Deck 9: Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly

Question 1

Which of the following is not true of a monopolistically competitive firm?

A) The firm will maximize profits by producing where MR = MC.
B) The firm will not likely earn an economic profit in the long run.
C) The firm will shut down if price is less than average variable cost.
D) The firm will produce an efficient quantity where average total cost is minimized.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is always associated with monopolistic competition?

A) identical products
B) economic profits in the short run
C) product differentiation
D) Demand curves become more inelastic as new entry occurs.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The demand for a monopolistically competitive firm's product is

A) perfectly elastic.
B) more elastic than for a monopoly.
C) more inelastic than for a monopoly.
D) perfectly inelastic.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A profit-maximizing monopolistically competitive firm will expand output to the point where:

A) total revenue equals total cost.
B) marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
C) price equals average total cost.
D) price equals marginal cost.

Question 5

Nonprice competition in monopolistically competitive markets results in

A) consumers buying the product with the lowest price in a differentiated market.
B) less advertising and product differentiation than in markets without nonprice competition.
C) rivalry among competing firms based on the characteristics that differentiate their products.
D) price equaling the minimum average total cost in long run equilibrium.

Question 6

What are the characteristics of monopolistic competition?

Question 7

The marginal revenue curve of a monopolistically competitive firm will always lie:

A) below the firm's demand curve.
B) parallel to the firm's demand curve.
C) parallel to the firm's quantity axis.
D) above the firm's demand curve.

Question 8

The theory of monopolistic competition predicts that in long-run equilibrium a monopolistically competitive firm will:

A) produce the output level at which price equals long-run marginal cost.
B) operate at minimum long-run average cost.
C) overutilize its insufficient capacity.
D) produce the output level at which price equals long-run average cost.

Question 9

Because a monopolistically competitive market is characterized by

A) many small sellers selling a differentiated product, each seller has some influence over its own price.
B) a single seller of a product that has few suitable substitutes, the seller is a price maker.
C) many small sellers selling a differentiated product, one seller's change in price has a large effect on the market price.
D) a few sellers selling a differentiated product, each seller bases its decisions on the expected decisions of its rivals.

Question 10

Which of the following most closely approximates the conditions of a monopolistically competitive market?

A) The market for Grade A eggs, which is characterized by a large number of firms producing a homogeneous product.
B) The restaurant industry, which is characterized by firms producing a differentiated product in a market with low entry barriers.
C) Local cable television service, where a licensed supplier competes with firms offering satellite service.
D) The market for jumbo aircraft, where one major domestic firm competes with one major foreign firm.

Question 11

Compared to monopoly, the market results with monopolistic competition are usually expected to be:

A) worse because consumers get fewer choices.
B) worse because consumers pay a higher price.
C) better because consumers pay a lower price.
D) better because consumers get less output.

Question 12

Which of the following is the best example of a firm operating in a monopolistically competitive market?

A) A Kansas wheat farmer.
B) TGI Fridays, a family restaurant.
C) U.S. Postal Service.
D) Boeing, an aircraft manufacturer

Question 13

In monopolistic competition if there is profit, there is:

A) a signal for new firms to enter.
B) a motive for existing firms to increase prices.
C) proof that advertising works.
D) a motive for existing firms to decrease prices.

Question 14

Exhibit 9-3 A monopolistic competitive firm in the long run

To maximize long-run profits, the monopolistically competitive firm shown in Exhibit 9-3 will charge a price per unit of:

A) zero.
B) $10
C) $20.
D) $30.

Question 15

Which of the following statements best describes firms under monopolistic competition?

A) There is little price or quality competition.
B) The firms compete, using quality, location, advertising, and price.
C) Firms do not compete using advertising.
D) There is only one firm so there is no competition.

Question 16

The monopolistic competition market structure is characterized by:

A) few firms and similar products.
B) many firms and differentiated products.
C) many firms and a homogeneous product.
D) few firms and a homogeneous product.

Question 17

Entry of new firms into a monopolistically competitive market causes a(n)

A) decrease in the existing firms' demand curves.
B) increase in the existing firms' demand curves.
C) decrease in the existing firms' cost curves.
D) increase in the existing firms' cost curves.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes the price, output, and profit conditions of monopolistic competition?

A) Price will equal marginal cost at the profit-maximizing level of output; profits will be positive in the long-run.
B) Price will always equal average variable cost in the short run and either profits or losses may result in the long run.
C) Marginal revenue will equal marginal cost at the short run, profit-maximizing level of output; in the long run, economic profit will be zero.
D) Marginal revenue will equal average total cost in the short run; long-run economic profits will be zero.

Question 19

The demand curve in monopolistic competition slopes downward because of:

A) strong barriers to entry.
B) product differentiation.
C) the small number of firms.
D) government regulation.

Question 20

Which of the following is characteristic of a monopolistically competitive firm?

A) The firm faces an upward-sloping demand curve.
B) The firm faces an inelastic demand curve.
C) The firm faces a horizontal demand curve.
D) The firm produces a differentiated product.

Question 21

Monopolistic competition is inefficient because:

A) firms earn positive economic profits.
B) the firms' marginal costs and marginal revenues are not equal.
C) firms have excess capacity in the long run.
D) entry is difficult.

Question 22

Exhibit 9-3 A monopolistic competitive firm in the long run

As presented in Exhibit 9-3, the long-run profit-maximizing output for the monopolistic competitive firm is:

A) zero units per week.
B) 200 units per week.
C) 400 units per week.
D) 600 units per week.

Question 23

Exit of existing firms will occur in a monopolistic competitive industry until:

A) marginal cost equals zero.
B) marginal revenue equals zero.
C) marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
D) economic profit equals zero.

Question 24

Tombstones are produced in a monopolistic competitive market. One producer, Rolling Stones, sells 20 tombstones a week at a price of $500 each. Its average total cost is $600. From this information, we can tell:

A) new tombstone firms will want to enter.
B) this producer is losing $2,000 a week.
C) this producer is making an economic profit of $400.
D) this producer should increase production.

Question 25

Exhibit 9-1 A monopolistic competitive firm

In the long run, the demand curve for the monopolistic competitive firm shown in Exhibit 9-1:

A) shifts leftward.
B) remains the same.
C) shifts rightward.
D) becomes more inelastic.

Question 26

Costume jewelry is produced in a monopolistically competitive market. One producer finds that MR = MC = $3 when output is 700 necklaces. An economist studying this information can conclude that:

A) the producer is charging a price of $3.
B) economic profit is $2,100.
C) the producer charges a price greater than $3.
D) new firms will want to enter.

Question 27

A picture frame company operates in a monopolistically competitive market. Its short-run equilibrium price is $80 and its ATC is $65. It sells 100 picture frames a week. From this we can tell:

A) this firm is making a normal profit.
B) other picture frame companies will want to exit the market.
C) there are no other picture frame companies in the area.
D) economic profits are $1,500.

Question 28

Which of the following is true in long-run equilibrium for both perfect competition and monopolistic competition?

A) Accounting profit is zero.
B) Marginal cost equals price.
C) Long-run average cost is at a minimum.
D) Economic profit is zero.

Question 29

Exhibit 9-2 A monopolistic competitive firm

Comparing the monopolistically competitive firm in Exhibit 9-2 to the long-run profit-maximizing outcome for a perfectly competitive firm with a price of $15 per unit and a quantity of 600,

A) the quantity produced by the monopolistically competitive firm is higher than that of the perfectly competitive firm.
B) the profit earned by the monopolistically competitive firm is higher than that of the perfectly competitive firm.
C) the marginal revenue of the monopolistically competitive firm is lower than that of the perfectly competitive firm at the profit-maximizing quantity.
D) the long run average cost of the monopolistically competitive firm is higher than that of the perfectly competitive firm at the profit-maximizing quantity.

Question 30

As new firms enter a monopolistic competitive industry, it can be expected that:

A) market price will increase.
B) the output of existing firms will increase.
C) profits of existing firms will increase.
D) profits of existing firms will decrease.

Question 31

In the long run, the economic profits of Hoot's Chicken 'n' Ribs, a monopolistic competitor, are:

A) not eliminated, because competition is not perfect.
B) not eliminated, because the demand curve slopes downward.
C) eliminated due to firms entering the industry.
D) eliminated due to firms leaving the industry.

Question 32

When a perfectly competitive firm or a monopolistically competitive firm is making zero economic profit,

A) no firms will want to enter or exit.
B) some firms will want to leave.
C) some firms will want to enter.
D) market demand shifts to the left.

Question 33

Exhibit 9-2 A monopolistic competitive firm

To maximize long-run profits, the monopolistically competitive firm shown in Exhibit 9-2 will charge a price per unit of:

A) zero.
B) $5.
C) $10.
D) $15.

Question 34

Exhibit 9-1 A monopolistic competitive firm

If all firms in the industry are the same as the monopolistic competitive firm shown in this Exhibit 9-1, firms in the long run will:

A) leave the industry.
B) earn positive economic profits.
C) experience less competition because firms will exit the industry.
D) experience competition from new firms that enter the industry.

Question 35

The short-run equilibrium for a monopolistically competitive firm is at P = $28.47, ATC = $22.13, and MC = MR = $17.47. Which of the following is true ?

A) Average cost must be rising.
B) Additional firms will be attracted into the industry.
C) The firm could raise price and increase profits.
D) The firm could lower price and increase profits.

Question 36

Exhibit 9-1 A monopolistic competitive firm

As presented in Exhibit 9-1, the short-run profit-maximizing output for the monopolistic competitive firm is:

A) zero units per day.
B) 200 units per day.
C) 400 units per day.
D) 600 units per day.

Question 37

Exhibit 9-2 A monopolistic competitive firm

If all firms in a monopolistic competitive industry have demand and cost curves like those shown in Exhibit 9-2, we would expect that in the long run:

A) all firms will leave the industry.
B) some firms will leave the industry.
C) firms in the industry earn zero economic profits.
D) a number of new firms will enter the industry.

Question 38

Exhibit 9-1 A monopolistic competitive firm

As represented in Exhibit 9-1, the maximum long-run economic profit earned by this monopolistic competitive firm is:

A) zero.
B) $200 per day.
C) $1,000 per day.
D) $20,000 per day.

Question 39

In the long run, monopolistically competitive firms have:

A) excess capacity.
B) positive profits.
C) minimal average costs.
D) homogeneous production.

Question 40

A monopolistic competitive firm is inefficient because the firm:

A) earns positive economic profit in the long run.
B) is producing at an output corresponding to the condition that marginal cost equals price.
C) is not maximizing its profit.
D) produces an output where average total cost is not minimum.

Question 41

The industry that most closely approximates the conditions of the oligopoly model is:

A) restaurants.
B) retail clothing.
C) home construction.
D) tires.

Question 42

Exhibit 9-2 A monopolistic competitive firm

Comparing the firms in a monopolistic competitive industry shown in Exhibit 9-2 to a perfectly competitive firm in long-run equilibrium, we find that both firms

A) choose a price equal to the marginal cost at the profit-maximizing quantity.
B) will experience entry of new firms into the industry.
C) earn zero economic profits.
D) minimize cost per unit at their profit-maximizing quantity.

Question 43

Which of the following is the best example of an oligopoly?

A) area restaurants
B) the automobile industry
C) agricultural markets free of government support
D) local utilities

Question 44

Product differentiation:

A) refers to the attempt of firms to make their products look like those of the other firms in the industry and is used in a perfectly competitive market structure.
B) refers to the attempt of firms to make real or apparent differences in essentially substitutable products look different in the minds of the consumers and is used in a monopolistically competitive market structure.
C) leads to nonprice competition in a perfectly competitive market structure.
D) leads to price equaling the minimum average total cost in the long run in a monopolistically competitive market structure.

Question 45

When the price and output decisions of one firm include the possible price and output reactions of the firm's rivals, the market is

A) a monopoly characterized by differentiated products.
B) an oligopoly characterized by mutual interdependence.
C) perfectly competitive characterized by collusion.
D) monopolistically competitive characterized by nonprice competition.

Question 46

The market for Product A has many sellers, selling identical products, each earning an economic profit of zero in the long run. The market for Product B has many sellers, selling differentiated products, each earning an economic profit of zero in the long run. Given this information, one can conclude that

A) The markets for Product A and Product B are perfectly competitive.
B) The markets for Product A and Product B are monopolistically competitive.
C) The market for Product A is monopolistically competitive and the market for Product B is perfectly competitive.
D) The market for Product A is perfectly competitive and the market for Product B is monopolistically competitive.

Question 47

The automobile, steel, and oil markets are all examples of:

A) perfectly competitive markets.
B) monopolies.
C) monopolistically competitive markets.
D) oligopolies.

Question 48

In a price leadership oligopoly model,

A) a cartel of leading firms determines price and industry output.
B) the industry in consortium with the government determines price and output.
C) one firm is the price leader and all other firms follow.
D) the firms abandon a profit-maximizing goal.

Question 49

The markets for Products X and Y both have many sellers, each earning an economic profit of zero in the long run. One of the markets is perfectly competitive while the other is monopolistically competitive. Which of the following information can help you determine which operates in a monopolistically competitive market structure?

A) There is easy entry into the market for Product X.
B) The firms selling product Y choose the profit-maximizing quantity where MR = MC.
C) The price for Product X is higher than the marginal cost at the profit-maximizing quantity.
D) The price for Product Y is equal to the average total cost at the long-run equilibrium quantity.

Question 50

Suppose ABC Dairy is one firm competing in the perfectly competitive market for milk. Now suppose ABC Dairy decides to produce only organic milk. Which of the following best describes the effects of this change in the market?

A) ABC Dairy is differentiating its product and will likely be able to charge a higher price than before.
B) ABC Dairy will still be a price taker because it is still operating in a perfectly competitive market.
C) ABC Dairy will have a monopoly on organic milk due to very high entry barriers.
D) The other dairy firms will produce with excess capacity, but ABC Dairy will be efficient.

Question 51

While there is no specific number of firms that must dominate an industry before it is an oligopoly, the number of sellers characterizes an oligopoly when

A) there are more firms than a monopolistically competitive market.
B) there is a sufficient number of firms to satisfy the market demand.
C) the firms are so large relative to the total market that they can affect the market price.
D) the firms are so small relative to the total market that they cannot affect the market price.

Question 52

One key characteristic that is distinctive of an oligopoly market is that:

A) the demand curve facing each firm is downward sloping, with a marginal revenue curve that lies below the firm's demand curve.
B) the decisions of one seller often influences the price of products, the output, and the profits of rival firms.
C) there is only one firm that produces a product for which there are no good substitutes.
D) there are many sellers in the market and each is small relative to the total market.

Question 53

What is the key feature shared by all oligopoly markets?

A) a large number of sellers
B) mutual interdependence
C) product differentiation
D) easy entry and exit

Question 54

Suppose the Tidy Laundry Detergent Company, which sells 40% of all detergent, is thinking about raising its price. Before Tidy makes the change, they analyze the likely responses of the All-Clean Detergent Company, which sells 35% of all detergent, and Cheerful Detergent Company, which sells 20% of all detergent. Tidy's behavior shows

A) mutual interdependence in pricing decisions.
B) nonprice competition.
C) difficult entry in oligopolies.
D) collusion.

Question 55

When Pepsi is considering a price hike, it needs to consider how Coke may react. This situation is called:

A) mutual interdependence.
B) price leadership.
C) collusion.
D) monopolistic competition.

Question 56

A market situation where a small number of sellers dominate the entire industry is called:

A) monopolistic competition.
B) monopsony.
C) monopoly.
D) oligopoly.

Question 57

What are the characteristics of an oligopoly?

Question 58

Pricing and output determination under an oligopoly is more complicated than pricing and output determinations in other industries. The primary reason for the complication is the:

A) fewness of firms.
B) brand loyalty of consumers.
C) powerful effect of advertising.
D) mutual interdependence of firms.

Question 59

Suppose Ford, GM, and Dodge make the majority of pick-up trucks sold in the United States If they all sell for approximately the same price, and Ford offers a $2,000 rebate on new truck sales, what can Ford expect to see?

A) an unprecedented increase in truck sales
B) an immediate response by GM and Dodge
C) a visit from the antitrust authorities of the government
D) a revolution from Ford stockholders

Question 60

Perfect competition and monopolistic competition are similar because under both market structures,

A) there are many firms.
B) production takes place at the least-cost combination.
C) differentiated products are produced.
D) entry is difficult.

Question 61

A(n) ____ can be used to demonstrate why a competitive oligopoly tends to result in a low-price strategy that does not maximize mutual profits.

A) interdependence index
B) gini coefficient
C) herfindahl index
D) payoff matrix

Question 62

Which of the following is a distinction between perfectly competitive and monopolistic competition?

A) Perfectly competitive firms must compete with rival sellers; monopolistically competitive firms do not confront rival sellers.
B) Monopolistically competitive firms can raise their price without losing sales; perfectly competitive firms must lower their price in order to sell more of their product.
C) Perfectly competitive firms confront a perfectly elastic demand curve; monopolistically competitive firms face a downward-sloping demand curve.
D) Perfectly competitive firms may make either economic profits or losses in the short run, but monopolistically competitive firms always earn an economic profit.

Question 63

In order to make oil profits as large as possible, OPEC meets to set oil production quotas for its members. OPEC is best classified as a:

A) monopoly.
B) cartel.
C) a monopolistically competitive industry .
D) price-leadership industry.

Question 64

Which of the following is true for perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and monopoly?

A) The product of all firms is homogeneous.
B) Firms will earn zero economic profits in the long run.
C) Short-run profits are maximized when marginal cost equals marginal revenue.
D) Price is greater than marginal cost at the profit-maximizing quantity.

Question 65

How will the price and output of a monopolist compare with perfect competition?

A) The output of the monopolist will be too large and the price too high.
B) The output of the monopolist will be too large and the price too low.
C) The output of the monopolist will be too small and the price too high.
D) The output of the monopolist will be too small and the price too low.

Question 66

If OPEC is an effective cartel,

A) its members set Price =MC .
B) its members set Price=MR.
C) members agree on output quotas.
D) oil prices will be lower than if the market functioned competitively.

Question 67

Cartel members have an incentive to cheat on the cartel because:

A) the industry profit would be higher under competitive conditions.
B) the cartel price is the competitive price.
C) each member's output quota is too high.
D) each member's MR is not equal to the cartel's MC.

Question 68

Exhibit 9-6 Two-Firm Payoff Matrix

Assume costs are identical for the two firms in Exhibit 9-6. If both firms were allowed to form a cartel and agree on their prices, equilibrium would be established by:

A) Widget Co. charging the low price and Ajax Co. charging the high price.
B) Widget Co. charging the high price and Ajax Co. charging the low price.
C) Widget Co. charging the low price and Ajax Co. charging the low price.
D) Widget Co. charging the high price and Ajax Co. charging the high price.

Question 69

Exhibit 9-7 Two-Firm Payoff Matrix

Suppose costs are identical for the two firms in Exhibit 9-7. If both firms assume the other will compete and charge a lower price, equilibrium will be established by:

A) Camel charging the high price and Marlboro charging the high price.
B) Camel charging the low price and Marlboro charging the low price.
C) Camel charging the low price and Marlboro charging the high price.
D) Camel charging the high price and Marlboro charging the low price.

Question 70

Some economists argue that monopolistically competitive markets are inefficient because:

A) the firms earn economic profits in the long run.
B) the firms' marginal costs and marginal revenues are not always equal.
C) firms do not produce the output rate that would minimize their average total cost.
D) barriers to entry are high.

Question 71

A cartel maximizes industry profit by:

A) eliminating quotas.
B) producing more output than a perfectly competitive industry would.
C) producing where MR = MC.
D) producing more output than a monopoly would.

Question 72

In long-run equilibrium, output is expanded to the minimum long-run average total cost by:

A) perfectly competitive firms but not by monopolistically competitive firms.
B) monopolistically competitive firms but not by perfectly competitive firms.
C) both monopolistically competitive firms and perfectly competitive firms.
D) neither perfectly competitive firms nor monopolistically competitive firms.

Question 73

In the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm will set price:

A) at the intersection of the marginal cost and demand curves.
B) at the intersection of the average total cost and demand curves.
C) higher than the competitive level, but lower than the monopoly price.
D) higher than the marginal cost, but lower than average total cost.

Question 74

The two tendencies of a firm in a cartel are the incentive to:

A) cheat to maximize joint profits and the incentive to raise prices.
B) cheat and avoid collusion and the incentive to raise price to maximize the firm's share of profits.
C) increase output in order to minimize per-unit cost and the incentive to reduce price in order to maximize joint profit.
D) cooperate to maximize joint profits and to cheat on the agreement in order to increase the firm's share of the profit.

Question 75

Suppose an oil cartel has an agreement to restrict members' production in order to maintain a price of $30 per barrel. A single cartel member may want to cheat and exceed its quota so that it can:

A) reduce its costs.
B) charge higher prices.
C) make demand more inelastic.
D) earn a bigger profit.

Question 76

Compared to the perfectly competitive outcome, monopolistically competitive markets will result in:

A) a wider variety of products and higher prices.
B) less product variety and higher prices.
C) a wider variety of products and lower prices.
D) less product variety and lower prices.

Question 77

Under which one of the following market structures are sellers most likely to consider the reaction of rival sellers when they set the price of their product?

A) Perfectly competition.
B) Monopoly.
C) Monopolistic competition.
D) Oligopoly.

Question 78

Suppose the firm or firms in the market for Good A face a downward-sloping demand curve, maximize profit by producing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost, set the price higher than the marginal cost, and break even in long run equilibrium. Which one of the following market structures  most likely exists for Good A?

A) Perfectly competition.
B) Monopoly.
C) Monopolistic competition.
D) Oligopoly.

Question 79

Exhibit 9-6 Two-Firm Payoff Matrix

Suppose costs are identical for the two firms in Exhibit 9-6. Each firm assumes without formal agreement that if it sets the high price its rival will not charge a lower price. Under these "tit-for-tat" conditions, equilibrium will be established by:

A) Widget Co. charging the high price and Ajax Co. charging the low price.
B) Widget Co. charging the high price and Ajax Co. charging the high price.
C) Widget Co. charging the low price and Ajax Co. charging the low price.
D) Widget Co. charging the low price and Ajax Co. charging the high price.

Question 80

Which of the following is true about the demand curve for a monopolistically competitive firm?

A) It is less elastic (steeper) than for monopoly, but more elastic (flatter) than for a perfectly competitive firm.
B) It is less elastic (steeper) than the demand curve for either a monopoly firm or a perfectly competitive firm.
C) It is more elastic (flatter) than the demand curves for either a monopoly firm or a perfectly competitive firm.
D) It is less elastic (steeper) than for a perfectly competitive firm, but more elastic (flatter) than for a monopoly firm.