pepperoni pizza,steak,or cheeseburgers for most dinner meals.He also enjoys drinking beer several times a week,typically consuming five to six beers each time.​
Mike does not exercise regularly but enjoys playing golf,swimming,and weight lifting.His job is moderately active and involves long periods of standing,which worsens his chronic back pain.Recently Mike has been considering making some dietary and lifestyle modifications to improve his cardiovascular health and reduce his cholesterol.Answer the following questions to help Mike make healthy changes and improve his diet and lifestyle.
Which breakfast would be a good replacement for Mike's current breakfast?

A)sausage,egg,and cheese breakfast sandwich
B)two scrambled eggs and white toast with butter
C)oatmeal topped with raisins,walnuts,and ground flaxseed
D)fruit-flavored cereal and skim milk
E)breakfast burrito with chorizo

Question 57

According to the dietary recommendations for the prevention of heart disease,intake of _____ should be limited.

A)legumes
B)nuts and seeds
C)processed meats
D)polyunsaturated fats
E)dairy products

Question 58

Increased intake of foods rich in _____ elevate blood levels of glucose and triglycerides,trigger chronic inflammation and insulin resistance,and promote weight gain in many people.

A)protein
B)saturated fat and trans fat
C)cholesterol
D)refined carbohydrates and added sugars
E)complex carbohydrates

Question 59

Regarding symptoms associated with heart disease women are more likely than men to perceive pain in the _____.

A)neck
B)throat
C)legs
D)neck and throat
E)neck and legs

Question 60

Consumption of _____ decreases the risk of sudden death from heart disease.

A)omega-3 fatty acids
B)omega-6 fatty acids
C)vitamin B12
D)vitamin D
E)calcium

Question 61

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​HDL cholesterol

Question 62

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​endothelium

Question 63

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​LDL cholesterol

Question 64

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​plaque

Question 65

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​cardiovascular disease

Question 66

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​atherosclerosis

Question 67

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​insulin resistance

Question 68

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​heart disease

Question 69

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​refined carbohydrates

Question 70

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​non-HDL cholesterol

Question 71

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.carbohydrate-containing foods that have been processed to remove most or all of the bran coating and germ from the grain
b.disorders related to plaque buildup in blood vessels in the heart,brain,legs,and other tissues and organs
c.one of a number of disorders that result when circulation of blood to parts of the heart is inadequate
d.deposits of cholesterol,other fats,white blood cells,calcium,and cell materials in the lining of the inner wall of arteries
e."hardening of the arteries" due to a buildup of plaque
f."bad cholesterol"
g.layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
h.the difference between total cholesterol concentration and HDL cholesterol concentration in blood
i.low-grade inflammation that lasts weeks,months,or years
j.condition in which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin is needed to transport glucose into cells
k.sugars that are either added during the processing of foods,or are packaged as such
l."good cholesterol"
​chronic inflammation