Deck 8: The Minerals and Water: a Functional Approachspotlight: Osteoporosis--The Silent Stalker of the Bones

Question 1

Rinsing canned beans reduce sodium content of the beans.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

All public water in the United States is fluoridated.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the body is in the bones.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Vitamins are organic compounds whereas minerals are inorganic compounds.

Question 5

Iodine has a role in maintaining the basal metabolic rate.

Question 6

The DASH diet is a good eating plan to reduce risk of hypertension, as well as heart disease and diabetes.

Question 7

Pregnancy and lactation decrease the calcium reserves in bones whenever calcium intake is inadequate.

Question 8

Osteoblasts are the bone-building cells of the body.

Question 9

The DASH diet resembles a low-carbohydrate diet, low-sodium diet that is high in protein.

Question 10

The chief mineral in bones and teeth is phosphorus.

Question 11

A sedentary lifestyle can lead to bone loss.

Question 12

Calcium is required for transmission of nerve impulses.

Question 13

Iron deficiencies are more common in men than women.

Question 14

The only trace mineral that acts as an antioxidant in the body is selenium.

Question 15

The trace minerals are needed in minute amounts in the body, so deficiencies rarely ever occur.

Question 16

Peak bone mass marks the point where bones are the strongest and most dense.

Question 17

Most Americans consume almost double the sodium recommended as the Adequate Intake (AI).

Question 18

Most all protein foods are good sources of zinc.

Question 19

Engaging in weight-bearing exercises can increase the risk for osteoporosis.

Question 20

Choose a calcium supplement derived from dolomite, oyster shell, or bone meal when selecting a calcium supplement.

Question 21

Sodium intake should be limited to ______ or less for those who are age 51 and older and those of any age who are African American or have high blood pressure.

A) 800 mg
B) 1,000 mg
C) 1,200 mg
D) 1,500 mg
E) 2,300 mg

Question 22

Minerals are different than vitamins in that they contribute directly to the building of body structures.

Question 23

All forms of table salt sold are iodized.

Question 24

Of the two forms of iron found in foods, nonheme iron is more reliably absorbed than is heme iron.

Question 25

Which is not a nutrient or compound that impairs iron absorption?

A) Fiber
B) Tannins
C) Calcium
D) Vitamin C
E) Zinc

Question 26

Two natural compounds found in food that inhibit mineral absorption from the gastrointestinal tract are ____.

A) amino acids and phytates
B) oxylates and polysaccharides
C) table salt and vitamin D
D) phytates and oxalates
E) pectin and vitamin C

Question 27

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus play a major role in ____.

A) carbohydrate metabolism
B) the distribution of water inside and outside body cells
C) regulating insulin production
D) the production of thyroid hormones
E) muscle contraction and relaxation

Question 28

Skin, hair, and nails tend to have high sulfur content.

Question 29

The trace mineral ______ works closely with insulin to help the cells take up glucose.

A) zinc
B) selenium
C) chromium
D) iodine
E) phosphorus

Question 30

Since zinc is stored in the liver, it can be replenished by consuming good sources only occasionally.

Question 31

Water is essential for life and is the body's most needed nutrient.

Question 32

People from which ethnic background tend to have the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

A) Chinese
B) Japanese
C) African American
D) British
E) Northern European

Question 33

Most sodium in the typical U.S. diet comes from _________ .

A) unprocessed foods
B) salt added during cooking
C) processed foods
D) soft water
E) milk

Question 34

Fresh and canned vegetables vary in zinc content, depending on the soil in which they are grown.

Question 35

Which food provides iron in the most absorbable form?

A) Spinach
B) Hamburger
C) Rice
D) Peas
E) Iron-fortified baby cereal

Question 36

Potassium deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world.

Question 37

Aside from malnutrition, blood loss is the primary reason for iron deficiency.

Question 38

The term "contamination iron" refers to the ____.

A) iron added to fortified foods
B) amount of iron that is toxic when too much is ingested
C) iron added to multivitamin supplements
D) iron children ingest when eating paint chips
E) dietary iron obtained when cooking in iron cookware

Question 39

Consuming foods high in vitamin C reduces the amount of iron that the body absorbs.

Question 40

Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?

A) Berries and almonds
B) Pasta and rice
C) Enriched breads
D) Dark green leafy vegetables like spinach
E) Seafood

Question 41

The most reliable source of fluoride is ____.

A) meats and whole-grain cereals
B) iodized salt
C) dark green vegetables
D) public water
E) milk and milk products

Question 42

Sharon is an 18-year-old college student who drinks soda at lunch, at dinner, and with snacks. You notice that she rarely drinks milk and suggest that she start because the calcium recommendation for someone 9 to 18 years of age is ____.

A) 500 mg per day
B) 800 mg per day
C) 1,000 mg per day
D) 1,300 mg per day
E) 1,600 mg per day.

Question 43

A diet which overemphasizes ____ is likely to lead to a(n) ____ deficiency in children.

A) cereals; potassium
B) milk; iron
C) vegetables; sodium
D) dried beans; potassium
E) meat; chloride

Question 44

Which description is a sure way to tell that you have high blood pressure?

A) You stand up and get a bit dizzy.
B) Your arm is numb when you wake up in the morning.
C) Your parents had high blood pressure.
D) You have it measured and it is rated as elevated.
E) You eat salty snacks two or more times per week.

Question 45

Cretinism is severe mental and physical retardation of an infant due to a lack of ______ while the mother was pregnant.

A) iron
B) folate
C) iodine
D) selenium
E) potassium

Question 46

________ is a calcium supplement that tends to be better absorbed, especially by older people whose secretion of stomach acid tends to be reduced.

A) Oyster shell calcium
B) Calcium citrate
C) Calcium lactate
D) Calcium bicarbonate
E) Calcium phosphate

Question 47

Which food is fortified with iodine to prevent deficiencies?

A) Salt
B) Milk
C) Butter and margarine
D) Breads and cereals
E) Orange juice

Question 48

_______ is a binder that is found in milk that hinders zinc absorption.

A) Chlorine
B) Calcium
C) EDTA
D) Casein
E) Iron

Question 49

______ is caused by an iodine deficiency.

A) Anemia
B) Edema
C) Goiter
D) Hypertension
E) Osteoporosis

Question 50

Fluoride deficiency is best known to cause ____.

A) mottling of teeth
B) osteoporosis
C) muscular dystrophy
D) dental decay
E) heart disease

Question 51

Retarded growth and sexual development in a child may be due to a ________.

A) chromium deficiency
B) fluoride toxicity
C) zinc deficiency
D) iodine deficiency
E) cadmium overload

Question 52

_____ is a mineral that is critical to the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

A) Iron
B) Copper
C) Magnesium
D) Iodine
E) Zinc

Question 53

Michael is trying to eat less sodium by preparing more meals at home. Which of the following meals would be a good choice?

A) Grilled chicken, brown rice, and sautéed green beans
B) Smoked ham with roasted sweet potatoes and a salad
C) Blackened fish and hushpuppies with ketchup
D) Frozen organic cheese pizza with a salad
E) Chicken noodle soup with fresh fruit and corn muffins

Question 54

Which individual would be at the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

A) Joe, who walks for 1 hour, 3 times each week
B) Jill, who has a glass of wine every day after work
C) Stephanie, whose mother and grandmother broke their hips
D) Mark, who had a kidney transplant 2 years ago
E) Rachel, who has athletic amenorrhea

Question 55

Which individual is probably least susceptible to iron-deficiency anemia?

A) A 30-year-old female
B) A kindergartener
C) A 2-year-old toddler
D) A female vegetarian making minimum wage
E) A 30-year-old businessman

Question 56

The DASH eating pattern was designed to prevent _______.

A) dehydration
B) heartburn
C) diabetes
D) osteoporosis
E) hypertension

Question 57

Brodie's doctor wants his blood pressure to be reduced because his systolic pressure is too high. What does systolic pressure measure?

A) The force exerted by the heart as it contracts to pump blood throughout the body.
B) The pressure the blood exerts on artery walls between heart beats.
C) The force the blood exerts as it flows through the lungs.
D) The pressure of the blood as it rushes to the brain.
E) The ratio of contracted heart pressure to artery wall pressure.

Question 58

Which food would enhance iron absorption from the intestinal tract when eaten with a food rich in nonheme iron?

A) Chocolate
B) Strawberries
C) Red wine
D) Milk
E) Brown rice

Question 59

Which drug can be administered as a nasal spray to inhibit bone resorption activity of osteoclasts?

A) Calcitonin
B) Prednisone
C) DEXA
D) Teriparatide (Forteo)
E) Oxytocin

Question 60

Consuming two cups of milk provides _____ of calcium.

A) 150
B) 300
C) 600
D) 850
E) 1,200

Question 61

Along with iron, which minerals are associated with hemoglobin and the ability of the body's red blood cells to carry oxygen?

A) Copper and zinc
B) Selenium and phosphorus
C) Chromium and magnesium
D) Sulfur and iodine
E) Phosphorus and chromium

Question 62

How do body cells keep the right amount of water inside themselves?

A) By releasing hormones to regulate fluid balance
B) By changing their electrical charges
C) By pumping ions across their membranes
D) By pumping water across their membranes
E) By adjusting the pH level of interstitial fluids

Question 63

_______ control(s) the water balance between body cells and their environment.

A) Temperature
B) Vitamins
C) Minerals
D) Fiber
E) Glucose

Question 64

Margaret weighs 130 pounds and is at a healthy body weight for her height. Approximately what portion of her weight is composed of water?

A) 26 pounds
B) 52 pounds
C) 65 pounds
D) 78 pounds
E) 100 pounds

Question 65

What item is a good food source of copper?

A) Whole grains
B) Nuts
C) Citrus fruits
D) Deep orange vegetables
E) Dairy products

Question 66

_____ is the most needed nutrient by the body and is indispensable to life.

A) Calcium
B) Phosphorus
C) Iron
D) Water
E) Potassium

Question 67

Selenium is required for the production of the active form of ____ and also functions as a(n) ____.

A) vitamin D; antioxidant
B) thyroid hormone; electrolyte
C) vitamin E; cofactor
D) thyroid hormone; antioxidant
E) heme iron; stimulant

Question 68

Which food would not be a good source of sulfur?

A) Milk
B) Fish
C) Eggs
D) Spinach
E) Beef

Question 69

______ helps maintain the strong acidity in the stomach and the appropriate balance of acids and bases in the blood.

A) Phosphorus
B) Selenium
C) Chloride
D) Sodium
E) Chromium

Question 70

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure.
What is the main risk factor linked to hypertension?

A) Drinking alcohol
B) Obesity
C) Sodium intake
D) High calcium intake
E) Exercising only twice per week

Question 71

Which is not a body function that copper is involved in?

A) Manufacturing hemoglobin
B) Producing collagen
C) Maintaining sheaths around nerve fibers
D) Healing wounds
E) Taste perception

Question 72

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure.
How would Dan's blood pressure be interpreted?

A) Low blood pressure
B) Optimal blood pressure
C) Prehypertension
D) High blood pressure (hypertension)
E) Near-optimal pressure

Question 73

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure.
Are there symptoms for high blood pressure that Dan should watch for?

A) Rapid heartbeat and respiration
B) Lightheadedness and jitteriness
C) Apathy and loss of appetite
D) Heart flutters and chest pains
E) There are no symptoms.

Question 74

Peak bone mass is reached at approximately ____ years of age.

A) 13
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 50

Question 75

Which of the following statements about sodium and potassium is not correct?

A) A lifelong intake of foods low in sodium and high in potassium is associated with a decreased risk of hypertension.
B) A lifelong intake of foods high in sodium and high in potassium is associated with a increased risk of hypertension.
C) Foods high in sodium like processed foods are usually low in potassium.
D) A low potassium intake combined with a high sodium intake is a factor that leads to high blood pressure.
E) Potassium and sodium appear to have opposite effects on hypertension.

Question 76

The loss of ________ from dehydration that may occur as a result of fasting, severe diarrhea, or severe vomiting may lead to sudden death likely due to heart failure.

A) potassium
B) magnesium
C) selenium
D) chloride
E) chromium

Question 77

Cortical bone is ____.

A) relied on first as a source of calcium for the blood
B) sponge-like in appearance
C) the thick, ivory-like outer portion of bone
D) the lacy network of crystals forming the interior of bone
E) the site where new blood cells are produced

Question 78

________ causes muscles to relax after contractions, helps tooth enamel to retain calcium, and is found in nuts, dark green vegetables, seafood, and chocolate.

A) Fluoride
B) Potassium
C) Magnesium
D) Zinc
E) Iodine

Question 79

Gertrude has a young son named Ben, and wants to know how to make sure he grows strong bones. Ben's pediatrician advises her to include calcium-rich foods in his daily diet so he can attain a high bone mass. Why is this so important?

A) Calcium is only deposited in the bones during childhood.
B) Bone mass is the main factor influencing bone health.
C) Calcium intake is the only factor that significantly affects bone health.
D) Bones are rigid structures that never change once they grow.
E) Bone mass can be steadily increased throughout the course of a lifetime.

Question 80

_______ gives bones and teeth their rigidity and is part of the genetic makeup of every cell in the body.

A) Phosphorus
B) Iodine
C) Zinc
D) Potassium
E) Chromium