Deck 7: The Vitamins: a Functional Approachspotlight: Nutrition and Cancer Prevention

Question 1

Water-soluble vitamins are more stable during preparation and cooking than fat-soluble vitamins.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Some of the vitamins serve as sources of energy.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Beta-carotene found in many animal sources is a precursor to vitamin A.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Herbal supplements are unregulated and possibly unsafe.

Question 5

Vegetables in the cruciferous family include carrots, sweet potatoes, and corn.

Question 6

Vegetarians have a lower risk of developing cancer.

Question 7

Low vitamin K blood levels are associated with a higher risk of hip fractures in older women.

Question 8

The Vitamins C, D, and K are all actively involved in bone health and maintenance.

Question 9

The primary function of vitamin D is the regulation of the use of calcium and phosphorus within the body.

Question 10

Vitamin K and B₆ play key roles in the formation of healthy red blood cells.

Question 11

Vitamin supplements can help reduce stress, decrease fatigue, and increase energy.

Question 12

High intakes of B₆, B₁₂, and folate are associated with higher levels of homocysteine and a lower risk of blood clot formation.

Question 13

Excluding an entire food group may lead to vitamin deficiencies over time.

Question 14

Because excesses are stored in the liver and fatty tissues, it is possible for megadoses of fat-soluble vitamins to build up to toxic levels

Question 15

A diet low in fat-soluble vitamins will result in a more rapid onset of deficiency symptoms than one low in water-soluble vitamins.

Question 16

Research has proven that the common cold can be prevented by increasing intake of Vitamin C.

Question 17

Vitamin A is water soluble and found in the non-fat part of the milk.

Question 18

Multi-vitamin tablet overdoses are one of the top causes of accidental death in youngsters.

Question 19

A deficiency in Vitamin B₁₂ is due to inadequate intake of the vitamin.

Question 20

Excessive sun exposure can cause vitamin D toxicity.

Question 21

When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, the body can synthesize niacin from the amino acid ____.

A) lysine
B) tryptophan
C) phenylalanine
D) valine
E) tyrosine

Question 22

Vitamins promote growth and reproduction and help maintain health.

Question 23

Risk factors for colon cancer include a high fiber intake and low red meat intake.

Question 24

Which statement best describes B vitamins?

A) B vitamins are fat soluble.
B) B vitamins become part of coenzymes.
C) B vitamins are stored in adipose tissue.
D) B vitamins are absorbed into lymph.
E) B vitamins are stored and released by the liver.

Question 25

Human population studies overwhelmingly confirm the association between breast cancer and dietary fat intake.

Question 26

Taken regularly, vitamin supplements are the best way to obtain balanced nutrition.

Question 27

The disease pellagra is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, and, in severe cases, dementia.

Question 28

All women of child-bearing age are advised to get adequate folate to prevent cases of ____.

A) neural tube defects
B) rickets
C) scurvy
D) morning sickness
E) insomnia

Question 29

Regular consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables such as beta-carotene may delay may prevent or delay macular degeneration.

Question 30

When purchasing a vitamin and mineral supplement, look for one that contains at least 150 percent of the Daily Value for each nutrient.

Question 31

Research suggests that diet may play a role in initiating cancer, speeding its development, or preventing cancer.

Question 32

An elderly individual who cannot leave the house is at risk of a ______ deficiency.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin D
E) folate

Question 33

Thiamin is involved in ____.

A) formation of red blood cells
B) blood coagulation
C) collagen formation
D) energy release from carbohydrates
E) formation of mucopolysaccharides

Question 34

________ can be synthesized by good bacteria in the intestinal tract.

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin K
E) Niacin

Question 35

The vitamin most intensively involved in protein metabolism is ____.

A) riboflavin
B) vitamin B₆
C) biotin
D) vitamin A
E) vitamin E

Question 36

A general function of vitamin C is its action as a(n) ____.

A) antioxidant
B) antiviral agent
C) anti-cancer agent
D) anti-anxiety agent
E) free radical

Question 37

Excess intake of water-soluble vitamins are typically ____.

A) unabsorbed during digestion
B) excreted in the urine
C) stored in the liver, bone, and adipose tissue
D) excreted during respiration
E) reach toxic levels in the body

Question 38

The replacement of red blood cells depends most heavily on ____.

A) thiamin
B) riboflavin
C) niacin
D) folate
E) vitamin B₆

Question 39

Riboflavin is destroyed by ____.

A) heat
B) acid
C) ultraviolet light
D) alkali
E) temperatures below 35 degrees

Question 40

Phytochemicals in food are superior to the phytochemicals found in supplements.

Question 41

Which food group is the best source of vitamin C?

A) Milk group
B) Protein foods group
C) Fruit group
D) Grains group
E) Fats and oils group

Question 42

Strict vegetarians are at risk of developing a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency because ____.

A) specific foods in their diet inhibit the absorption of vitamin B₁₂
B) their diet causes increased excretion of the vitamin
C) only animal foods contain sufficient amounts of the vitamin
D) their diet increases the rate of use of the vitamin by their bodies
E) vitamin B₁₂ is unavailable in fortified foods

Question 43

Which food is a good source of the vitamin A precursor, beta-carotene?

A) Fortified milk
B) Liver
C) Enriched bread
D) Sweet potatoes
E) White potatoes

Question 44

The effects of a deficiency of vitamin D are most readily observed in the ____.

A) nervous system
B) cardiovascular system
C) muscular system
D) epithelial tissue
E) skeletal system

Question 45

The main function of vitamin D is ____.

A) maintaining stability of cell membranes
B) antioxidant protection
C) synthesis of cholesterol
D) supporting bone mineralization
E) supporting healthy vision

Question 46

______ can lead to a deficiency in vitamin K.

A) Taking antibiotics
B) Not eating dairy foods
C) Eating few fruits and vegetables
D) A lack of intrinsic factor
E) A lack of vitamin E

Question 47

______ plays a key role in blood clotting.

A) Riboflavin
B) Folate
C) Niacin
D) Vitamin E
E) Vitamin K

Question 48

Which of the following is not noted as a group that may benefit from taking a multivitamin-mineral supplement under guidance of a physician or dietitian?

A) A person following a low-energy diet for weight loss
B) A person with a digestive tract disease that leads to pool intake or absorption
C) An alcoholic
D) A person who follows a vegan diet
E) A person approaching age 65

Question 49

A reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is ____.

A) red meat
B) dark green vegetables
C) fortified milk
D) enriched breads and cereals
E) fresh fruits

Question 50

One of the functions of vitamin C in the body is ______.

A) to serve as a coenzyme in the formation of red blood cells
B) to function in collagen formation
C) to work with calcium in blood coagulation
D) to extract energy from nutrients
E) to synthesize genetic material

Question 51

Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin K
E) Vitamin D

Question 52

Which of the following is not a task that vitamins perform in the body?

A) Build bone and teeth
B) Keep skin healthy
C) Heal wounds
D) Provide energy
E) Help the body use energy in food

Question 53

What factor is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer?

A) High intake of calories
B) High intake of citrus fruits
C) Moderate intake of fats and oils
D) High intake of phytochemicals
E) High intake of cruciferous vegetables

Question 54

Vitamin A toxicity is most likely to occur from ____.

A) consuming too many dark green and deep orange vegetables
B) eating liver more than once a week
C) consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements
D) drinking too much milk
E) consuming too many servings of fortified foods

Question 55

The body can store as much as a _____ supply of vitamin A in the body.

A) 3-week
B) 1-month
C) 3-month
D) 6-month
E) 1-year

Question 56

Excesses of the fat-soluble vitamins are ____.

A) converted to inert byproducts by the liver
B) excreted in feces
C) excreted in urine
D) stored in the pancreas
E) stored in the liver and in body fat

Question 57

Which herb is mismatched with its purported use?

A) Black cohosh-reduces symptoms of menopause
B) Ginger-settles an upset stomach
C) Psyllium-improves memory
D) Feverfew-reduces severity of migraines
E) Milk thistle-promotes growth of liver cells

Question 58

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n) ____.

A) antioxidant
B) peroxide
C) free radical
D) coenzyme
E) enzyme

Question 59

What would you recommend to someone who wants to make sure her intake is close to the RDA for all vitamins?

A) Eat selected fruits and vegetables in very large quantities.
B) Eat a variety of all food groups daily.
C) Eat a lot of chicken and meat.
D) Eat legumes three times per week.
E) Take a high-potency vitamin supplement twice daily.

Question 60

______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease in adults.

A) Rickets
B) Keratomalacia
C) Hyperkeratosis
D) Osteomalacia
E) Pellagra

Question 61

Phytochemicals have several different modes of action. Those with ____ protect cells from damage.

A) antioxidant properties
B) anti-estrogen properties
C) anti-cancer properties
D) anti-progesterone properties
E) anti-androgen properties

Question 62

Milk is sold in protective cardboard or opaque plastic containers rather than in transparent glass bottles to minimize the loss of ____.

A) vitamin B₁₂
B) riboflavin
C) niacin
D) vitamin D
E) vitamin E

Question 63

What is not a factor that one should consider when choosing a supplement to purchase?

A) Price
B) Percent of DV for nutrients
C) Inclusion of nonvitamin substances
D) USP symbol
E) Expiration date

Question 64

Toxic compounds created in the body that may contribute to certain chronic diseases are called _______.

A) enzymes
B) isoflavones
C) free radicals
D) antioxidants
E) phytochemicals

Question 65

The inability of the stomach to produce enough acid can lead to a _____ deficiency.

A) vitamin A
B) B₆
C) riboflavin
D) vitamin K
E) B₁₂

Question 66

Vitamin E is ____.

A) found mostly in fruits
B) a precursor to vitamin C
C) a remedy for nighttime leg cramps
D) found mostly in vegetable oils
E) also called intrinsic factor

Question 67

Individuals who ________ are at high risk for a deficiency of vitamin B₁₂.

A) consume little fruits and vegetables
B) consume few dairy products
C) don't take a vitamin and mineral supplement
D) lack intrinsic factor
E) don't have daily exposure to sunlight

Question 68

Which vitamin works with vitamin C to squelch free radicals before they injure the body?

A) Vitamin D
B) Vitamin B₆
C) Vitamin E
D) Niacin
E) Thiamin

Question 69

What vitamin deficiency is associated with night blindness?

A) Vitamin K
B) Vitamin A
C) Vitamin D
D) Biotin
E) Niacin

Question 70

Lycopene, found in ____, may help reduce the risk of ____.

A) bananas; high blood pressure
B) summer squash; macular degeneration
C) tomatoes; prostate cancer
D) cruciferous vegetables; breast cancer
E) citrus fruits; skin cancer

Question 71

Isoflavones are phytochemicals found in ____.

A) soy products
B) citrus fruits
C) pumpkin
D) tomatoes
E) cruciferous vegetables

Question 72

What food is an unlikely source of beta-carotene?

A) Almonds
B) Avocadoes
C) Romaine lettuce
D) Salmon
E) Chicken

Question 73

What recommendation helps minimize the loss of vitamins that can occur as a result of improper food handling?

A) Peel and wash fruit when you get home from the market.
B) Cook vegetables in a microwave oven in as little water as possible.
C) Store bananas, tomatoes, and potatoes in your refrigerator.
D) Eat frozen vegetables within a year of purchase.
E) Freeze fresh fruits if not consumed within three days after purchase.

Question 74

Which vitamins work with vitamin K and vitamin B₆ to maintain blood health?

A) Vitamins folate and D
B) Folate and B₁₂
C) Niacin and B₆
D) Vitamins D and E
E) Vitamins C and E

Question 75

_______ is the deficiency disease associated with niacin.

A) Scurvy
B) Pellagra
C) Beriberi
D) Thiaminosis
E) Osteomalacia

Question 76

Folic acid is added to ____ in order to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects.

A) grain products
B) milk and dairy foods
C) frozen and canned vegetables
D) ground beef
E) fruit juices

Question 77

_______ is the vitamin D deficiency in children.

A) Pellagra
B) Osteomalacia
C) Rickets
D) Scurvy
E) Beriberi

Question 78

What vitamin has been shown to reduce LDL-cholesterol and raise HDL-cholesterol when taken in doses 10 to 15 times the RDA?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin K
C) Thiamin
D) Niacin
E) Vitamin E

Question 79

What factor is classified as a cancer initiator?

A) Excess dietary fat
B) Obesity
C) Excess alcohol
D) Lack of physical activity
E) Cigarette smoke

Question 80

Newborns are given an injection of _____ to prevent the possibility of a life-threatening hemorrhage.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin K
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin C
E) vitamin E